Module 9: Digital Literacy

Digital Literacy

According to Wikipedia, digital literacy is the set of competencies required for full participation in society
that includes knowledge, skills, and behaviors involving the effective use of digital devices for purposes of
communication, expression, collaboration and advocacy.

Simply, it is the ability of an individual to engage with the digital environment and operate technologies
safely by knowing what to do and what not to do and how to avoid unnecessary risks.

Digital literacy is an individual's ability to access both information and methods of communication through
technological tools, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops and desktop PCs. While digital literacy is initially
focused on digital skills and stand‐alone computers, its focus has shifted to network devices, including the
Internet and the use of social media.

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks (Cisco,
n.d.). These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information;
extorting money from users; or interrupting normal business processes.

Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is challenging because there are more devices than
people, and attackers are becoming more innovative. Here are some tips on how to protect yourself
against cyber threats.

1. Monitor behavior on social networks. Before posting or uploading something online, try to
realize: (a) Does this need to be public?; and (b) Is it worth the risk? Remember, not only what we
share online is available to friends and family, but also to cybercriminals.

2. Keep devices safe. Protect your technology tools by installing Anti‐virus software, a configuration
of settings on the devices and by completing software updates.

3. Understand how best to use passwords. Passwords need to be complex and hard to guess, but
can still be remembered. One strategy is “passphrase” or a password that comes from the first
letter of each word in the phrase. There is also a password manager app to help keep track of all
the passwords called “KeePass” which is free of charge. Importantly, do not use the same
password for all accounts.

4. Handle unsafe content. Know exactly how to respond or react to unsafe situations online, such
as (1) suspicious emails; (2) pop‐ups claiming that your computer is infected; and (3) BitTorrent
sites.

5. Consider safety for the future. Take individual responsibility in using devices with an utmost care
and critical thinking when online (https:/www.esentire.com).

Cyber Citizenship
Citizenship is an old value that is now applied to a new medium, the Internet. Cyber citizenship refers to
being responsible when using the Internet. Doing online when no one is looking speaks a lot about one’s
character and morals. The power of this digital world is associated with responsibilities and consequences.
Therefore, we can explore and navigate all information available online however, we should observe cyber
citizenship or manners and etiquette on the web.

Ways on How to be a Good Cyber Citizen

The enlisted ways of becoming a good cyber citizen would guide everyone on his/her digital operations
and information processing and would prevent anyone from further consequences, distractions, moral
damages and risks. .

1. Be careful and critical for whatever you post online that could be visible to the public even if on a
“private” page through tagging by a friend.

2. If you have a problem with someone, go to that person or an adult to help work it out, instead of
posting your expression online.

3. Use the Internet to help you with your schoolwork, but give credit to the sources you use and
critically analyze everything you search online.

4. Use the Internet purposefully to learn more about anything you are interested in, to help you
research relevant and needed data or information and to stay connected with friends throughout
the world.

5. Make sure you verify an information before you share it or use it in a project and check on
accuracy and truth in the information you search on the web.

6. Give out certain information only.

7. Don’t answer questions that make you uncomfortable.

8. Always make sure you have told a reliable adult if you decide to meet someone you knew through
the Internet.

9. Always be aware of copyright laws and give credit to whom an article or a part of it is due.

10. Use only the computers that you are allowed to use. Avoid hacking.

Importance of Cyber Citizenship

1. It keeps the Internet free from hurtful statements. .

2. It creates a culture of more reliable information.

3. It gives provisions for people to be given credit for what they have created.
 4. More criminals or bullies can be caught when kids are honest and talk to adults.

5. It keeps information private.

Proper Netiquette

Follow these simple rules to ensure that you make wise choices when sending messages online.

1. Make sure you have the correct address (with proper spelling), correct link and you are sending
the information to the right person when doing it online.

2. Check information before sending or posting any message and avoid false statements and
information on the web or forwarding junk mail or chain letters to family or friends.

3. Re‐read what you wrote to make sure it is what you want to say and the other person would
interpret it the same way.

4. Keep your comments clean and don't confront others online or say anything that could be hurtful
to them.

5. Keep your personal and friends information private and don't forward information that was just
given to you without his/her permission.

