UNIT 1

Three Phase Induction Machines

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Contents
• Construction details of cage and wound rotor machines
• Principle of operation- production of rotating magnetic
field
• Rotor emf and rotor frequency
• Rotor current and pf at standstill and during running
conditions
• Rotor power input, rotor copper loss and mechanical
power developed and their interrelationship
• Equivalent circuit
• Phasor diagram and Problems

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• Induction Machines
• 1.1 Introduction
• Induction machines are rotating electromechanical energy converting devices.
• Their operating principle is similar to all rotating electrical machines.

• Operating principle of all rotating electrical machines is based on the two

electromagnetic laws.
1. Generator action 2. Motor action

e = BLV, Volts F = BIL, N

Where, For rotating object, torque is
expressed as:-
e - induced emf , V T = Fxr = BILr, N-m
B - magnetic field density, wb L-
length of the conductor ,m
V - velocity of the conductor, m/s Where,
B, L,V, are orthogonal to each I - current , A
other. T- Torque in (Nm)
r - Radius of the rotating
object. 3
• An induction machine is an ac machine which can work as an induction
generator and also as an induction motor.

• Application of induction machine as a generator is limited to some special

purposes, like in wind mills Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
• Whereas induction motors are widely used for various industrial and
domestic applications. They are the Workhorses of industries.

• Generally induction motors are of two types

1. Poly phase IM. (usually 3-phase)
2. Single phase IM.

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Some Advantages and Disadvantages in using IM

Advantages:
• Its losses are less.
• It has a very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable construction
(especially squirrel cage type), thus requires minimum of maintenance.
• It has low cost compared with other motors(DC and Synchronous) of the same
power out put.
• It has sufficiently high efficiency. Squirrel cage types use no brushes, hence
frictional losses are minimum and reasonably good power factor.
• It starts up from rest and needs no extra starting motor and has not to be
synchronized. Its starting arrangement is simple especially – for squirrel- cage type
motor.

Disadvantage
• Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.
• Just like a d.c. shunt motor, its speed decreases with increase in load
• Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of a d.c shunt motor

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2. Construction of Poly Phase Induction Motor
A typical motor consists of two parts:

1- An outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC

current to produce a rotating magnetic field,
2- An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a
torque by the rotating field.
- The rotors of induction motors are of two
types:-
- Squirrel cage rotor.
- Wound rotor

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Cut view of 3-phase squirrel cage IM

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Squirrel Cage Induction motor components.

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 Cut view of 3-phase Wound rotor IM

1.Rotor 2. Bearings shield 3. Enclosure; 4.Stator core with

windings 5.Rotor core 6.Bearings shield 7.Ball bearings; 8.Shaft ;
9.Terminal box ; 10. Basement; 11. slip-rings

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•Stator Construction–
• Stator of an IM consists of:-
- Stator frame, stator core, 3-phase/single phase
distributed winding, two end covers, etc.
• It is a stack of steel laminations (0.35-0.5 mm thick) with slots
similar to a stator of a synchronous machine. –
• Coils are placed in the slots to form a three or single phase
winding.

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• Stator iron core without windings

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• Single-phase IM stator with windings.

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INDUCTION MOTORS MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

Stator iron core

Stator
Slots

Rotor iron core

Rotor
Slot

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 Squirrel-Cage Rotor
–Rotor is made from punched laminations ( 0.35-0.5mm thick) of steel core with
slots to provide rotor windings.
–Metal (Aluminum) bars are molded in the slots instead of a winding.
–Two rings short circuits the bars.
–Most of single phase induction motors have Squirrel-Cage rotor.
–One or 2 fans are attached to the shaft in the sides of rotor to cool the circuit.

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 Advantages of squirrel cage rotor
• No slip rings, brushes, brush holders, & rotor terminals;
thus less operating troubles.
• Star-Delta starter is sufficient for its starting
• Its construction is robust and cheep
• It has higher efficiency
• Rotor to slots space factor is better, shorter overhang, thus
smaller copper loss
• With bare end rings, it has better ventilation opportunity.
• With smaller overhang leakage, it has better power factor,
greater pull-out torque and overload capacity.

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 Disadvantages
• It is not possible to insert external resistance
- to increase starting torque and
- to decrease starting current
• They have small starting torque but large starting current as
compared to the wound rotor.
• From the rotor side, speed control is impossible.

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 Wound Rotor

It is usually for large 3 phase induction motors.

• Rotor has a winding the same as stator and the end of each
phase is connected to a slip ring.

• Three brushes contact the three slip-rings to three connected

resistances (3-phase star(Y)) for reduction of starting current
and speed control.

