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Thermodynamics Study Guide

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Thermodynamics Study Guide

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마비 니제시카
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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 Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between

heat, work, and energy. In engineering, thermodynamics is crucial as it forms the basis
for understanding and designing systems involving energy transfer, such as engines,
refrigeration systems, and power plants. Engineers use thermodynamics principles to
optimize energy conversion processes, improve efficiency, and ensure the sustainability
of energy systems.

 Open System, Closed System, and Isolated System:

 An open system allows both energy and matter to be exchanged with its
surroundings. Examples include a pot of boiling water or a car engine.
 A closed system allows only energy but not matter to be exchanged with its
surroundings. A sealed container with gas inside is an example.
 An isolated system doesn't allow either energy or matter to be exchanged with
its surroundings. However, true isolated systems are theoretical and often
approximated in practice, such as a perfectly insulated thermos.

 The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or


destroyed; it can only change forms. Mathematically, it's expressed as ΔU=Q−W\Delta
U = Q - WΔU=Q−W, where ΔU\Delta UΔU is the change in internal energy, QQQ is the
heat added to the system, and WWW is the work done by the system. For example, in a
car engine, the chemical energy in fuel is converted into heat and work. The first law
ensures that the total energy input is equal to the energy output, accounting for changes
in internal energy.

 Internal energy is the sum of all microscopic forms of energy in a system, including
kinetic and potential energies of particles. It's related to work and heat transfer through
the first law of thermodynamics. When a system undergoes a change, its internal
energy may change due to the addition or removal of heat (QQQ) and the work (WWW)
done by or on the system.

 Enthalpy (HHH) is a thermodynamic property defined as H=U+PVH = U +


PVH=U+PV, where UUU is internal energy, PPP is pressure, and VVV is volume. It
represents the total energy of a system, including internal energy and the energy
required to displace the system's surroundings. Enthalpy is crucial in thermodynamics,
especially in processes involving constant pressure, like many chemical reactions and
phase changes. It simplifies energy calculations and helps predict system behavior
under varying conditions.

 Second Law of Thermodynamics: The second law states that in any natural
process, the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, or at best
remains constant in ideal cases. This law has several implications:

 It defines the direction of spontaneous processes: A process will occur


spontaneously only if it leads to an increase in the total entropy of the system
and its surroundings.
 It highlights the concept of irreversibility: Natural processes tend to be
irreversible, meaning they cannot be undone without external intervention. This is
because irreversible processes lead to an increase in entropy.

 Entropy: Entropy (SSS) is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. It


quantifies the distribution of energy in a system's microscopic states. The second law of
thermodynamics links entropy to the direction of processes: systems tend to evolve
toward states with higher entropy. This concept helps determine the spontaneity and
feasibility of processes, as well as the efficiency of energy conversion processes.
 Carnot Cycle: The Carnot cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that represents
the most efficient process possible between two temperature reservoirs. It consists of
four reversible processes: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal
compression, and adiabatic compression. The Carnot cycle's efficiency (η\etaη) is given
by η=1−TCTH\eta = 1 - \frac{T_C}{T_H}η=1−THTC, where TCT_CTC is the absolute
temperature of the colder reservoir and THT_HTH is the absolute temperature of the
hotter reservoir. The Carnot cycle is significant as it establishes the theoretical limit for
the efficiency of heat engines operating between two temperatures.

 Third Law of Thermodynamics: The third law states that as the temperature of a
system approaches absolute zero (000 Kelvin), its entropy also approaches a minimum
value. This law is significant because it provides a reference point for absolute entropy
calculations and helps define the concept of absolute entropy.

 Reversible vs. Irreversible Processes:

 Reversible processes are idealized processes that can be reversed without any
loss of energy or increase in entropy. They occur very slowly and are often used
in theoretical models. Examples include ideal gas expansions or contractions.
 Irreversible processes are real-world processes that cannot be reversed
without external intervention. They involve energy losses, entropy increases, and
are common in everyday phenomena like heat transfer, friction, and chemical
reactions. The second law of thermodynamics governs irreversible processes by
dictating the direction of spontaneous change towards increased entropy.