6. Watch out for spam and other fraud e‐mails and never reply to them.

7. If you are going to write something personal or private, think twice because messages can get
misdelivered.

8. Adults should monitor kids’ messages, especially when they are sending e‐mails to others without
permission.
(http://www. cybercitizenship.org/ethics/ethics.html)

The Ten Commandments of Teacher Cyber Citizenship

At some point, misuse and abuse of technology may also happen in schools involving teachers with their
students, colleagues and others. The following are reminders to teachers regarding the use of media tools.

1. Thou shall not post any personal matter, confidential information and obscene pictures and
messages online that can be accessed by students and parents
2. Thou shall not respond or thread any personal message created by students online other than
those school‐related.
3. Thou shall not lend or let students access your cellphone.
4. Thou shall not give your email password to students.
5. Thou shall not use concepts and information from texts and references without the author’s
citation.
6. Thou shall not post to any social media account, for whatever purposes the pictures of students
without their or their parents’ consent.
7. Thou shall not express sentiments, disappointments, and disagreements against superiors,
colleagues, students and their parents using their social media accounts
 8. Thou shall not use data from internet sources in any documents like lesson plans, researches, and
requirements without the consent of the author.
9. Thou shall not give any personal data or other’s information to anyone unless for specific purposes
and given the consent.
10. Thou shall not post any student data publicly online including academic rankings, school records,
class outputs and record of grades.
Internet Safety

Internet safety, online safety, or cyber safety means trying to be safe on the Internet. It is maximizing the
user’s personal safety and security risks to private information and property associated with using the
Internet, including self‐protection from computer crime. As the number of Internet users continue to grow
worldwide, issues and concerns also continuously exist.

Information Security. Sensitive information, such as personal information, identity and passwords are
often associated with personal property and privacy and may present security concerns if leaked.
Unauthorized access and usage of private information may result in consequences such as identity and
property they.

Common causes of information security breaches include:

1. Phishing
It is a common type of scam, of which the scammers disguise as a trustworthy source in an
attempt to obtain private information such as passwords, credit card information, etc. through
the use of fake websites that look identical and legitimate.

2. Internet Scams
These are schemes that deceive the users in various ways in a attempt to take advantage of them.

3. Malware
It is a malicious software disguised to collect and transmit private information, such as password
without the user’s consent or knowledge, of which it is impossible to determine whether a file is
infected.

Personal and safety Threats.

The growth of the internet gave rise to many important services accessible to anyone with a connection
such as digital communication. While it allows communication with others, it is also being grabbed by
malicious users for bad intent. The following are common threats to personal safety.

1. Cyberstalking
It is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual or group or
organization through false accusations, defamation, slander and libel, intentional monitoring,
identity theft, threats, vandalism, solicitation for sex, or gathering information that may be used
to threaten, embarrass, or harass.
2. Cyberbullying
It is the use of electronic means, such as instant messaging, social media, email, and other forms
of online communication with the intent to abuse, intimidate, or overpower an individual or group.
3. Online Predation
It is the act of engaging an underage minor into inappropriate sexual relationships through the
Internet. Online predators may attempt to initiate and seduce minors into relationships through
 the use of chat rooms or Internet forums. The behavior characteristics are categorized into three
groups: A. Manipulative – typically a child molester; B. Opportunist – typically a rapist; and C.
Coercive – being a mixture of rapist or child molesters.

4. Obscene/Offensive Content
Various websites on the Internet contain material that may deem offensive, distasteful or explicit
which may often not be of the user’s liking. Such websites may include the Internet, shock sites,
hate speech, or otherwise, and inflammatory content. Such content may manifest in many ways,
such as pop‐up ads and unsuspecting links.

5. Sextortion
It is the use of webcams for flirting and cybersex. Often, this involves a cybercriminal posing as
someone else such as an attractive person initiating communication of sexual nature with the
victim. The video is recorded by the cybercriminal to demand money or other services, threaten
to publicly release the video and send to family members and friends of the victim if they do not
comply.

Computer Threats and Fixing Solutions

The realm of Information Technology (IT) security professionals and computer security has become an
issue and concern for many people (Honan, 2014).

