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ECONOMICS
Useful topic-specific vocabulary:
Income

- Economic positions: high/dominant/important > average > inferior, lowly

• High-income group(s):
ð Wealthy
ð Well-off/better-off
ð Prosperous
ð Affluent
• Middle class:
ð Middle-income background(s)
ð Median household(s)
• Low-income household(s):
ð Worse-off
• Countries: countries in the low/middle/high-income bracket(s)
- Afford/acquire something
- (Sole/only) breadwinner/earner
- Dual income families

Trade (import/export)

- Import and export:

• Exchange of goods/commodities
• Flow of goods (e.g: Transoceanic flows of goods between Japan and Australia saw a general
rise.)
- Importer/exporter
- Import origin
- Export destination(s)
- Export something to somewhere = consign something to somewhere

Business
- Revenue:
o Money earned from selling goods or services
o Money government receives from tax
- Profit: money earned after subtracting the costs = proceeds = earnings
- Expense/expenditure

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INTRODUCTION:
1) The graph shows the national average incomes of several countries from 1995 to 1999.
ð The chart gives information on how the national average income in some countries changes
from 1995 to 1999.
ð The illustration describes the trend that select countries’ national average income followed
between 1995 and 1999.
ð The chart plots the evolution/development of national average incomes of certain countries
at fixed points in time from 1995 to 1999.

2) The tables give information on sales of coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in 5 European
countries.
ð The diagrams describe how much money was earned from selling coffee and banana in 5
European countries from 1999 and 2004.
ð The tables provide sales figures of coffee and banana in 5 countries in Europe between 1999
and 2004.
ð The tabulations compare five different European countries in term of coffee and banana
sales in 1999 and 2004.
ð Statistics about the sales of coffee and bananas in select countries during the period from
1999 to 2004 are tabulated in these two visuals.

3) The pie charts describe information about the amount of fish imported to the US from 3
different sources between 1998 and 2000.
ð The illustrations outline the amount of fish the US imported from 3 different origins over
the period from 1998 and 2000.
ð The charts show the amount of fish 3 different areas/regions exported to the US between
1998 and 2000.

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ð The diagrams exhibits how much fish 3 different regions consigned to the US from 1998 to
2000.

4) The pie charts show the amount of money that a children charity received and spent in a
year.
ð The graph illustrates how much a children charity earned and used in a year.
ð The graphs show a children charity’s amount of income and expenses in a year.
ð The pie charts describe the figures for revenues and expenditures for a year of a children
charity organization.

COMPARISONS
(Note: you can also use language of comparison for paraphrasing overviews for trend (and vice
versa) when and only when it is a comparative comparison.)

Overview:
1) Brazil exported the highest amount of coffee.
ð Brazil was the leader in exporting coffee.
ð Brazil was superior to all other coffee exporters.
ð Brazil dominated the coffee exporting market/sector/scene.
ð No other countries surpassed Brazil in exporting coffee.
ð There was no other country that exported a higher amount of coffee than Brazil.

2) Middle-income families’ earnings improved, but those were still much less than the figure
for wealthier households.
ð There was an improvement in the amount of money that middle-income families earned,
but this rise was still inferior to the statistics for affluent households.
ð The growth in how much middle-income families earned was much slower than their high-
income counterparts.
ð Incomes for the median households grew considerably less vigorous than the data for
families with higher economic positions.

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3) The global sales of online games were as much as mobile phone games over the whole
period.
ð Online games and mobile games were equal/equivalent in their sales over the whole period.
ð The number of online games sold was similar to/matched that of mobile games during this
period.
ð Online games were as globally popular as mobile phone games throughout this period.
ð Online games’ global popularity resembled that of mobile games during this period of time.

Details:
1) Average incomes in Bangladesh and Nepal are roughly similar, as they are both around
1,500 dollars per person.
ð Average income in Bangladesh resembles that of Nepal, ranging/hovering around 1,500
dollars per person.
ð Bangladesh and Nepal share their average incomes at roughly 1,500 dollars per capita.
ð Bangladesh’s average income is 1,500 dollars per person and there is a similarity in Nepal.
ð An average person in Bangladesh earns 1,500 dollars and a similar data can also be
found/seen in Nepal.
ð The per capita average income in Bangladesh is approximately 1,500 dollars, standing close
to the corresponding figure in Nepal.
ð There was no difference/contrast between the average income per capita in Bangladesh and
Nepal, with 1,500 dollars each.

