GE Healthcare Technologies

Service Training
For
DPX & Prodigy Series

Terry Ting
Technical Support Manager
LUNAR - Asia

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Theory of X-Ray Densitometry

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 General Theory
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) enables quantitative assessment of bone
mineral in specific regions of the body. Clinically, a two component system can be
defined as consisting of bone mineral and soft tissue. The use of two photon energies
minimizes errors that result from irregular soft body masses and body contours.
In theory, in order to analyze a given number of substances, attenuation
measurements at the same number of discreet photon energies are required.
The equations describing the attenuation of two photons, as they pass through a
bone tissue mass, are:
IL = IoL e-(µSLMS + µBHMB)
IH = IoH e-(µSHMS + µBHMB)
where: Io = Unattenuated photon fluence rate (photons/sec)
I = Attenuated photon fluence rate (photons/sec)
M = Mass of given substance (g/cm2)
µ = Mass attenuation coefficient (cm2/g)
L, H = Subscripts for Low and High keV photon energies
S, B = Subscripts for soft-tissue and bone
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 X-Ray Production in the Prodigy Tube Head

• X-Ray Tube Ramped up to

proper operating voltage and
current (HVPS)
• Current applied to filament
• Anode / Cathode potential
and current to insert
• X-Ray Insert Converts current
into X-Rays
• Produces broad spectrum of Unfiltered X-Ray Spectrum at 80 KV
photon energies (15-80KeV)

The small peaks are
characteristic of the tungsten target
used in the tube head insert

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 Requirements for Accurate Determination of
Bone Density
Two Unknowns in Image
- Tissue (MS)
- Bone (MB)
- Requires two measurements be made
of the same area and compared
- Unfiltered Spectrum has single Peak -
can only measure attenuation of
single uniform substance or an object
containing two substances where one
of the two has a known value
- K-edge filter: Cerium (Ce) Unfiltered X-Ray Spectrum at 80 KV
I = I0 e¯(µ
µSMS + µBMB)
Ce has a K-shell Absorption Edge at 40KeV
Filters both low and high energy photons

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 K-Edge Filtration of the X-Ray Spectrum
Creates two Peaks
• K-edge filter: Cerium (Ce) K-edge filtered
• Ce has a K-shell Absorption spectrum
Edge at 40 KeV at 80 kV
• Filters both low and high
energy photons
• Prodigy Tube Head contains a
Cerium Filter
• Two peaks are visible after the
X-Ray beam has passed
through the Cerium filter

38 KeV

70 KeV
Note the relative numbers of counts
for the two energy peaks

I38 = Io38 e¯(µ38SMS + µ38BMB) K-edge filter:

Cerium (Ce)
I70 = Io70 e¯(µ70SMS + µ70BMB)
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 System Architecture
Display Display LEDs, Joystick, Emergency Stop
Panel Host
Computer
Detector
AGS,
Bias PS Host
Energy Discrimination,
Event Counting Computer
Detection
Laser Circuitry
Pulse Shaping

Patient

Collimator Assy., Controller

Tubehead, X-ray On/Off, communication
HVPS
X-ray kV & mA Control,
Source Shutter Open/Close

X - Transverse
Motion Control, OMI Detection, Limit Switch
Z - Longitudinal
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 DEXA Results

The scanner continuously samples the bone mineral content (BMC) as it moves in a
rectilinear pattern over the areas of the region of interest. The resulting series of
transverse profiles provides the data base for quantitative analysis.

The quantities estimated by DEXA are:

• Area, expressed in cm2, which is the two-dimensional projection of the bone;
• Bone Mineral Content (BMC), expressed in grams;
• Bone Mineral Density (BMD), expressed in grams per centimeter squared (g/cm2).

The BMD is the BMC normalized for bone size and provides the most clinical
information. BMC and Area values are provided on analysis printouts, but they are
intended only for research use, not for clinical use.

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 DPX - Series
(NT, MD+, Pro, Bravo & Duo)

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DPX-Pro (NT, MD+) : Four different models

A, B and C models have much in common, and also a

number of differences
– A Model system is very similar to the old IQ scanner
– B Model system is a simplified version of the A
system
– C & E Model system is the improvement of B system
– Externally there is no difference other than system
numbers
System Number
Full Table Compact
DPX-NT (A) NT+70000 --
DPX-NT (B) NT+72000 NT-90000
DPX-NT (C) NT+73000 NT-91000
DPX-NT (E) NT+150001 NT-160001
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 What’s the difference
A and B models have much in common, and also a number of differences
– A Model system is very similar to IQ scanner
– B Model system is a simplified version of the A system
– Externally there is no difference other than system numbers
Model IQ NT-A NT-B NT-C NT-E
Jan., 2000 Aug., 2000 May, 2001 Feb., 2005
AC Ent. (110/220) Terminal Config. Terminal Config. Switching HVPS Switching HVPS Switching HVPS
+HVPS +HVPS +HVPS (8532) HVPS HVPS HVPS
-HVPS -HVPS -HVPS (8531) (7681) (7681) (7681)
MAX MAX D-MAX (7896)
SBC SBC cSBC cSBC cSBC cSBC
AGS AGS (7844) (7634) (7634) (7634)
DCAs DCAs
OINK OINK
XORB XORB XORB
Motor Controller Centent (5801) Centent (5801) Centent (5801) Gecko (40213) n.a. (build in)
Collimator (2898) (2898) (7767) (7767) (7767)
Tube Head (2288) (8297) (8548) (8548) (8548)
AMP + Bias HVPS AMP Mod. (1888) AMP Mod. (1888) AMP Mod. (1888) PIB (40035) PIB (40035)

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 DPX - Bravo & Duo

Bravo: Compact DPX

Duo: A Combination of DPX System and Exam Table

DPX-Bravo DPX-Duo

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 General Safety
Attention: Warning statement reflects a potentially hazardous condition
that, if not avoided, could result in serious injury.

Laser On: DO NOT STARE INTO THE BEAM while laser is operating.

Radiation: The system use ionizing radiation

Emergency Stop Button: shows the location of the emergency stop

button.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Safety Standard

Source (X-rays) Off / Shutter Closed Source (X-rays) On / Shutter Open

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 Isodose diagram –
Lunar DPX-Pro/NT/MD+ Full Size Table

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 Isodose diagram –
Lunar DPX-Pro/NT/MD+ Compact Size Table,
DPX Duo and DPX Bravo

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 Patient weight & Site Plan

Lunar DPX-Pro/NT/MD+:
Maximum patient weight supported: 136 kg (300 lbs)

Recommended room dimensions are:

Full size Table
3.7 m x 3.7 m (12’ x 12’)
Compact Table
2.3 m x 3.7 m (7.5’ x 12’).

DPX Duo & DPX Bravo:

Maximum patient weight supported: 159 kg (350 lbs)

Recommended room dimensions are:

2.3 m x 3.7 m (7.5’ x 12’)

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 Block Diagrams

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 DPX-NT (A) System Block Diagram
– a simplified version of the IQ
• X-Ray Generation
 Tubehead
 Power Supplies
• X-Ray Detection
 PMT / NaI detector
 AMP Module
• Scanner Control
 Motion Control
 Error Detection
 Communications with
Host PC / Detector

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 DPX-NT (B) System Block Diagram
– a simplified version of the NT-A

• X-Ray Generation
– Tubehead
– Single HVPS consist of D-
Max
• X-Ray Detection
– PMT / NaI detector
– AMP Module
• Scanner Control
– Motion Control
– Error Detection
– Communications with
Host PC / Detector

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NT A – High Voltage Supply AC Power configurations

• AC Input
 3 settings
 Read wall voltage
 match scanner jumper settings
 Jumpers are for setting the AC for
the HV Power Supplies
 DC supply is auto ranging