A threat, in the context of computer security, refers to anything that has the potential to cause serious
harm to a computer system. It is something that may or may not happen, but has the potential to cause
serious damage and can lead to attacks on computer systems and networks.
(https://www.techopedia.com).

Cybercrime is now becoming alarming in the life of every individual and the organization as they intend
to steal information that they can sell or trade, such as financial details, credit card information, personal
details, or any other information using computer networks.

Likewise, while email has been the main method for the spread of computer viruses, it can also enter a
network by the USB device, Internet download, visiting an infected website, instant messaging or
messaging in social media platforms, file transfer and file‐sharing programs, or by remote users
connecting directly to the corporate network with an infected PC. Once a computer virus gets into a
network, it can spread from computer to computer in multiple ways.

Given the numerous ways a computer virus can spread, the following are ways on how to ensure that
computer networks can be protected.

1. Install anti‐virus software. Ensure that reputable anti‐virus software is installed on all computers,
including all servers, PCs and laptops.

2. Ensure that the anti‐virus software is up‐to‐date. New computer viruses are being released daily
and so it is essential that computers are protected by keeping the anti‐virus software‐up to‐date.

3. Employ a firewall to protect networks. As computer viruses can spread by means other than email,
it is important that unwanted traffic is blocked from entering the network by using a firewall.
 4. Filter all email traffic. Example of emails with certain file attachments commonly used by
computer viruses to spread themselves, such as .EXE, .COM and .SCR files. These should be
prevented from entering the network.

5. Educate all users to be careful of suspicious e‐mails. Ensure that all users know to never open an
attachment or to click on a link in an email they are not expecting.

6. Scan Internet downloads. Ensure that all files downloaded from the Internet are scanned against
computer viruses from one central point on the network

7. Do not run programs of unknown origin. It is important to use a trusted source for software
requirements to be installed and ensure it can be accounted for.

8. Implement a vulnerability management system. It is important to regularly review network and

the applications running on it for new vulnerabilities and a plan on how to manage them, either
by patching or upgrading those using tools, such as firewalls or Intrusion Detection Systems that
should be put in place.

9. Make regular backups of critical data. There is a need to keep important files on removable media,
such as portable drives or tape for back‐up in the event that the network is infected with a
computer virus.

10. Develop an Information Security Policy. The creation and publication of an Information Security
Policy is key to ensuring that information security receives the profile it requires in order to secure
the systems and data.

11. Monitor logs and systems. Regular monitoring of network and system logs can assist in the early
identification of a computer virus infecting the network or other attacks by criminals.

12. Develop an Incident Response Plan. The incident response plan outlines the roles and
responsibilities of people in the event of a computer virus infecting the network or any other type
of security breach.

13. Restrict end‐user access to the systems. Where possible, end users are prohibited from access to
the system so that the virus will also be restricted. (https://bhconsulting.ie/computer‐security‐
threats‐solutions/)

Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying, cyberharassment or online bullying is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic
means usually among minors in a school setting and has become increasingly common, especially among
teenagers.

It is an aggressive, intentional act or behavior that is carried out by a group or an individual using electronic
forms of contact, repeatedly against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself. The National Crime
Prevention Council defines it as a process of using the Internet, cell phones or other devices to send or
post texts or images that intend to hurt or embarrass another person. It may also include public actions,
such as repeated threats, sexual remarks, pejorative labels or defamatory false accusations, ganging up
on a victim by making the person the subject of ridicule in online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites
about a person, and posting false Statements to discredit the targeted person.

Cyberbullying is similar to traditional bullying, It is just that victims may not know the identity of their bully
and the reason for bullying them. Cyberbullies may disclose victims’ personal data on websites or
forums—called doxing, or may use impersonation, and create fake accounts, comments or sites for the
purpose of publishing material in their names. This can leave the cyberbully anonymous and difficult to
be caught or apprehended for his/her behavior.

Cyberbullying types. There are various types of cyberbullying and research has revealed serious profound
consequences on victims.

1. Internet trolling is a common form of bullying over the Internet in an online community to elicit a
reaction, disruption or intentionally provoke and offend others.

2. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic communication to

stalk a victim and pose a credible threat to harass him/her.

