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Com 423 Assignment

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39 views7 pages

Com 423 Assignment

my class note question and answer

Uploaded by

adimchimma1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FEDERAL POLIYTECHNIC MUBI, YOLA CAMPUS

HND II COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT


2ND & 4TH SEMISTER
2023/2024 SESSION

COM 423
EXPERT SYSTEM & MACHINE LEARNING
ASSIGNMENT

ST/CSY/HND/22/019
1. What is an expert system (ES)?
An expert system (ES) is a computer program that mimics the decision-making
ability of a human expert. It uses knowledge and inference rules to solve complex
problems within a specific domain, providing solutions that would typically require
human expertise.

2. How do expert systems emulate human decision-making abilities?


Expert systems emulate human decision-making abilities by using a knowledge
base filled with domain-specific information and a set of inference rules to apply
this knowledge. They simulate the reasoning process of human experts by
interpreting and applying rules to derive conclusions or make decisions based on
input data.

3. Describe the main components of an expert system.


The main components of an expert system are:
- Knowledge Base: Contains domain-specific knowledge in the form of facts and
rules.
- Inference Engine: Applies logical rules to the knowledge base to deduce new
information or make decisions.
- User Interface: Allows users to interact with the system, input data, and receive
solutions or advice.
- Explanation Facility: Explains the reasoning process of the system to the user.
- Knowledge Acquisition Module: Helps in updating and refining the knowledge
base with new information.

4. What was the first expert system developed, and what was its purpose?
The first expert system developed was DENDRAL, designed in the 1960s. Its
purpose was to assist chemists in identifying the molecular structure of chemical
compounds by analyzing their mass spectrometry data.
5. How did MYCIN demonstrate the potential of expert systems in the medical
field?
MYCIN, developed in the 1970s at Stanford University, demonstrated the
potential of expert systems in the medical field by diagnosing bacterial infections
and recommending antibiotic treatments. It showcased the ability of expert systems
to improve decision-making in healthcare by providing accurate and reliable
medical advice.

6. What role did expert systems play in the 1980s in various industries?
In the 1980s, expert systems played significant roles in various industries by
enhancing decision-making processes, automating complex tasks, and improving
efficiency. They were used in fields such as finance (for loan approvals),
manufacturing (for process control), and customer service (for troubleshooting and
support).

7. What challenges did expert systems face in the 1990s?


In the 1990s, expert systems faced challenges such as:
- Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck: Difficulty in capturing and encoding expert
knowledge.
- Scalability Issues: Problems with maintaining and scaling large knowledge
bases.
- Limited Flexibility: Inability to adapt to changing environments or learn from
new data.
- High Development and Maintenance Costs: Significant resources required for
development and upkeep.

8. How have modern AI technologies like deep learning and natural language
processing enhanced expert systems?
Modern AI technologies, such as deep learning and natural language processing
(NLP), have enhanced expert systems by:
- Improving the accuracy and efficiency of knowledge extraction and
representation.
- Enabling systems to handle unstructured data and understand human language
more effectively.
- Allowing systems to learn from new data and adapt to changing conditions.
- Facilitating more natural and intuitive user interactions.

9. Describe the function and domain of the expert system MYCIN.


MYCIN is an expert system designed for medical diagnosis, specifically for
identifying bacterial infections and recommending antibiotic treatments. It uses a
knowledge base of medical information and inference rules to provide diagnostic
advice and treatment plans.

10. What is the primary function of DENDRAL in chemistry?


The primary function of DENDRAL in chemistry is to assist chemists in
identifying the molecular structure of chemical compounds based on their mass
spectrometry data. It analyzes the data and suggests possible structures,
significantly speeding up the identification process.

11. How does the R1/XCON system assist in computer configuration?


The R1/XCON system assists in computer configuration by automating the
process of configuring VAX computer systems. It uses a knowledge base of
hardware components and configuration rules to ensure that systems are correctly
assembled according to customer specifications.

12. Explain the significance of the CADUCEUS expert system in medical


diagnosis.
The CADUCEUS expert system is significant in medical diagnosis because it
extends the capabilities of systems like MYCIN by diagnosing a broader range of
medical conditions. It uses a comprehensive medical knowledge base and
advanced inference techniques to provide accurate diagnostic recommendations for
various diseases.

13. What are the key characteristics that make an expert system effective?
Key characteristics that make an expert system effective include:
- Domain-specific Knowledge: Extensive and accurate knowledge base relevant
to the specific domain.
- Efficient Inference Engine: Ability to apply logical rules to derive conclusions
quickly and accurately.
- User-Friendly Interface: Intuitive and easy-to-use interface for users to interact
with the system.
- Explanation Capability: Ability to explain the reasoning process and decisions
to users.
- Flexibility and Adaptability: Capacity to update and adapt to new knowledge
and changing environments.

14. Differentiate between forward chaining and backward chaining in expert


systems.
- Forward Chaining: Starts with available data and applies inference rules to
extract more data and reach a conclusion. It is data-driven and typically used in
situations where all potential conditions are known.
- Backward Chaining: Starts with a hypothesis or goal and works backward to
find the necessary data and rules that support it. It is goal-driven and used when
specific outcomes need to be verified.

15. Provide examples of predictions made using forward chaining.


Examples of predictions made using forward chaining include:
- Diagnosing diseases based on observed symptoms in medical expert systems.
- Predicting equipment failure based on sensor data in industrial systems.
- Recommending financial investments based on market trends and data
analysis.

16. Provide examples of predictions made using backward chaining.


Examples of predictions made using backward chaining include:
- Confirming a medical diagnosis by testing if patient symptoms match known
diseases.
- Verifying the correctness of a legal argument by checking if all necessary
conditions are met.
- Determining the cause of a malfunction by tracing the sequence of events
leading to the issue.

17. Explain the role of the knowledge acquisition module in an expert system.
The knowledge acquisition module in an expert system is responsible for
gathering, organizing, and updating the knowledge base. It involves capturing
expert knowledge, encoding it into a format suitable for the system, and ensuring
the knowledge base remains current and accurate.

18. What are the different types of knowledge represented in an expert


system?
Types of knowledge represented in an expert system include:
- Declarative Knowledge: Facts and information about the domain.
- Procedural Knowledge: Rules and procedures for solving problems.
- Heuristic Knowledge: Experience-based techniques and shortcuts.
- Structural Knowledge: Relationships and connections between concepts.

19. How do expert systems integrate with other software systems and external
data sources?
Expert systems integrate with other software systems and external data sources
through:
- APIs and Web Services: Allowing communication and data exchange between
systems.
- Data Interfaces: Facilitating direct access to databases, sensors, and external
data sources.
- Middleware Solutions: Enabling interoperability and coordination between
different software components.

20. What are some limitations and challenges associated with expert systems?
Limitations and challenges associated with expert systems include:
- Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck: Difficulty in capturing and formalizing
expert knowledge.
- Scalability Issues: Challenges in maintaining and expanding large knowledge
bases.
- Adaptability and Learning: Limited ability to learn from new data and adapt to
changes.
- High Development Costs: Significant resources required for development and
maintenance.
- Contextual Understanding: Difficulty in handling ambiguous or context-specific situations.

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