• Wound rotor induction motor was the standard form for

variable speed control before the advent of semiconductor
devices.

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Schematic and real diagram of wound-rotor

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wound-rotor with slip ring and carbon brushes

wound-rotor with slip rings

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STATOR AND ROTOR WITHOUT WINDINGS

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• 3-phase wound –rotor induction motor with external starting
rheostat.

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 Advantages of wound Disadvantages
rotor • Has slip rings, brushes, brush
holders, & rotor terminals;
• The locked-rotor current can thus greater operating
be reduced by inserting troubles and require frequent
external resistances in series maintenance.
with the rotor windings
• The speed can be varied by • It has large overhang leakage,
more copper loss, thus, less
varying the external power factor and inferior
resistances. efficiency compared to
• The wound rotor motor is squirrel cage motor.
ideally suited to accelerate • Compared to squirrel cage
high inertia loads rotors, wound rotor motors
are expensive, so it is not so
common in industry
applications

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Basic operating principles
• An AC current is applied in the stator armature
which generates a flux in the stator magnetic
circuit.
• This flux induces an emf in the conducting bars of rotor as
they are “cut” by the flux while the magnet is being moved (E
= BLV (Faraday’s Law))
• A current flows in the rotor circuit due to the
induced emf, which in tern produces a force,
(F = B I L ) can be changed to the torque as the
output.

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 Rotating Magnetic Field

• Operation of an IM is based on the development and

existence of rotating magnetic field.

• The 3 windings in the stator of a 3-phase IM are positioned

from each other by 120o electrical.

• When a balanced three-phase voltage is applied to the

stator windings, currents ia, ib and ic, each of equal
magnitude, but differing in phase by 120° flow in the stator
winding.

• Each phase current produces a magnetic flux and there is

physical 120 °shift between each flux.
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• The total flux in the machine is the sum of the three fluxes.

• The summation of the three ac fluxes results in a rotating

resultant flux, which turns with constant speed and has
constant amplitude.

• Such a magnetic flux produced by balanced three phase

currents flowing in thee-phase windings is called a rotating
magnetic flux (RMF).RMF rotates with a constant speed
(Synchronous Speed).

• Existence of a RMF is an essential condition for the operation

of an induction motor.

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Three Phase Input waveforms

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Graphical analysis of resultant rotating magnetic field
ΦB

120°
ΦA 120°
120°

ΦC
Positive direction of flux
Flux wave form

• Let the maximum value of flux of each phase be φm

• The resultant flux φr, at any instant, is given by the
vector sum of the individual fluxes φA, φB and φc

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• Let us consider values of φr at four instants 1/6 time- period apart,
corresponding to points marked 0,1,2 and 3.
i) when θ = 0o, i.e. corresponding to point 0,

3 3
φA =0, φB = − φm, φC = φm,
2 2

3 60 0 3 3
φr = 2 x φ m Cos = 3x φm = φm
2 2 2 2

− ΦB ΦC

Φr = 1.5Φm
i) θ = 0°

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ii) When θ = 600 , i.e. corresponding to point 1,

3
φA = φm ΦA
2

3 − ΦB
φB = − φm
2 Φr = 1.5Φm

ii) θ = 60°
φC = 0

3 ° 3 3
φr = 2 x φm Cos30 = 3 x φm = φm
2 2 2

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iii) When θ = 1200, i.e. corresponding to point 2

3 3
φA = φm , φ B = 0, φc = − φm
2 2

− ΦC

ΦA
Φr = 1.5Φm

iii) θ = 120°

3 ° 3 3
φr = 2 x φm Cos30 = 3 x φm = φm
2 2 2

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iv) When θ = 1800, i.e. corresponding to point 3,

3 3
φ A = 0, φB = φm , φC = − φm
2 2

Φr = 1.5Φm

ΦC ΦB

iv) θ = 180°

3 3 3
ϕr = 2 x ϕm Cos 30° = 3 x ϕm = ϕm
2 2 2
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 SUMMARY
• In all four cases, it is found that the resultant flux is1.5
φm ; but has rotated clockwise through an angle of 600
in each of the case.

ΦA

− ΦB ΦC
− ΦB

Φr = 1.5Φ m
Φr = 1.5Φm
i) θ = 0° ii) θ = 60°

Φr = 1.5Φm

− ΦC
ΦC ΦB

ΦA
Φr = 1.5Φm

iii) θ = 120° iv) θ = 180° 32

• The resultant flux is of constant value ; i.e. 1.5 times the maximum
value of the flux of each phase.
• The resultant flux rotates around the stator at synchronous speed given
by:-

120 f
Ns =
P
Where, f - is supply frequency
P – is number of poles
Ns- Synchronous Speed

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