• NT (B) will not require any AC entrance

configuration
 New HV supply is auto-ranging

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 DPX-NT (A) - Power Distribution
• AC Isolation Transformer
 Protects Unit from Voltage transients
 Not on NT B Units
 May require an additional Isolation Transformer for small rooms (IEC / UL mark)
• All systems alike - jumpers on
terminal blocks configure the Breaker Centent Motor
unit to the regional AC voltage AC Line
 Scanner and PC controller Inlet Filter Isolation +24Vdc
draw 12.5 A max (120V) Transformer Fuse
+/-12Vdc
 Not on NT B Units F7=160mA
Fuse F8=160mA
– New HV Supply is auto F1=3.15AH
+5Vdc
sensing DC PS
F2=3.15AH +/-12Vdc cSBC
HV/AMP
• Power Supplies F3=3.15AH
+24Vdc Module
 DC Switching supply
+24Vdc
– +5VDC RELAY +/-12Vdc Detecto
– +/- 12 VDC D-MAX
r
– +24 VDC
 2 High Voltage (X-Ray - HVPS
Generator) XORB FAN
+ HVPS
 1 High Voltage (X-Ray -38kV
Detector) +38kV Tubehead

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 DPX-NT (E), Bravo & Duo System Block Diagram

• X-Ray Generation
– Tubehead
– Single HVPS
• X-Ray Detection
– PMT / NaI detector
– PIB: AMP & the Bias HV
are combined together
• Scanner Control
– Motion Control
(Motor drive is built in
with the motor)
– Error Detection
– Communications with
Host PC / Detector

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DPX-NT(B or later), Bravo/Duo AC Entrance
Terminal Connection
X-ray Control
Line Filter from cSBC

F2 & F3 (F3.15 AH)

DC PS
HVPS

Power Switch

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 DPX-NT (B or later), Bravo & Duo
- Power Distribution

NT (E), Bravo & Duo

Motor control integrated into the motors housing
Line
Filter Centent
Motor
Breaker /Gecko
AC Inlet
+24Vdc
+/-12Vdc
+5Vdc HV/AMP
DC PS +/-12Vdc cSBC Module
+24Vdc

Detector
Relay

Single -38kV
FAN
HVPS
Tubehead
+38kV

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 DPX-NT (New Technologies)

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 NT (A) – Hybrid IQ/NT

All in the Electronics Pan

 Shares HV Supplies, XORB, and Collimator with IQ
– Remember “old style” Bertan HV Supplies only work at 115 VAC
 Requires AC input configuration (for HV Supplies only)
 Tube is IQ with thinner filter (1/2 IQ thickness)
– New part number
– Has lower cable bundle
 MAX is modified (D-MAX) for 1.5, 0.38 and .05 mA tube currents
– Not interchangeable with other (non-NT) MAX boards

AC Entrance
 Isolation Transformer
 Jumper settings (3) for AC (to Bertan HV Power Supplies)

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 Hardware Changes common to A and B Model
• New Prodigy like arm
– Injection molded
– Mounts like PRODIGY (upper and lower
halves, separate control panel)
– Dismount lower half first then upper –
upper arm shroud cannot be mounted /
dismounted with the lower shroud
present

• AC Entrance
– New Low Voltage DC Switching power
supply
 No configuration of AC entrance for
DC Power supplies
• Scanner Control
– New cSBC (combined SBC or super SBC)
 All functions of SBC, OINK and AGS
system on a single 8 layer board
Uses IQ detector and AMP box - No changes
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 X-ray Generation

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 DPX-NT (A) HV Power Supplies; Bertan ONLY!!!

• The old DPX Series Spellman HV Power Supply

(O311, 0312) is not compatible with the DPX-NT
 The Spellman HV supply does not filter the mA
feedback line
– The lack of filtration causes the mA
feedback to be too active (spikes up and
down – oscillates)
– Can cause irregularities in the soft tissue
images on DPX-NT scans
– NT D-MAX is adjusting the mA too quickly
based upon the signals sent by the cSBC
– cSBC is capable of monitoring and
adjusting the mA more quickly than the No SPELLMANS in NT!
D-MAX and Spellman HV power
supplies can handle
• Bertan HVPS only (-ve = 8531, +ve = 8532)

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 Positive and Negative HVPS:
create the potential for the generation of X-Rays
• Input from AC line
 Solid State Relay switches supplies on
 Supply input is 115 VAC
– Requires jumper settings for wall voltage
(100, 115, or 240)
• Create 76KV potential across X-Ray Tube Head insert
• As soon as 76 KV potential exists - X-Rays exist
• Bertan supply only! (-ve = 8531, +ve = 8532)
 5.0 mA Maximum Current
 38 kV per Supply • NT (B)
 Same supply as L / IQ / Prodigy – New all in one supply
 Now has different part number – Spellman and / or Bertan
– Up to 40 kV – 5.0mA
8531(-) 8532 (+) – Incorporates Filament current control (MAX)
into Power supply
– Both Positive and Negative in single supply
– Auto-ranging – all levels of AC input between
100 and 240 VAC
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NT-(B) & latest – HV Power Supply
• New HV Power supply (7681)
– Pos and Neg in single supply
– No MAX or XORB
 Integrated into supply
– No tube head control cable
– New HV cable design
– “Greaseless” fittings
 “Off the shelf” Claymount cables
 Cathode HV cable carries current
as well as potential

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 NT-(A) – X-ray Source
The control cable carries the filament current for the insert.

2898

8297

control cable (8204)

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 NT-(A) : High Voltage Connection
Use the special wrench (0283) to mount and to remove the High Voltage Cable
connector from the Tube Head .
A special dielectric Insulating Compound (0226) needs to apply to the the Tube
Head connector and power supply receptacles to form an air free barrier
between the two mating surfaces.

HVPS
Tubehead
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 NT-(B) & onward : X-ray Source
• New Tube (8548)
- Redesign of tube housing
7767
 Better cooling
 Elimination of oil leaks
 Reduce internal cabling to reduce
arcing
- Working with vendor to improve
insert quality
- Thin filter (same as on A) 2541
- Thermostat on top
 Replacement is possible without
replacing the x-ray tube
8548

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NT-(B) & onward : High Voltage Connector
The arrows indicate where to place the drops of silicone oil – note also that
the connectors are keyed.

The new design of the high voltage cables has six ribs on the cable jackets.
These cables are backward compatible replacements for the 4 ribbed cables.

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 Troubleshooting the HV Cables:
(+) 40830, (-) 8317
CAUTION:
Forcing the cables causes broken pin contacts, broken keyway, torn silicone jackets
all of which require cable replacement.

Damaged Pins likely caused by too little silicone oil and too much force.

When properly oiled the parts should require very little force to put them together.
If insertion of the jacket into the receptacle requires more than using your thumb
and index finger it is not right.

Even application of the oil on the outside of the connector is the key.
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 Production of X-Rays - an Overview

Tube Head Insert

fixed anode

Filament

Warm it up - low current from
Filament Transformer

76 KV Potential across Insert
(0.150mA to 3.00mA)

Electrons (-e) “boil off of filament”
(Cathode)

-e accelerated across 76 KeV potential strike

Tungsten Target (Anode), the kinetic energy of
-e is then converted into the X-Rays

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 Components of the DPX-NT Tube Head
The tube housing assembly current is set by the cSBC at 0.1 mA or 1.50 mA
(DPX-NT) 0.1mA or 0.750 mA for DPX-MD+ depending on the acquisition type.

Oil Filled Metal Housing

Fixed Anode X-Ray Insert

Lead Shielding

Filament Transformer

Potential Failures
- Beam Hardening - Tungsten is
boiled off of Anode (pits) and collects
on the glass of the insert - absorbs
X-Rays
 Pitting due to high temperature
- damages Anode focal Spot
- Filament can burn out
- Oil leak - arcing / air in tube
- Ramping failures - short in tube
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 Collimator: control of X-Ray Exposure
• NT (A) collimator = DPX Collimator • NT (B) Collimator
- Collimation slide is not used • Beam on controlled by linear solenoid and
spring:
– Shutter
• blocks beam
• Linear slide
• Tantalum attenuates X-Rays keeps
them contained prevents exposure
2898 during ramping and patient positioning
– Collimator
• Determines Beam size
7767 • single aperture
– Optical sensor for shutter position
• Like DPX OMI
• IR Beam - if beam is broken = shutter
open
• Fail safe - if beam is broken assume
shutter open - sensor can only tell if
shutter is closed
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Control and Sensing of the Shutter and Collimator
• The Shutter is actuated by a solenoid using +24
VDC, the voltage is reduced to a holding voltage
of 12VDC after the shutter is opened.
• This solenoid is controlled by signals generated
on the cSBC, and optically isolated by the cSBC.
• A micro switch (NT- A) detects the position of the
shutter and reports its condition to the cSBC
• An optical interrupter (NT- B) detects the shutter
open condition (IR beam broken) and reports
shutter position information back to the cSBC.