Implications of bullying in schools. Schools should initiate various anti‐bullying programs and campaigns
to protect students from being threatened or victimized by such offense. More so, teachers should be
oriented and trained in handling bullying cases and executing teaching strategies to address and reduce
bullying Cases in class. Also, schools should conduct student empowerment activities that can be engaged
in by students, including the bullies to divert their attention and energy into something worthwhile and
engagements that they can be busy about.

Cybercrime
Avast defines cybercrime as any criminal activity carried out using computers or the Internet. Cybercrime
uses tools like phishing, viruses, spyware, ransomware and social engineering to break the law (https://
www.avast.com/c‐cybercrime).

On the other hand, cybercrime is defined by Techopedia as a crime with the computer as the object of
the crime (i.e. hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (i.e. child
pornography, hate crimes). Cybercriminals may use computer technology to access personal and
confidential information or use the Internet for exploitative or malicious purposes.

There is a wide variety of cybercrimes, which can broadly be placed into two categories: one‐off crimes,
such as installing a virus that steals your personal data; and ongoing crimes, such as cyberbullying,
extortion, distributing child pornography or organizing terrorist attacks (https:/Awww.avast.com/c‐
cybercrime).

Cybercrime may also be referred to as computer crime e practiced by those who have technological skills
and use the Internet to achieve their bad motive. Cybercriminals employ their diverse skill to access bank
accounts, steal identities, blackmail, defraud, stalk, and harass or use a compromised computer to attack
their victims. Criminals can also use computers for communication and document or data storage and
those, who perform these illegal activities, are often referred to as hackers.

On the other hand, malware downloaded from the computer may slow it down and prompt it to give error
messages. Likewise, phishing attacks usually involve receiving emails from unknown sources while trying
to trick someone into giving up his/her passwords or personal data. Keyloggers leave their own telltale
signs, like strange icons, or duplicating the messages.

Techopedia cites common types of cybercrime that include online bank information theft, identity theft,
online predatory crimes, unauthorized computer access, and the most serious one like cyberterrorism.
Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of activities that can be categorized: as:
1. crimes that target computer networks or devices, including viruses and denial‐of‐service (DoS)
attacks; and
2. crimes that use computer networks to advance other criminal activities, including cyberstalking,
phishing and fraud or identity theft.(https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2387/cybercrime) .

Exploring the Internet: Researching and Evaluating the Web

The Internet is a global communication network that allows computers to exchange and share information
worldwide. It makes possible for people around the world to connect and share ideas across time zones
and geographic locations. However, because cyberspace is such a large realm, sometimes it is difficult to
find the needed information. So, the most effective way to explore the Internet is to have strategies in
place for doing research on the Web and for evaluating the websites.

Commonly, this is important among schools in doing researches and other related works. Therefore, this
aspect needs to be explored by teachers and students in doing their works.

Surfing the Web. The following are the three Key factors in surfing the web.

1. Most surfing sessions start with the user‐targeted keywords about the subject into a search
engine.

2. Good strategies for searching the Web include writing research questions; extracting keywords
from the questions and typing them into a search engine using synonyms if the keywords do not
bring up desired results; keeping track of keywords and synonyms used; and recording the results
of search.

3. Always be cautious about the information shared online and in visiting websites.

Assessing credibility. Different websites accessible on the Web can make the job of researchers very
challenging. Carefully evaluate the information searched online. Consider the credibility, or
trustworthiness and reliability of the content before taking it. There are types of websites: informational
and commercial informational websites usually strive to offer credible content to users, while commercial
websites present inaccurate information in order to see something.

Checklist of credibility criteria. The first step in evaluating the credibility of websites is to review several
important aspects of the site.
1. Author. Check the credentials of the author, the company or the expert and determine the
qualifications to provide information on the subject being researched. Some websites do not list
specific authors, but the credibility of a company can be explored by reviewing the site’s “About”
page, if available.
 2. Date. Look for copyright information at the bottom of a website's home page. If the site is more
than a few years old and it has not been updated regularly, look for more up‐to‐date information.

3. Purpose. Analyze the goals of the website to determine if it is an informational or an

advertisement site.

4. Contact. Most credible websites list down contact information, such as telephone number, email
address, or mailing address so that users may get in touch if they have questions.

5. Fact vs. Opinion. When doing research for a school paper, go to sites that present factual
information provided by experts, rather than opinions. Be on the lookout for biases, too. If the
author is biased, so as the information on the site.