 Definitions of Processes:

 Isothermal process: A process in which the temperature of a system remains


constant (ΔT=0\Delta T = 0ΔT=0). Typically represented by a horizontal line on a
PV diagram.
 Adiabatic process: A process in which no heat exchange occurs with the
surroundings (Q=0Q = 0Q=0). Represented by a steep curve on a PV diagram.
 Isobaric process: A process that occurs at constant pressure (ΔP=0\Delta P =
0ΔP=0). Shown as a horizontal line on a TS diagram.
 Isochoric process: A process that occurs at constant volume (ΔV=0\Delta V =
0ΔV=0). Often represented as a vertical line on a PV diagram.

 PV and TS Diagrams:

 PV diagram: Represents the relationship between pressure and volume during a


thermodynamic process. Different processes are shown as curves or lines on the
diagram.
 TS (Temperature-Entropy) diagram: Represents the relationship between
temperature and entropy during a thermodynamic process. It's particularly useful
for analyzing heat transfer and entropy changes.

 Calculations for Processes:

 Work done (WWW): Calculated using W=∫P dVW = \int P \, dVW=∫PdV for
processes where pressure varies.
 Heat transfer (QQQ): Determined by the change in internal energy and work
done using ΔU=Q−W\Delta U = Q - WΔU=Q−W.
 Change in internal energy (ΔU\Delta UΔU): Calculated using the first law of
thermodynamics: ΔU=Q−W\Delta U = Q - WΔU=Q−W.

 Ideal Gases:
 Under an isothermal process, ideal gases obey the equation PV=nRTPV =
nRTPV=nRT, where PPP is pressure, VVV is volume, nnn is the number of
moles, RRR is the gas constant, and TTT is temperature.
 Under an adiabatic process, ideal gases follow the relationship
PVγ=constantPV^\gamma = \text{constant}PVγ=constant, where γ\gammaγ is
the ratio of specific heats.
 Isobaric and isochoric processes have specific volume changes or pressure
changes, but ideal gases follow similar laws as mentioned above.

 Efficiency of Heat Engines and Refrigerators:

 The efficiency of a heat engine is given by η=WoutQin\eta = \frac{W_{\text{out}}}


{Q_{\text{in}}}η=QinWout, where WoutW_{\text{out}}Wout is the work output and
QinQ_{\text{in}}Qin is the heat input.
 The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator or heat pump is given by
COP=QinWin\text{COP} = \frac{Q_{\text{in}}}{W_{\text{in}}}COP=WinQin, where
QinQ_{\text{in}}Qin is the heat absorbed and WinW_{\text{in}}Win is the work
input.

Applications of Thermodynamics

1. Power Generation Systems: Thermodynamics is extensively used in power


generation systems like steam turbines, gas turbines, and internal combustion
engines. These systems operate based on thermodynamic principles such as the
Carnot cycle, Brayton cycle, and Rankine cycle. Engineers use thermodynamics
to optimize the efficiency of these systems, improve fuel consumption, and
reduce emissions.
2. Refrigeration Systems: Refrigeration systems operate on the principles of
thermodynamic cycles like the vapor compression cycle. They transfer heat from
a low-temperature environment to a high-temperature environment, enabling
cooling. Thermodynamics guides the design and optimization of refrigeration
systems, ensuring efficient cooling processes in various applications like air
conditioning, refrigerators, and industrial cooling systems.
3. Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal equilibrium occurs when two systems are at the
same temperature, and there is no net heat transfer between them. This concept
is crucial in thermodynamics as it defines the state of systems and helps
determine heat transfer direction in different scenarios. Engineers use thermal
equilibrium concepts to design heat exchangers, thermal insulation systems, and
thermal management solutions.
4. Chemical Reactions and Phase Transitions: Thermodynamics plays a vital
role in understanding chemical reactions and phase transitions. Concepts like
Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy are used to analyze reaction
spontaneity, equilibrium conditions, and phase change behavior. Engineers and
chemists apply thermodynamic principles to optimize reaction conditions, design
chemical processes, and study material properties under different conditions.
5. Real-World Problem Solving: Engineers and scientists use thermodynamic
principles and equations to solve complex real-world problems. This includes
analyzing energy systems, predicting system behavior, designing efficient
processes, and optimizing resource utilization. Thermodynamics provides a
fundamental framework for tackling challenges in energy production,
environmental sustainability, materials science, and many other fields.

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