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 +24 VDC: Drives Scanner Mechanics and
X-ray filament
• Powers Tube Head Fans
• Powers Mechanics
− Transverse Motor
− Longitudinal Motor
− Shutter Solenoid
• Powers X-ray filament
− Power to D-MAX through the cSBC
− Filament drive is always on in NT (A)
− Red LED on D-MAX Board indicates the
presence of +24 VDC
− NT (B) systems – filament drive is through
new HVPS – not D-MAX
• Solid State Relay enables HV Power Supply
− Controlled by cSBC - Host PC
− Serves as E-stop on (B) systems
- kV and mA is switched on and off inside
of new HV Power supply
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D-MAX Board X-Ray Source current regulation

• D-MAX and Filament Transformer in the Tube

Head work with the 24 VDC power supply
• D-MAX regulates X-Ray Insert Filament
current by controlling the filament
temperature
• As filament temperature increases the
number of electrons “available” for X-Ray
production increases
• The cSBC reads feedback from power 7896
supplies and adjusts the D-MAX accordingly
• REMEMBER – D-MAX is on NT (A) ONLY
• D-MAX is not compatible with or replaceable
with other MAX boards
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 Troubleshooting the D-MAX Board
Green - Fuse is good
Red - + 24V DC present
LED’s will be lit when ever scanner is powered up

• Troubleshooting tip - TP4, TP5

and TP13 should be continuous
when the Tube Head control
cable is hooked up Test
Signal
Expected @
Point 76kV & 0.38mA
- Indicates TH Filament is good
TP1 -uA Monitor .380 Vdc
- Don’t forget the D-MAX is
TP2 -kV Monitor 3.800 Vdc
always on
TP3 -kV Programming 3.800 Vdc
• Built into the new HVPS on (B)
systems TP5 +uA Monitor .380 Vdc
TP6 +kV Monitor 3.800 Vdc
• Test points can also be found on
the cSBC TP7 +kV Programming 3.800 Vdc

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 XORB function - Transient Suppression
TIP: TP4 and TP8 normally reads +5VDC -
• XORB is short for tranzorbs if fuse at AC entrance of HV power supply
blows this will be -5 VDC (NT-A)
• XORB’s primary function is to
ground out high voltage 0395
transients or “spikes” in the X-
Ray generation system (logic
circuit protection)
• All X-Ray Generation system
power flows through the XORB -
good place to check signals and Test Expected @
power Point
Signal
76kV & 0.38mA
• ONLY on NT (A) systems TP1 -uA Monitor .380 Vdc
• Transient Protection is built into TP2 -kV Monitor 3.800 Vdc
new HV supply on (B) models TP3 -kV Programming 3.800 Vdc
• Test points can also be found on TP5 +uA Monitor .380 Vdc
the cSBC TP6 +kV Monitor 3.800 Vdc
TP7 +kV Programming 3.800 Vdc
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 Troubleshooting with the XORB

• If ramping trouble exists TP 1, 5, 2 & 6

are good troubleshooting guides
• Voltage ramping signal 0395
- ~ 2 sec after cSBC receives
command to generate x-rays
• Current ramping signal 7844
- ~ 3 sec after cSBC receives
command to generate x-rays
- A small amount of current exists
when voltage has been applied,
but the cSBC does not regulate it 7896
until this second part of the
ramping profile.

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 X-ray Detection

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 X-Ray Detection Overview

Scintillating Material
– Sodium Iodide
– converts photons into visible light, then to an electrical pulse

Each photon creates a single pulse
– Pulse Amplitude is directly proportional to the energy of the
X-Ray which produced it
– ~ 6 - 7 mV for Low Energy
– ~ 10 mv for High Energy

PMT - Photo Multiplier Tube increases signal strength
– Variable HVPS - 1000VDC Max
– Potential set by SBC typically 600-800 VDC

Signal out rides piggy back on ~700VDC power in

As scintillation crystal or photocathode deteriorate the detector 1855
will loose resolution and must be replaced
– All counts decrease, lows faster than highs causing air ratio
to increase
– Spillover will also increase due to high energy counts getting
weaker
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 Detector bias supply: Detector HVPS

Same AMP Box (AMP Board / HV DC Supply) as IQ

Dedicated to power the detector

Voltage Potential to 1000 VDC

Automatically set and adjusted by the cSBC
 Two peak adjustments
1 – gain on amplifier (on cSBC only) – performed
every time QA is run has limits – if limits are
exceeded – bias adjustment is performed
automatically
2 – bias adjustment – performed if gain on amp
falls out of range – automatic adjustment
1888
Bias is applied constantly
 Detector life is increased by bias at all times
 Scintillator and light tube in PMT are desiccants
– Constant temperature maximizes life

+ 12 VDC input from cSBC

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X-Ray to Pulse: DPX-NT X-Ray Detection Overview

Detector produces small pulses

AMP has gain of 240
- Voltage in ~ 1mVDC (High Energy pulses)
- Shapes pulses (bipolar)
- Voltage out ~ 2.4 VDC (High Energy Pulses)

AMP drives signal down to the cSBC

cSBC performs all fine gain adjust (AGS) and
discrimination functions (DPXDCA functions in IQ)
- Potentiometers are gone – all settings are via
DACs (firmware / host / software controlled)

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 New Design of the PIB in NT (C) & Onward
The PIB (PMT Interface Board) combines the functions of the AMP and the detector Bias
Power Supply in DPX-NT, MD+, Bravo & Duo systems. The AMP portion of the PIB strips
off the detector bias, amplifies the incoming pulses from the detector by a factor of 240
and shapes the pulse into a bipolar wave. The bipolar pulse is then driven down the
signal cable to the cSBC for fine gain adjustment and event counting.

CAUTION: Due to the high voltage (600 to 1000 VDC) inside the PIB, we do not
recommend servicing the PIB with cover off and power on. When it is necessary to read
a PIB test point, take care to avoid contact with J3 on the top of the board and the
capacitor bank on the back of the board as these are at the detector bias voltage (600
to 1000 VDC) and contacting them will result in a severe shock if the power is on.
40242

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 System Control

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 Overview and Function of the
cSBC - AGS System

• AGS (Automatic Gain Stabilization

7634
System)
• ~ 2.4 VDC bipolar pulse carrying both
high and low energy signals
• AGS adjusts gain on High energy signal
from input from AGSDCA
• OP / CAL Signal - disables the AGS during
the system QA so that the Detector can
be peaked correctly

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 Single Purpose of the AGS Subsystem:
Where is the Pulse?