6. URL. The URL may look like ending in .edu (for education), .gov (for government), .org (for
organization), .com (for commercial sites),. or .net (for network sites). Different websites have
different URLs. To help determine a site’s credibility, determine if that is a personal website or
blog, a government website, or other types of website.

Common credible URLS. One way of determining the credibility of a website is through the URLS. Although
a website’s URL gives clues as to credibility, there is still a need to evaluate it carefully.

1. When encountering a URL, look at the letters that appear after the “dot” (i.e.
www.whitehouse.gov.) and that is called top‐level domain. Thus, the URL’s top‐level domain helps
in determining a site’s credibility.

2. Websites ending in .gov are government‐related websites, which generally, can be trusted to
provide credible statistical information, articles on many different topics and government news.

3. Websites ending in .edu are the websites of educational institutions, such as colleges and
universities that usually offer a variety of credible data, especially about the school’s operations
and research. Since students may create websites with an .edu top‐level domain, but they may
contain inaccurate or biased information.

4. Websites ending in .org are the websites of organizations. While many organizations, especially
nonprofit ones, provide credible information, they may sometimes have advertising intent. ‘Since
some organizations show bias in their provided information, so evaluate .org sites carefully.

Recognition of information sources. Similar to the information in. print sources, the use of online sources
must be given credit to the authors. This can be done by applying proper referencing and citation
procedures that would get rid of risks, consequences and legal implications because of the copyright issue,
which means that the ideas and words used belong to the author.

Citation. Each entry in the bibliography is called a citation. Proper citation must be applied or included for
every source used, whether it is a website, a newspaper, or a book. Online sources are cited differently
because they are different from traditional print SOUICES. There are different formats used to cite: the
sources.
Data privacy implication. The implementation of data privacy in the country is becoming stronger and
powerful, especially in utilizing data for research and other forms of report and paper works. This has also
corresponding legal implications once not processed immediately and properly. It involves uploading of
pictures, designs, graphics, Concepts/ideas, frameworks, art work, data, and other information that are
copyrighted without the consent of the author or the source. These are commonly observed in schools.

The following are practical techniques in responding to data Privacy issues. :

1. When getting data, put proper citation and source acknowledgment (e.g. Source: National
Statistics Office,. 2019).

2. When using needed pictures downloaded from the Internet, put acknowledgment (e.g. Photo
credits to PhilPost, 2019). But if possible to have personal pictures taken with your original
concept. Although, there is still a need to seek the consent of those in the pictures.

3. If data, concepts and information are copyrighted, ask for the consent of the author, and wait for
his/her response.

4. However, if the data and information are for public domain just acknowledging/citing the author
or the source will do.

5. If the author doesn’t really want anyone to utilize his/her data file or article, learn the value of
respect, anyway that is his/ her property. The author’s disapproval usually manifests through
difficulty in downloading the file, some tricky signs that appear on screen, or direct statement or
notice of disapproval contained in the file.

Research and data collection protocols. When researching and collecting data from the Web, avoid
plagiarism, which is the act of taking someone else’s work and presenting it as your own (Turnitin.com).

Plagiarism is unethical, and it can bring you in trouble. Sometimes, students don’t mean to plagiarize, but
they end up doing it accidentally because they are unaware or unclear about it.

The following are 10 types of plagiarism that teachers, researchers and students should know.

1. Clone Plagiarism. It is also called identical copying or copying another work (word‐for‐word)
without any change and claim as his/her own work.

2. Remix Plagiarism. It refers to collecting information from various sources and mixing all together
as a single document then, claiming the work as their own work.

3. Critic Plagiarism. This is when a significant portion of text copied from any single source without
any alteration in a written document.

4. Hybrid Plagiarism. Here, perfectly cited source documents are copied and arranged as a new
document without citation.

5. Find‐Replace Plagiarism. This is changing the most common keywords and phrases in the copied‐
content but not making any changes in the essential document.
 6. Recycle Plagiarism. Also called self‐plagiarism, it refers to the act of borrowing from one’s own
previous document without proper citation.

7. Mashup Plagiarism. It is when the written document is copied from more than one source and all
are mixed together without proper citation.

