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Integration p1

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8 views

Integration p1

Uploaded by

fauzirahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration

(Part 1)
Outline
• The Indefinite Integral
• The Riemann (Definite) Integral
• Properties of Integrals
The Indefinite Integral

General Form:

! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶

! "($)
where the integrand is 𝑓 𝑥 = !$
The Indefinite Integral
Rules of integration: Power Rule

𝑥 &'(
! 𝑥 & 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
The Indefinite Integral
Rules of integration: Integral of a sum

![𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥 = ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± ! 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The Indefinite Integral
Rules of integration: Integral of a constant multiple

! 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The Indefinite Integral

Rules of integration: Exponential rule

! 𝑒 $ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 $ + 𝐶
The Indefinite Integral

Rules of integration: Logarithmic rule

1
! 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝑥>0
𝑥
Example

Integrate each of the following:

(1) ∫ 𝑥) + 𝑥* 𝑑𝑥

(2) ∫ 15𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
The Riemann (Definite) Integral

General Form:
,

! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
+

where 𝒂 is lower limit, 𝒃 is upper limit and 𝑓 is a continuous function


The Riemann (Definite) Integral
Estimating the area below the curve:

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 ,

! 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 0
2𝑏 2
= 𝑏 ) − 0)

= 𝑏)

𝑏
Example

Integrate each of the following:

*
(1) ∫) 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 * 𝑑𝑥

3
(2) ∫2 15𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Properties of (Definite) Integral

Property 1: if 𝒂, 𝒃, and 𝒄 are points in ℝ such that 𝒂 < 𝒃 < 𝒄, then

4 , 4

! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ + ,
Properties of (Definite) Integral

Property 2:

+ 4

! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≡ lim ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
4→+
+ +
Properties of (Definite) Integral

Property 3: Reversing the direction of integration changes the sign of the integral

+ 4

! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 +
Properties of (Definite) Integral

Property 4: If a function 𝒇 𝒙 is a negatively valued on the interval 𝒂, 𝒄 , 𝒂 < 𝒄, then

! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 0
+

4
where∫+ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is the area of the region between the curve 𝑓 𝑥 and
the x-axis between the points 𝒂 and 𝒄.

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