• Comparators check the voltage of High Out of Range

Energy Pulses to set limits (from 2.8
FIRMWARE) ATTENUATE
2.5
• Send logic signal to a DAC that Amplifies
or Attenuates the incoming signal from 2.4
the Detector
2.3
• Gain is constantly adjusted to keep the AMPLIFY
high energy peak within a preset window 2.0

- (~2.4VDC)
• By stabilizing the gain on the high signal
the low is stabilized as well
- Adjustment is to raw Data
• Both High and Low Energy Pulses
If system either rolls under or over
software generates an error message
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cSBC - Mechanical Control & Error Detection Functions
• Shutter solenoid
• Scanner Motor Controllers
• Display Panel indicators and controls
• Monitors 5 different interrupts, all of which are capable of resetting the
cSBC (shutting down x-ray production)

1. Emergency Stop Switch - open circuit - (loss of

signal - failsafe) - normally closed circuit
2. Tube Head Thermostat - circuit open (loss of
signal - failsafe) - normally closed circuit
3. Longitudinal Motion Interrupt - source open no
movement (OMI) 0.25 sec timeout
4. Transverse Motion Interrupt - source open no
movement (OMI) 0.25 sec timeout
5. Failure of the +24 VDC Power Supply – unable
to ramp tube current without this supply
 Would also cause mechanical failures
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 cSBC Troubleshooting LED’s illustrate Errors sensed

• Red LEDs = reset or error

• Green LED’s = Power on
• Amber LEDs – indicators of function
• Some cSBC LED’s:
- (D10) Longitudinal OMI, when this LED flashes, the Longitudinal OMI
infrared beam is “seen” by the IR detector
- (D9) Transverse OMI, when this LED flashes, the Longitudinal OMI
infrared beam is “seen” by the IR detector
- (D8) X-ray on (28 VDC supply), when this LED is lit when the +28 VDC
power supply is on (relays are excited)
- (D7) Mechanics engage, when LED is out the motor(s) are enabled
- (D6) - Errors Clear, must be lit - out when cSBC detects an error (failsafe)
- (D5) Reset when this LED is lit the SBC is in Reset
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cSBC Diagnostic LEDs – table 4-7 NT Service Manual
LED COLOR FUNCTION Status (when lit)
D13 Green +24 VDC +24 VDC Present
D14 Green +12 VDC +12 VDC Present
D15 Green -12 VDC -12 VDC Present
D7 Green +5 VDC + 5 VDC Present
D16 Red Flex Config FLEX PLD not Programmed
D20 Red CPU reset CPU in reset mode
D19 Red Scanner reset Scanner In Reset (failsafe) mode
D27 Red AGS Roll AGS Rollover/under
D29 Amber Flex 1 Diagnostic LED 1
D31 Amber Flex 2 Diagnostic LED 2
D22 Amber Flex 3 Diagnostic LED 3
D28 Amber TV OMI Valid TV motion
D24 Amber LONG OMI Valid LONG motion
D25 Amber HE Count HE photon detected
D23 Amber LE Count LE photon detected
D21 Amber HVPS 7681 HVPS enable
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 cSBC Commonly Used Test Points
Name TP(s) Limits
+24 VDC TP88, TP86 23.0 – 26.4
+5 VDC TP78, TP43 4.99-5.21
+12 VDC TP12, TP24 11.75 – 12.25
-12 VDC TP8, TP24 -11.65 - -12.37
LE LOW TP25, TP 24 0.990 – 1.010
LE HIGH TP30, TP24 1.960 – 1.980
HE LOW TP26, TP24 1.665 – 1.685
HE HIGH TP33, TP24 2.790 – 2.810
AML TP38, TP24 2.005 – 2.025
MID TP36, TP24 2.355 – 2.375
+kV FDBK TP18 3.760-3.840
-kV FDBK TP17 3.760-3.840
+mA/-mA FDBK TP16/TP15 0.046-0.054 @0.05mA
Table 4-8: From the NT Service Manual
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cSBC: Scanner Control and Communication Functions

• Control Functions
- Control of x-ray source power supplies,
and shutter / collimator in a fail safe
manner.
- Provides control signals for two
external stepper motor drives (Centent)
to scan patient in a fail safe manner
and senses limit switch actuation at
the limits of travel.
- Detects all errors in all sub-systems
• Communication
- Communicates with PC host via an
optically isolated RS-232 interface.
- Collects data from the detector and
processes it.
 Gain adjust
 Event discrimination and counting
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 Linking the scanner with the user:
cSBC / Host PC interface
• The SBC communicates with the Host
PC via an RS-232 interface. Host
Computer
• Can operate on COMM 1 or COMM 2

• Defaults to COMM 2

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 Motion System

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 Motor Control: Moving the Scan Arm

The cSBC sends commands to CENTENT

Commands - Run / Hold and Direction
FLUKE s-scope
- CENTENT - motor controller
> Drives Stepper motors

NEW! Molex Plug for the Transverse CENTENT wires
- Quick connection
- Must leave High Voltage Trough on – be careful Stepping Pulse
not to bend it. • Sent By cSBC

5801

NT (A & B)
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 Motor Controller in NT (C)
The GECKO Drive stepper motor controller replaces the CENTENT stepper motor
controller used in DPX-NT/MD+ hardware revisions A and B. The GECKO drive
functions essentially the same as the CENTENT motor controller.
NOTE: The GECKO Drive Motor Controller is NOT backward compatible, due to EMC
emissions and differences in the mounting footprint it may only be used in DPXNT /
MD+ hardware revision C (system numbers 73000 and greater).
Connection Wire color (Oriental Motor)
1 Green NT(C)
2 Blue
3 Red
4 White
5 Green
6 Black
7 No Connection
8 Orange
9 White
10 Dark Orange
11 Dark Orange w/ Black stripe 40213
12 Black
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 Troubleshooting with the Motor Controller
Gecko connector failure due to over-torqued connector screws.
Over-tightening of clamping screws leading to eventual stress fracture.

40384

BCC BeCu Contact, FC Fractured Contact,

MC Melted Contact, MP Melted Plastic, MT
Melted Tab. LNR40384
4 position connector
40213

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 Scanner Motor
• Transverse motor is smaller than long. • Centent powers Longitudinal motor.
• Has a self contained gear box on top of • Has a pulley with a belt that is attached
the motor to the scanner arm
• Has a pulley, with a belt attached to the • Longitudinal motor is attached to a drive
tube head carriage mechanism that contains gear reduction
pulleys and belts along with a clutch. This
• Centent powers transverse motor.
clutch is a safety feature, if the arm
• Centents are the same, but the motors becomes obstructed during motion the
are different. clutch slips
• Different Rev’s of Motors require different
wiring configurations - be careful!!
Refer to manual for direction
40382 40396

Transverse Longitudinal Drive

Motor Mechanism

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 Gecko motor drives and Oriental motor
are replaced with IMS integrated motor
for NT(E), DPX-Bravo & Duo

43455 40973

Transverse Drive Ass. Longitudinal Drive Ass.

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 OMI Function: Motion Detect
Encorder wheel
• There are 2 OMI’s on a DPX-NT series scanner:
- longitudinal
8642
- transverse
• These boards have 2 infra-red beam emitters /
detectors
• Same OMI’s as on PRODIGY
• A slotted wheel which rotates while the mechanics
are functioning breaks the beam
- When a beam is broken the OMI sends a pulse to Longitudinal
the cSBC
- If the pulses are absent - the cSBC reports a
motion error
 Time out for both motions is about 0.25 sec.

OMI Board Transverse

7366
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 OMD Board is Replacing OMI Board
The OMI (Optical Motion Interrupt) Board (LNR7366) is end of life and stock has
been depleted. The OMD (Optical Motion Detection) Board is its replacement and
will be available in a Service kit (LNR42824).

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 Display Panel

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 User Interface: What’s the scanner doing?
• Four indicators display system status.
 Green Light Emitting Diode (LED) indicates power-on
– Driven by +5 / +24 VDC power supply comes on.
– Power on LED is lit whenever scan table power is
on.
• Yellow LED indicates laser is on
 The laser on LED is lit when the cSBC turns the laser ! It is not recommended
on. that scanner operation
be continued if these
• An amber X-ray On LED indicates x-rays are being
LED's signal the operator
produced of exposure to x-rays and
• The yellow Shutter Open LED indicates Shutter must be replaced as soon
as possible.
open
 shutter open indicator is also on the PC
controller screen.
• Rocker switches (joystick) on the panel allow
operator control of the beam position.
 The Rocker switches are enabled by the cSBC
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 Computer Spec (Min.)

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 Specifications for enCORE Host PC’s

• For customers located internationally, make sure

the computer is certified to local requirements
such as IEC 950. The computer must meet the
minimum requirements that follow: Host
- 900 MHz Intel Celeron processor Computer

- 512 MB RAM
- 20GB Hard Disk
- 52X CD ROM
- 250 MB Zip drive
- 56k Modem
- 10/100 MB network card
- Microsoft Windows XP Professional (SP2)
- Disk Defragmentation Software
- Super VGA (1024 x 768) or higher resolution
video adapter.