8. 404 Error Plagiarism. Here, a person creates a document by copying from various sources
prepared as a single document with the citation but inaccurate or leads to non‐existing resources.

9. Aggregator Plagiarism. Here, the written document includes proper citation but it does not
contain Original work.

10. Re‐Tweet Plagiarism. Here, all written documents look perfect with properly cited mark but still,
the document resembles somewhere the original text’s structure or wordings.

Tips to Avoid Plagiarism

Turnitin.com suggests some techniques to avoid plagiarism that teachers, researchers and students
should know.

1. Read and understand the original document several times before start explaining about it.

2. Do not copy any word or sentence from the original document.

3. Give proper citation to all sources (book, journal, website, video, etc.).

4. In case of citing online sources, include the retrieval date and appropriate URL in the reference.

5. Common phrases and definitions need to be quoted and cited without any modification.

6. Make a practice to include the “references” section whenever you write an academic document. }

7. Cross verify all your citations before submitting your document.

8. Resort to available plagiarism software to ensure the originality of the written document.

How to Evaluate a Website

Morris (2018) suggests ways on evaluating a website as reference in research.

1. Open the site. When looking through Google search results, open sites in new tabs, leave search
results in a tab for easy access later (e.g. right‐click on the title and click “Open link in new tab”).

2. Skim read. Determine whether you can read and understand the text. If it is too complicated or
difficult to understand, find another website that may provide the information you need.
 3. Look for the answer to your question. Find out if the information on the site actually answers
your question. You can use a search box, navigation menu, or pull up your own search box by
pressing Control/Command F and type in the keywords you are searching for.

4. Consider the credibility of the author or website. You need to consider the credibility of the
author or website by considering the. following: (1) Domain — domains that include .gov or .edu
are trustworthy sources; (2) Author's information — look at the author’s bio or About page
regarding the qualification of the author; (3) Design — avoid sites that are cluttered and difficult:
to navigate; and (4) Sources — trustworthy articles usually link to other sources or cite where
their facts come from.

5. Consider the purpose of the site. Think about the purpose of the site and whether it meets your
needs. Look for the date. Consider whether the information is current enough for your topic. You
can look for the date when the article was written or last updated. Sometimes, URLs also include
dates. (http://www.kathleenamorris.com/)

Integrating Digital/Cyber Literacy into the Curriculum

The following are suggested activities to integrate digital literacy, higher‐order thinking and construction
of meaning in the classroom.

1. Use an interactive whiteboard to design and deliver lessons. Use Promethean and Smart
Notebook with teacher‐created lessons if you are not yet capable of designing your own.
2. Allow students to maintain blogs, wikis, web pages related to their learning.
3. Engage in email/video chat exchanges with students.
4. Utilize storytelling media to allow students to create and publish stories.
5. Set‐up a blog site, Facebook page, Yahoo or Google group and post weekly discussion questions
for students to respond.
6. Use video cameras to dramatize stories, record scientific experiments and expose students to
video editing software to create video production of learning.
7. Engage students in discussions about how and why various media work well to showcase learning
and why others do not.
8. Thinking critically about the medium use to present a message is as important as the message
itself.
9. Require E‐Portfolio that would compile their outputs, projects, messages and photo‐documents
of group activities and investigations online.
10. Allow students to use digital tools, such as mobile phones, Ipad and netbooks for Google search,
dictionary Apps, Youtube, Podcast and Spotify applications in class to complement their learning,
especially during group works and concept reporting.

Impact of integrating digital literacy in the classroom on teachers, families and friends. Integrating
digital literacy in the classroom can bring a positive impact on students’ learning as evidenced by the
following:

1. It motivates students in their learning due to their enjoyment and ease of use with various
technological mediums.

2. It reaches students of various learning styles and multiple intelligences.

 3. It allows students to create and design their own unique products reflective of their personalities
and learning needs/ styles.

4. It encourages students to manipulate media in constructing their own meaning.

5. It enables students to share their learning with teachers, families and friends.

6. It gives students the chance to explore technological media that inevitably increase the job skills
needed in the workforce.

(http://purposefultechnology.weebly. com/how‐can‐we‐embed‐digital‐literacy‐in‐the‐classroom.html)