2) Nokia was the mobile phone brand that had the highest sales in 2009, at 450 million units.
ð Nokia was the dominant mobile phone brand in 2009, with 450 million units sold.
ð The highest sales figure in 2009 went to Nokia as it had 450 million units sold in this year
ð Nokia dominated the mobile phone market in 2009, when 450 million units of this brand
were sold.
ð In 2009, Nokia was second to no other mobile phone brands in sales since it had 450 million
units sold.
ð There was no mobile phone brand that could outmatch Nokia’s sales figure in 2009, which
stood at 450 million units.

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ð It was Nokia that had the most dominant position in sales figure in 2009 as people
purchased 450 million units of this brand.

3) The banana sales in 2004 were 47 million euros higher than that in 1999.
ð Compared to 1999, the figure for banana sales in 2004 was 47 million euros higher.
ð The revenues generated from banana sales in 1999 were 47 million euros lower than that in
2004.
ð The money earned from selling bananas in 2004 was 47 million euros more substantial than
that in 1999.
• As mentioned, you can also use the language for trend to paraphrase comparative
sentences:
ð The banana sales rose by 47 million euros from 1999 to 2004.
ð The banana sales witnessed a 47 million euros leap between 1999 and 2004.
ð There was a 47 million euros increase in the money generated from selling bananas over the
period between 1999 and 2004.

TREND
Overview:
1) Overall, money earned from exporting clothing in Myanmar increased during this period
even though the figure fluctuated slightly.
ð Generally, a growth can be observed in Myanmar’s income from clothing exports during this
period there were also some moderate palpitations.
ð It can be seen that Myanmar’s proceeds from exporting clothing generally sloped upward
over the course of recorded time despite certain irregularities in its data.
ð As can be observed, the figure for Myanmar’s profits from clothing exports underwent a
moderate and non-linear upward movement.
ð A glance at the graph reveals that in spite of kinks here and there, the amount of Myanmar’s
profits generated from exporting clothing saw a rise over the documented time.

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2) Japan’s export of rice continued to climb for the last 2 years.

ð There was a continuous rise in Japan exporting rice for the last two years.
ð The last two years saw a persistent upward trend in Japan’s rice exports.
ð Japan experienced sustained growth in its rice exports for the last 2 years.

3) Imports and exports between Japan and Australia both increased moderately.
ð Gradual improvements could be observed in Japan and Australia’s imports and exports.
ð Consistent expansions in Japan and Australia’s exchange of commodities took place.
ð There was a general growth in the transoceanic flows of goods between Japan and
Australia.

4) The trade between these countries varied markedly during this period.
ð The trade between these countries experienced dramatic changes over this period.
ð There were pronounced variations in the trade among these nations during this period.
ð The exchange of goods between these countries was dynamic, with volumes varying
considerably across time and from country to country.

Details:
1) In 1988, Canada increased by about 5 million tonnes of wheat exports.
ð Canada exported/consigned an extra of roughly 5 million tonnes of wheat in 1988.
ð 1988 observed a bulge of 5 million tonnes in Canada’s wheat exports.
ð Canada witnessed a 5 million tonne expansion in its wheat exports in 1988.
ð There was an improvement of 5 million tonnes in Canada’s wheat exports in 1988.

2) Rates revenues will decrease to 600 million in 2019.

ð Rates revenues is set to plummet to 600 million in 2019.
ð A dip to 600 million in rates revenues is expected to occur in 2019.
ð 2019 is envisaged to undergo a fall to 600 million in rates revenues.
ð Rates revenues are speculated to drop to a low of 600 million in 2019.
ð It is anticipated that rates revenues are going to plunge to 600 million in 2019.

-“In whatever we teach, we challenge the status quo”-

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PORTION
Overview:
1) The highest portion of electronics exported to the US was from China.
ð China accounted for the highest portion of electronics exported to the US.
ð There was no other country exporting electronics to the US that represented a higher
percentage than China.
• You can also use the language of comparison:
ð The US had most of its electronics imported from China
ð China was America’s most prominent exporter of electronics.

2) Childcare stood for the smallest item of expenditure in Germany in 2004

ð Childcare had the smallest distribution of expense in Germany in 2004.
ð There was no other category of spending that had as small a percentage as childcare in
Germany in 2004.
• Make use of language of comparison:
ð Germany’s least dominant category of expense in 2004 was childcare.

Details:
1) The percentage of the world’s rice export is 25%.
ð The world exports a fourth of its rice.
ð The world has one fourth of its rice exported.
ð A quarter of rice in the world is exported.

2) 60% of the fish imported to the US was from Canada.

ð 60% of America’s imported fish came from Canada.
ð The US obtained 60% of its imported fish from Canada.
ð In these special cases you can also turn this simple sentence into a complex one:
ð Canada was a major fish supplier for the US, as 60% of America’s imported fish originated
from this country.

-“In whatever we teach, we challenge the status quo”-