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 NT Installation in 6 hours???

• Time line • Timesavers

- Delivery and arm on (2 hours) - Have movers help remove
panels
- Mechanical assembly (1 hour)
- Use the movers to unpack your
- Alignment (1 Hour) boxes
- 3 QA’s (1/2 hour)  Make sure that nothing is
missing before they dispose
- Alignment test and of your cardboard
Phantoms (1/2 hour)
- When warming the source align
- 3 more QA’s (1/2 hour) the scanner
• Total time 5 ½ Hours - Keep the scanner moving
 Keep tests running
 Do paperwork and cable
dressing during tests
 Run QA’s manually – avoids
“cool down”
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 Prodigy Series

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 Prodigy

Office-based Bone Densitometry

Latest Fan-Beam Technology

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Breakthrough of Fan Beam Technology

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 DEXA Technology Review

DPX® Pencil beam

technology

• Ultra-low dose
• Able to center and track bone (SmartScan™)
• Excellent total body / body composition results
• Scan speed / throughput limits
• DOS-Based Software
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 DEXA Technology Review

Current competing
Fan beam
technology

• 5x higher dose
• Not able to center and track bone (scout scans)
• Poor total body / body composition results
• Fast scans / throughput
• Early Windows software
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 Breakthrough: SmartFAN Technology

PRODIGY
SmartFAN
Technology

• Same ultra-low dose as pencil beam

• Able to center and track bone (SmartFAN)
• Excellent total body / body composition results
• Very fast scans / throughput
• Advanced enCORE™ Windows XP software
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 Wide Angle Fan Beam

The Advantage of Fan Beam is ...

Speed.

The Disadvantage of Fan Beam is ...

Magnification, Distortion and Overlapping.

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Magnification Problems:
Image Appears Larger than it is

ing
p p
r la
ve
O n
ti o
ca
i fi
g n
a n
M o
rti
o
si t
D
Caused by small source object distance!
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 Traditional Fan-Beam

• System “corrects” for

magnification
- Only accurate for bone at
assumed object-plane
- Only truly accurate in center of
beam!
• Bone at assumed object-plane
• System geometry has inherent
WIDE FAN-BEAM magnification /distortion

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Multi-View Image Reconstruction ( MVIR )

used in Computed Tomography

slides the overlapping images together
until they match to correct for
magnification

finds object location

accurate results

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WIDE-ANGLE NARROW-ANGLE

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Does the Prodigy Beam Overlap on each Pass?

YES !
Overlapping is a big advantage.

• It eliminates magnification errors.

• You can find the true bone location.
• Then you know the correct BMC, Area and
• Soft Tissue results.
• Also can measure Length accurately

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Accurate Imaging with MVIR
( Multi-View Image Reconstruction )

• Object image accurately

reconstructed!
• Object-plane measured
– System looks at amount of image-
overlap from pass to pass

• Narrow angle fan-beam

– Transversely scans, overlapping
passes

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Generations of Prodigy Series

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 Serial & System Numbers
Note, in each system number, the plus or minus symbol is used to denote total body
option availability.

System ID / Scanner Remark

Size Full Compact
P1 DF+10001 / 60001 DF= Prodigy
P2 DF+12000 / 62101
P3 DF+13001 / 63101 DF-80001 / 80001 + = Full table, - = Compact table.
P4 DF+14001 / 64001 DF-81001 / 81001
P5 DF+15501 / 65501 DF-85101 / 85101
P6 PA+41001 / 40001 PA-51001 / 50001 PA = Prodigy Advance
P7 DF+110001 / 110001 DF-120001 / 120001
PA+130001 / 130001 PA-140001 / 140001
P8 DF+300101 / 300101 DF-310101 / 310101 PR = Prodigy Primo
PA+300101 / 300101 PA-310101 / 310101
PR+310101 / 300101 PR-310101 / 310101
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 What’s the difference

P1 P2 P3 P4
Date 1998 Sep. 2000 Aug. 2001 Apr. 2002
MC1 + & - HVPS 1 HVPS (MAX+XORB) GE Logo DIB (ADMB+ADDB)
MC2 FOINK cSBC (FOINK) Arm Slot Cover Det. Ribbon Cable
MC3 SBC (RS422) 1 Multi-Volt DC PS Detector Ass. (HV+Det.) Upper Cable Bundle
MC4 DMB, DDB New Tubehead (8743) ADMB, ADDB
MC5 2 x (+5, +/-12Vdc) PS New HV Cable ASIC Detector
MC6 +28Vdc, +26Vdc OMI Mounting – Trans.
P5 P6 (Adv.) P7 P8
Date May 2003 Dec. 2003 Feb. 2005 Feb. 2006
MC1 Gecko Drive & Cables 350lbs Weight Limit IMS integrated motors New cSBC (RS232)
MC2 Laser and Mount Ass. New panels, colors Serial Cable
MC3 Washable pad Long. Drive pully
MC4 New prefix: PA +/- enCORE 10.x
MC5 Quick
MC6
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 General Safety
Attention: Warning statement reflects a potentially hazardous condition
that, if not avoided, could result in serious injury.

Laser On: DO NOT STARE INTO THE BEAM while laser is operating.

Radiation: The system use ionizing radiation

Emergency Stop Button: shows the location of the emergency stop

button.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Safety Standard

Source (X-rays) Off / Shutter Closed Source (X-rays) On / Shutter Open

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 Scatter Radiation

Scanner was run at 3.0mA

Prodigy ISO-Dose Diagram

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 System Block Diagram
&
Power Distribution

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 Prodigy (1) – Block Diagram
• X-Ray Generation
- Tube
- Power Supplies
• X-Ray Detection
- CZT Detector
- Detector Electronics
• Scanner Control
- Motion Control
- Error Detection
- Communications with
Host PC / Detector

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 Prodigy (1) – Power Distribution
• AC Isolation Transformer
- Protects Unit from Voltage transients
• All power supplies fused individually
• All systems alike - jumpers on terminal
blocks configure the unit to the regional
AC voltage.
- All systems are shipped configured to
115 VAC.
- Scanner and PC controller draw
12.5A max. (120V)
• Power Supplies (7 Separate Power
Supplies)
- +26 VDC (mechanics)
- + 5, +/-12 VDC (2 - Detector and
Electronics pan)
- +28 VDC (tube head filament)
- 2 High Voltage (X-Ray Generator)
- 1 High Voltage (X-Ray Detector)
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+5 and +/-12 VDC Supply:
Scanner Control,Communications and Detection
• Two identical power supplies 5953
- one for lower pan electronics
- the other for detection system
• Lower Pan Supply drives
- Logic circuitry (+5)
- Communications (+/ -12)
• Upper arm supply drives
Supplies logic circuitry(+5) for DMB & DDB Power
the detector high voltage power supply (+12)

+26 VDC Power Supply

• + 26 Volt supply powers the Centent motor
drivers.
• The +26 volts goes to the terminal block and is
then sent to the Foink board and then routed to 5951
the Centents.
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 Prodigy (2) – Block Diagram

X-ray
Detection

X-ray Scanner
Generation Control

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 Prodigy (4~6 & 7) – Block Diagram
IMS

X-ray
Detection
IMS

X-ray Scanner
Generation Control

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 Prodigy (2 ~…) – Power Distribution
• External AC Isolation Transformer 1. + 5, +/-12 +24 VDC Switching Low Volt. PS
- Isolates Host PC from scanner - Electronics pan
- Leakage current - All DC voltage goes through cSBC
• Power Supplies 2. 1 High Voltage (X-Ray Generator)
- 3 Separate Power Supplies - Electronics Pan
- Relay
3. 1 High Voltage (X-Ray Detector)
- Scan Arm

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 +24 VDC: Drives Scanner Mechanics

Powers Tube Head Fans

Powers Mechanics
• Transverse Motor
• Longitudinal Motor
• Shutter Solenoid

Green light on scan arm is lit
when this power supply is on

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 X-Ray Generations

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 P1 : Solid State Relays (X-ray Relays)
When the X-ray generation begins, the computer sends a command to SBC. Then,
the SBC will send a signal to FOINK board to turn on the solid-state relays. The relays
act like switches, when their contacts close, a circuit is completed that conducts 110
Volts AC. This AC voltage goes to three different components, the 28 volt DC supply,
and both the Positive and Negative high voltage power supplies (HVPS).

Pos. & Neg. HVPS: Enable the generation of X-Rays

• Dedicated
• Create 76KeV (38KeV each) potential across X-Ray Tube Head insert
• As soon as 41 KeV potential exists - X-Rays exist
• Programmed by the SBC
• 3mA Maximum Current
0311(-)
13018 0312(+)

5952
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 P1 : MAX Board enables X-Ray Source

• MAX and filament transformer in the tube

Head work with the +28 VDC power supply.
• MAX regulates X-ray insert filament
temperature by controlling the filament
current.
As filament temperature increases the
6838
number of electrons available for x-ray control cable
production increases
• SBC enables the +28 VDC power supply via 0316
the FOINK through the solid state relay.
• SBC reads feedback from HVPS and
adjusts filament current accordingly.

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 P1 : High Voltage Connection

Use the special wrench (0283) to mount and to remove the High Voltage Cable
connector from the Tube Head .
A special dielectric Insulating Compound (0226) needs to apply to the the Tube
Head connector and power supply receptacles to form an air free barrier
between the two mating surfaces.

HVPS
Tubehead
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 P1 : Troubleshooting, MAX board

0316 • Red - + 28V DC present

Green - Fuse is good
• LED’s will only be lit when the relay is triggered
• Troubleshooting tip - TP4, TP5 and TP13 should be
continuous when the Tube Head control cable is
hooked up
- Indicates TH Filament is good

Test Point Signal @76kV .750mA Expected

TP 3 Ground 0.000 VDC
TP 4 Q1 Output (FilamentDrive Signal) ~ 16 VDC
TP 5 Q2 Output (FilamentDrive Signal) ~ 16 VDC
TP 6 + 12 VDC + 12 VDC
TP12 + 28 VDC +28 VDC
TP 13 Filament Drive Signal ~16 VDC
TP 14 - 12 VDC -12 VDC
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 P1 : XORB Board: Transient Suppression

• Xorb is short for tranzorbs • If ramping trouble exists TP 1, 5, 2

Ground protects logic circuitry and 6 good troubleshooting guides
• XORB’s primary function is to ground • current ramping signal
out high voltage transients or “spikes” - ~ 7 sec after SBC receives
in the X-Ray generation system (logic command to generate x-rays
circuit protection) • voltage ramping signal
- ~ 7 sec after SBC receives
command to generate x-rays

Test Point Signal Expected @

6895 76kV & .750mA
TP1 -uA Monitor .750 VDC
TP2 -kV Monitor 3.800 VDC
TP3 -kV Programming 3.800 VDC
TP5 +uA Monitor .750 VDC
TP6 +kV Monitor 3.800 VDC
TP7 +kV Programming 3.800 VDC

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 P2 : Solid State Relays (X-ray Relays)
The solid-state relays receives a signal (+24Vdc supply) from the cSBC board to
“turn ON”. The relays act like switche, when their contacts close, a circuit is
completed that conducts 110 Volts AC. This AC voltage goes to the single high
voltage power supply (HVPS) and turns it ON.

Single HVPS: Enable the generation of X-Rays

• Create 76KeV (38KeV each) potential across X-Ray Tube Head insert
• 3mA Maximum Current for patient scan
• As soon as 41 KeV potential exists – X-Rays are being produced
• Programmed by the cSBC
• FDA Certified components
7681

8930
8743

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 P2 & Up : High Voltage Connector
The arrows indicate where to place the drops of silicone oil – note also that
the connectors are keyed.

The new design of the high voltage cables has six ribs on the cable jackets.
These cables are backward compatible replacements for the 4 ribbed cables.
Latest

Previous
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 P2 : Unified HVPS
create the potential for the generation of X-Rays

• Dedicated
• Input from AC line (any AC input between 90 7681
and 254 VAC)

Relay controls AC flow to the supplies
• Create 76KV potential across X-Ray Tube
Head insert
• As soon as 76 KV potential exists - X-Rays
exist

Filament Current (transformer is integral
part of supply) is not necessary
• Spellman or Bertan

5.0 mA Maximum Current

38 kV per Supply

Low failure rate - arcing is usually within
the x-ray tube

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 Production of X-Rays - an Overview

Tube Head Insert:

fixed anode

Filament
• Warm it up - low current from
Filament Transformer

76 KV Potential across Insert
(0.150mA to 3.00mA)

Electrons (-e) “boil off of filament”
(Cathode)

-e accelerated across 76 KeV potential strike

Tungsten Target (Anode), the kinetic energy of
-e is then converted into the X-Rays

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 Components of the Prodigy Tube Head

• Oil Filled Metal Housing

• Fixed Anode X-Ray Insert
• Lead Shielding
• Filament Transformer
8743
• Potential Failures

Beam Hardening - Tungsten is boiled off
of Anode (pits) and collects on the glass
of the insert - absorbs X-Rays
- Pitting due to high temperature -
damages Anode focal Spot

Filament can burn out

Oil leak - arcing / air in tube

Ramping failures - short in tube

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 Control and Sensing of the Shutter and Collimator

• The Shutter is actuated by a rotary

solenoid using +24 VDC, the voltage
is reduced to a holding voltage of
12VDC after the shutter is opened.
• This solenoid is controlled by signals
generated on the cSBC.
• An optical interrupter detects the
shutter open condition (IR beam
broken) and reports shutter position
information back to the SBC.
- This assembly is located on top of 8915
the X-ray Tube Head.

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 Collimator: control of X-Ray Exposure
Beam on controlled by rotary solenoid and spring
 Shutter
- blocks beam
- Paddle
- Tantalum attenuates X-Rays keeps them
contained prevents exposure during
ramping and patient positioning
 Collimator
- Determines Beam size
- single aperture
 Optical sensor for shutter position
- IR Beam - if beam is broken = shutter
open
- Fail safe - if beam is broken assume
shutter open - sensor can only tell if
shutter is closed
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 Shutter Failure

The failure of the shutter may causes the peaking failed, and/or detector failed
intermittently.

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 X-Ray Detection

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Three letters to remember...

Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride

The breakthrough material in detector technology

CdZnTe (CZT) is a room temperature semiconductor that directly converts

X-ray or Gamma-ray photons into electrons. CZT is a unique semiconductor
compared with Silicon and Germanium detectors – CZT operates at room
temperature and can process >2 million photons / second /mm2. Additionally,
CZT’s spectroscopic resolution clearly outperforms any commercially available
Scintallator.
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 Let’s compare the Detectors

CZT Scintillation
direct conversion 2-step conversion
energy-sensitive energy-blind

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Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) Advantage

High efficiency solid state CZT array

detector

Direct Conversion

Simultaneous dual-energy
discrimination

10X more efficient than scintillation
detectors

1/5th the dose (3.7 mrem)

Direct Conversion:
X-ray to electronic signal

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 Detector Sub System
• 16 individual CZT crystals
• The charge pulse ∝ photon energy
• The Detector is held at 450Vdc bias
• Each detector element is handled as a
separate channel
• A charge sensitive pre-amp then converts
the current to voltage Detector
• The signal out of the pre-amp is a +5 to +10 Interface or
Board
mV DC signal, each event on each channel
(detector) creates a small “blip”.

6827

7057
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 P1~P3 : DDB, Detector Daughter Board
40053
Overview of Detector Daughter Board Function
• Each DDB processes the data from 4 of the 16 detector
elements simultaneously.
• Each detector element is handled as a separate channel.
• Each DDB is responsible for:
- Pulse Shaping
- Gain Adjust
- Energy discrimination (high or low energy)
- Event counting
• Each DDB is electronically identical
• Shaping Amplifier
- Amplification of charge pulses from
the Detector
- Gain of approximately 240
- Shape signal into a stable bipolar pulse
- Fine gain Adjust applied here
- Peak correction applied

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 DDB : Dual Channel Analyzer – Gain Adjustment
Single Purpose of the AGSDCA : Where is the Pulse?
• Comparators (set by PLDs via DACs) check the
voltage of High Energy Pulses to set limits (from
DMB)
• Send logic signal to a DAC that Amplifies or
Attenuates the incoming signal from the Detector
High energy signal is in Channel 1
• Gain is constantly adjusted to keep the high window - sends “Amplify” command
energy peak within a preset window (~2.4VDC) to the AGS
• By stabilizing the gain on the high signal the low is
stabilized as well
- Adjustment is to raw Data
- Both High and Low Energy Pulses
- OP / CAL Signal - DMB - disables the AGS during
the system QA so that the Detector can be
peaked correctly
High energy signal is in Channel 2
window - sends “Attenuate”
command to the AGS
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DDB : Dual Channel Analyzer – Energy Discrimination

Discriminating High and Low Energy

Pulses with DCA Windows

A single pulse passes through the high

energy window (channel 2) – the DCA
sends a single logic pulse to the high
energy counter.

A single pulse passes through the low

energy window (channel 1) - the DCA sends
a single logic pulse to the low energy
counter

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P1-P3 : Overview of Detector Mother Board Function

• Contains 4 slots for the DDB’s (2)

– Provides +5 V, ±12 V plus digital and analog
grounds to the Detector Daughter Boards.
– Programs all 4 Daughter boards
» Has its own Firmware
» Sets windows for event counting
• The Detector Mother Board is responsible for the
pulse shaping, gain adjust, energy discrimination
(high or low energy), event counting and
communicates with the cSBC via RS-422 link
• DMB must be communicate with cSBC and be
error free before x-ray generation is allowed
• The patient positioning laser is controlled by the
cSBC via the DMB

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 P1-P2 : Operation of the Detector Mother Board
• The Detector Mother Board (DMB) contains a
processor and Flash RAM that supplies programming
data to the detector subsystem.
• Comparator settings for AGS windows (set values)
• Detector Bias programming data
• The algorithm for Peak value calculation
operation for the individual detector elements.
• If the Flash RAM is corrupt, the DMB will read from the
Firmware on the cSBC. The Flash RAM can be
reprogrammed from the Host / cSBC.
• The DMB has a processor responsible for
• performing the Peak calculation during a
Secondary Calibration (QA),
Error Conditions of the DMB sensed
• all communications with the cSBC. by the cSBC:
- The DMB processor sends the cSBC status • PLD programming failure
reports and echoes back all commands that • Loss of +5 or +12 VDC
• Loss of Communications with SBC
are sent to it.
• Corrupt FIRMWARE
• The DMB will reset the cSBC if it detects an error. • FLASH RAM Failure
• DTR Reset button on the DMB is pressed
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P4~Up : Overview of Detector Interface Board Function

• Control all detector-related

functionality, CPU acts as slave to
either host PC or cSBC enforcing
various operation via a firmware
based command set.
• Communicate with Prodigy cSBC CCA
7635 or a host PC via a single DB-
9/RS-422 link.
40026
• Control the patient positioning laser

40271

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 Operation of the Detector Interface Board

• At power up the firmware programs the on board

PLD, comparator windows DAC’s, ASIC dead time
control register and channel ‘peak’ gains, with
default values stored in non-volatile memory.
• The processor then enters a message/idle loop,
awaiting instructions from the cSBC.
• The DIB provides the cSBC and the host access to
all analog voltage settings including comparator
reference levels, detector bias, and channel gain
settings.
 The bias and reference levels change only with
major revision software release. Error Conditions of the DMB
sensed by the cSBC:
 Channel gain control is used by the firmware to • PLD programming failure
implement a ‘peaking’ algorithm which is used • Loss of +5 or +12 VDC
as part of diagnostics and daily QA. • Loss of Communications with SBC
• Corrupt FIRMWARE
• FLASH ROM Failure

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 Bad Detector Handling

Prior to enCORE Version 10:

Adjacent bad detectors will not be allowed. More than 2 bad detectors in
blocks 1 -8 or 9-16 will not be allowed either.

enCORE Version 10.x or later:

Only one bad element is allowed per detector half.

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 Control System

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 Combined Single Board Controller (cSBC) :
Scanner Control and Communication Functions
Control Functions
 Control of x-ray source power supplies, and Host
shutter / collimator in a fail safe manner. Computer
 Provides control signals for two external
stepper motor drives to scan patient in a fail
safe manner and senses limit switch actuation
at the limits of travel.
 Controls the detector array (communicates
with the DMB/DIB). Detector
 Responds to external scanner failure signals cSBC Sub
(interrupts generated by HVPS, and DMB/DIB). System
 Responds to external patient locator (joystick)
inputs.
Communication
 Communicates with PC host via an optically Mechanics X-ray
isolated RS-422 (or RS-232) interface . And Generation
Collimator Sub System
 Collects data from the detector array - passes
it on to host PC.
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 Errors cause cSBC Microprocessor Reset

• Loss of Communications with the Error Conditions of the DMB

Detector Mother Board (DMB). sensed by the cSBC:
• Loss of Communications with the Host PC. • PLD programming failure
• Limit Switch tripped when shutter is open. • Loss of +5 or +12 VDC
• Limit Switch depressed when commands
• Loss of Communications
are being sent.
with cSBC
• X-ray Generator Failures
• Corrupt FIRMWARE
- Failure in x-ray source kV
programming • FLASH RAM Failure
- Failure in source mA programming • DTR Reset button on the
• The DMB will reset the cSBC if it detects DMB is pressed
an error on the DMB.

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 cSBC Board Mechanical Control and
Error Detection Functions
• Shutter solenoid
• Scanner Motor Controllers
• Display Panel indicators and controls
• Monitors 5 different interrupts, all of which are capable of resetting
the cSBC (shutting down x-ray production)

Emergency Stop Switch - open circuit (loss of signal - failsafe) -
normally closed circuit

Tube Head Thermostat - open circuit (loss of signal - failsafe) -
normally closed circuit

Longitudinal Motion Interrupt - source open no movement (OMI)
0.25 sec timeout

Transverse Motion Interrupt - source open no movement (OMI) 0.25
sec timeout

Failure of the +24 VDC Power Supply - unable to ramp tube current
without this supply - Would also cause mechanical failures
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cSBC Troubleshooting LED’s illustrate Errors sensed

Red LEDs = reset or error

Green LED’s = Power on
Amber LEDs – indicators of function
Some cSBC LED’s:

(D10) Longitudinal OMI, when this LED flashes, the Longitudinal
OMI infrared beam is “seen” by the IR detector

(D9) Transverse OMI, when this LED flashes, the Longitudinal OMI
infrared beam is “seen” by the IR detector

(D8) X-ray on (28 VDC supply), when this LED is lit when the +28 VDC
power supply is on (relays are excited)

(D7) Mechanics engage, when LED is out the motor(s) are enabled

(D6) Errors Clear, must be lit - out when cSBC detects an error
(failsafe)

(D5) Reset when this LED is lit the SBC is in Reset

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 cSBC Diagnostic LEDs
LED COLOR FUNCTION Status (when lit)
D13 Green +24 VDC +24 VDC Present
D14 Green +12 VDC +12 VDC Present
D15 Green -12 VDC -12 VDC Present
D7 Green +5 VDC + 5 VDC Present
D16 Red Flex Config FLEX PLD not Programmed
D20 Red CPU reset CPU in reset mode
D19 Red Scanner reset Scanner In Reset (failsafe) mode
D27 Red AGS Roll AGS Rollover/under
D29 Amber Flex 1 Diagnostic LED 1
D31 Amber Flex 2 Diagnostic LED 2
D22 Amber Flex 3 Diagnostic LED 3
D28 Amber TV OMI Valid TV motion
D24 Amber LONG OMI Valid LONG motion
D25 Amber HE Count HE photon detected
D23 Amber LE Count LE photon detected
D21 Amber HVPS 7681 HVPS enable enCORE Application Training
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 cSBC Commonly Used Test Points
Name TP(s) Limits
+24 VDC TP88, TP86 23.0 – 26.4
+5 VDC TP78, TP43 4.99-5.21
+12 VDC TP12, TP24 11.75 – 12.25
-12 VDC TP8, TP24 -11.65 - -12.37
LE LOW TP25, TP 24 0.990 – 1.010
LE HIGH TP30, TP24 1.960 – 1.980
HE LOW TP26, TP24 1.665 – 1.685
HE HIGH TP33, TP24 2.790 – 2.810
AML TP38, TP24 2.005 – 2.025
MID TP36, TP24 2.355 – 2.375
+kV FDBK TP18 3.760-3.840 @76kV
-kV FDBK TP17 3.760-3.840 @76kV
+ / - mA FDBK TP16 / TP15 0.046-0.054 @0.05mA
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 Combined Single Board Controller (cSBC) :

Test points 18 & 17 for +/-

HV kV-FdBk and test
points 16 &15 for +/-HV
mA-FdBk

RS422 Interface
(RS232 for P8 or above)

7635
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 Linking the scanner with the user:
cSBC / Host PC interface
7151

The cSBC communicates with the Host PC via RS422
Serial Card
an RS-422 interface.
Host

This is a serial connection capable of Computer
transmitting more data than a standard RS-
232 port.

As it is not a standard serial port a RS-422 card
must be installed into one of the Host PCs
expansion slots

The port must be configured correctly for the
Prodigy to operate correctly (see DXPC2000,
Prodigy Service Manual chapter 5 appendices)

The communication interface is changed to
RS-232 for P8 or above.

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 P1 : FOINK board

• Mechanics Control 6814

• Motor Control
• Fan Control
• 26 VDC to fans normal operation always
on
• User Interfaces
• Indicator Lights
• Rocker Switches for Manual Motion
• Error Detection
• All Subsystems
• E Stop
• Collimator Control
• Solenoids
• Sensing of Collimator Limit Switches Control signals ARE NOT generated
• Foink to collimator also goes through here. This is a way-point where
XORB control signals generated by the
• Enable x-ray relay SBC are Optically Isolated
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 P1 : FOINK board
• Light Indicators
Shutter light - must illuminate when shutter opens. Normally closed circuit
X-ray on light - on when >0.1 mA of current runs through tube, driven by mA
feedback through the SBC
• Patient Localizer (laser)
• End of Exposure Alarm
triggered by loss of mA feedback or closing of the shutter
• Positioning controls on arm
• Emergency Stop Detection
• Error Detection
Motion Detection
Signal sent by OMI Board
Monitor on Pin 2 of J 13 ONIK Board
• System faults detection
Hard interrupt signal is sent via J19 causing motors and x-ray shutdown.
Error determination follows.

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 Motion System

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 Motor Control : Moving the Scan Arm
SBC sends commands to CENTENT FLUKE o-scope

Commands - Run / Hold and Direction

 CENTENT - motor controller
- Drives Stepper motors
Relative position is determined by the cSBC
 cSBC counts the number of steps sent to each
motor and calculates the relative position of
the tube head

Stepping Pulse
• Sent By cSBC

5801
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 Motor Controller in P5
The GECKO Drive stepper motor controller replaces the CENTENT stepper motor
controller used in Prodigy hardware P5. The GECKO drive functions essentially the
same as the CENTENT motor controller.
NOTE: The GECKO Drive Motor Controller is NOT backward compatible, due to EMC
emissions and differences in the mounting footprint it may only be used in Prodigy
hardware revision P5.
Connection Wire color (Oriental Motor)
1 Green P5 – P6
2 Blue
3 Red
4 White
5 Green
6 Black
7 No Connection
8 Orange
9 White
10 Dark Orange
11 Dark Orange w/ Black stripe
12 Black 40213
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 Troubleshooting with the Motor Controller
Gecko connector failure due to over-torqued connector screws.
Over-tightening of clamping screws leading to eventual stress fracture.

40384

BCC BeCu Contact, FC Fractured Contact,

MC Melted Contact, MP Melted Plastic, MT
Melted Tab. LNR40384
4 position connector
40213

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 Scanner Motor
• Transverse motor is smaller than long. • Centent powers Longitudinal motor.
• Has a self contained gear box on top of the • Has a pulley with a belt that is attached to the
motor scanner arm
• Has a pulley, with a belt attached to the tube • Longitudinal motor is attached to a drive
head carriage mechanism that contains gear reduction
• Centent powers transverse motor. pulleys and belts along with a clutch. This
clutch is a safety feature, if the arm becomes
• Centents are the same, but the motors are obstructed during motion the clutch slips
different.
• Different Rev’s of Motors require different
wiring configurations - be careful!!
Longitudinal Drive Mechanism
Refer to manual for direction

Transverse
Motor

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 New Motors for P7 or Above
Gecko motor drives and Oriental motors are replaced with IMS integrated motor
controllers. These are the same motors used on Duo and Bravo, DPX-NT (E).

40973

43455
Transverse Motor Longitudinal Motor
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OMI (Optical Motion Interrupt) Function: Motion Detect
There are 2 OMI’s on a Prodigy series
scanner
 Longitudinal
 Transverse
Longitudinal
These boards have 2 infra-red beam
emitters / detectors
A slotted wheel which rotates while the
mechanics are functioning breaks the beam
 When a beam is broken the OMI sends
a pulse to the cSBC OMI Board
 cSBC has a watchdog timer that
generates an interrupt if it is not reset
by a pulse from an OMI
- Time out is about 0.25 sec
 The OMI’s - and watchdog timers are
always on Transverse
- The cSBC chooses when to
acknowledge the interrupt signals
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 OMD Board is Replacing OMI Board
The OMI (Optical Motion Interrupt) Board (LNR7366) is end of life and stock has
been depleted. The OMD (Optical Motion Detection) Board is its replacement
and will be available in a Service kit (LNR42824).

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Joystick (positioning switch) speed adjustment

• User Options / Measure Tab

• User can modify joystick speed
for both transverse and
longitudinal controls.
 May be set for the users
preference
 Nice addition for setting limit
switches and
troubleshooting
• Speeds to avoid because of
resonance
 7.75 - 11 mm/ sec
 15.25 - 20.25 mm/sec
 24.25 - 28 mm/sec
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 Display Panel

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 Display Panel: What’s the scanner doing?
Four indicators display system status.
• Green Light Emitting Diode (LED) indicates Power-On
- LVDC power supply comes on.
- Power On LED is lit whenever scan table power is on.
• Amber LED indicates laser is on
- The Laser On LED is lit when the cSBC signals the DMB to
turn the laser on, the LED is switched on by the DMB.
• An yellow X-ray On LED indicates x-rays are being produced.
• The yellow Shutter Open LED indicates Shutter open
It is not recommended
- shutter open indicator is also on the PC controller screen. that scanner operation
Rocker switches (joystick) on the panel allow operator control of be continued if these
the beam position. LED's signal the operator
• The Rocker switches are enabled by the cSBC. of exposure to x-rays and
must be replaced as
The Emergency stop button (red), halts x-ray production. soon as possible.
• The cSBC detects if this normally closed circuit is opened (fail-
safe operation).
An audible signal notifies the operator when the Shutter is closed
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 Computer Spec (Min.)

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 Specifications for enCORE Host PC’s

• For customers located internationally, make sure

the computer is certified to local requirements such
as IEC 950. The computer must meet the minimum
requirements that follow:
- 900 MHz Intel Celeron processor
- 512 MB RAM
- 20GB Hard Disk
- 52X CD ROM
- 250 MB Zip drive
- 56k Modem
- 10/100 MB network card
- Microsoft Windows XP Professional (SP2)
- Disk Defragmentation Software
- Super VGA (1024 x 768) or higher resolution
video adapter.

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 End of Session

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