TUGAS B.

INGGRIS FISIKA

Nama : Aydo Romualdo Pardosi

Kelas : PSPF’2021

Prodi : Pendidikan Fisika

PENGARUH PEMANASAN GLOBAL BAGI KEHIDUPAN

ABSTRAK

Global warming has become an interesting issue of environmental conflict to discuss. Related to
using it in the stroke of this pen the author uses socio-cultural standards, to discuss the warm
environmental conflicts that are being felt by all elements of life on earth. Global warming is the
increase in the average temperature in the atmosphere, sea, and land on earth. The cause of
global warming is none other than the impact of unnatural greenhouses from the origin of air
pollutants released excessively into the Earth's atmosphere, besides that the depletion of the
ozone layer also affects the increase in temperature. As a result, the equilibrium or order of
ecosystems on the earth's surface becomes disturbed. Furthermore, efforts that can be made to
minimize and overcome the effects of world warming means using reducing or avoiding
activities that cause greenhouse influences and ozone depletion. Over the past hundred years or
so, the average temperature at the top of the earth has been higher by 0.74 ± 0.18 °C. The
increase in the homogenous temperature of the upper part of the earth that occurs is the impact of
increasing greenhouse gas emissions, such as; carbon dioxide, methane, dinitro oxide,
hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride in the atmosphere. These
emissions are mainly obtained from the process of burning fossil fuels (petroleum and coal) as
well as the impact of deforestation and forest burning. World warming is thought to have
resulted in system changes to the earth's ecosystems, including; Extreme climate change, melting
ice so that the top of sea water rises, and changes in the amount and pattern of precipitation. The
existence of system changes in this ecosystem has resulted in life on earth similar to the impact
of agriculture, the loss of glaciers and the extinction of many types of animals.

KEYWORDS

Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, Ozone Depletion,

With the increasing science and technology (science and technology), the higher the activity of
human economic activities including the rapid development of industrialization processes and
transportation systems. As a logical consequence, the increase in pollutant substances released
will affect the physical and chemical processes that occur in the air, one of the effects is global
warming. The occurrence of global warming has been identified by the Intergovermental Panel
on Climate Change (IPPC) in Geneva in 1996. Indications of global warming can be shown by
data on the increase in the world average temperature by 0.3 ° C to 0.6 ° C. The data is based on
measurement data in the late 19th century with measurement data in the late 1980s and early
1990s (Nawa, 2005).

Global warming is thought to have caused system changes to the earth's ecosystems, among
others; Extreme climate change, melting ice so that sea levels rise, as well as changes in the
number and pattern of precipitation. The existence of system changes in these ecosystems has
had an impact on life on earth such as the affected agricultural products, the loss of glaciers and
the extinction of various types of animals. World climate change is the most serious challenge
faced in the 21st century. Most environmental experts agree that the occurrence of climate
change is one of the impacts of global warming (Aug. Climate change also results in high rainfall
intensity over short periods as well as long dry seasons. Both events will have an impact on
several sectors.

DISCUSSION

Global warming is one of the major environmental issues facing the world today. Global
warming is related to the process of increasing the average temperature of the Earth's surface.
This increase in earth's surface temperature is generated by the presence of sunlight radiation to
the Earth's atmosphere, then some of this light turns into heat energy in the form of infrared light
absorbed by the earth's air and surface. Some infrared light is reflected back into the atmosphere
and captured by greenhouse gases that then cause earth's temperature to rise. Greenhouse gases
are mainly carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides. The major contribution that results in
the accumulation of these chemical gases in the atmosphere is human activity.Efek rumah kaca

The process of the occurrence of the greenhouse effect can be explained through the following
image. In greenhouses used in cultivation, especially in countries experiencing snow seasons, or
plant experiments in biology and agriculture, solar energy (heat) that enters through the glass
roof is partially reflected out of the atmosphere and some others trapped inside the greenhouse,
raising the temperature in it. Another example that can illustrate the occurrence of the
greenhouse effect is, when we are in a car with glass covered that is parked under the hot sun.
The heat that enters through the windshield of the car, some is reflected back outside through the
glass but others are trapped inside the car space. As a result the temperature inside the room is
higher (hot) than outside it. Note the following image (Gealson, 2007).
Matahari merupakan sumber energi utama dari setiap sumber energi yang terdapat di bumi.
Energi matahari sebagian terbesar dalam bentuk radiasi gelombang pendek, termasuk cahaya
tampak. Energi ini mengenai permukaan bumi dan berubah dari cahaya menjadi panas.
Permukaan bumi kemudian menyerap sebagian panas sehingga menghangatkan bumi, dan
sebagian dipantulkannya kembali ke luar angkasa. Menumpuknya jumlah gas rumah kaca seperti
uap air, karbon dioksida, dan metana di atmosfer mengakibatkan sebagian dari panas ini dalam
bentuk radiasi infra merah tetap terperangkap di atmosfer bumi, kemudian gas-gas ini menyerap
dan memantulkan kembali radiasi gelombang yang dipancarkan oleh permukaan bumi.
Akibatnya panas tersebut akan tersimpan di permukaan Bumi. Kondisi ini dapat terjadi berulang
sehingga mengakibatkan suhu rata-rata tahunan bumi terus meningkat. Gambar berikut
menunjukkan bagaimana terjadinya pemanasan global (Gealson,2007 The sun is the main source
of energy from every energy source on earth. Solar energy is mostly in the form of shortwave
radiation, including visible light. This energy hits the earth's surface and changes from light to
heat. The earth's surface then absorbs some of the heat that warms the earth, and some of it
reflects it back into space. The accumulated amount of greenhouse gases such as water vapor,
carbon dioxide, and methane in the atmosphere results in some of this heat in the form of
infrared radiation remaining trapped in the Earth's atmosphere, then these gases absorb and
reflect back the wave radiation emitted by the Earth's surface. As a result, the heat will be stored
on the earth's surface. This condition can occur repeatedly resulting in the average annual
temperature of the Earth continues to increase. The following image shows how global warming
is happening (Gealson, 2007)).

These gases function like glass on the roof of a greenhouse. The higher the concentration of
these gases in the atmosphere, the greater the effect of heat trapped underneath. This greenhouse
effect is needed by all living things on earth, because without the greenhouse effect the planet
will become very cold approximately -18 ° C, so that the earth's surface will be covered in eight
ice. With an average temperature of 15°C, the earth is actually 33°C hotter with a greenhouse
effect. However, if these gases are excess in the atmosphere, it will happen the opposite and
cause global warming.

Reverse effect

The cause of global warming is also influenced by various processes of the reverse effects it
produces, such as in the evaporation of water. At first the warming will further increase the
amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Because water vapor itself is a greenhouse gas, the
heating will continue and increase the amount of water vapor in the air until an equilibrium of
water vapor concentration is reached. This condition causes the greenhouse effect it produces
greater when compared to the result of CO2 gas itself. These reverse effect events can increase
the absolute water content in the air, but the relative humidity of the air is almost constant or
even somewhat decreases as the air warms. Due to the long age of CO2 in the atmosphere, this
reverse effect can slowly be reversed (Soden and Held, 2005).Selain penguapan, awan diduga
menjadi efek balik. Radiasi infra merah akan dipantulkan kembali ke bumi oleh awan, sehingga
akan meningkatkan efek pemanasan. Sementara awan tersebut akan memantulkan pula sinar
Matahari dan radiasi infra merah ke angkasa, sehingga meningkatkan efek pendinginan. Secara
detail hal ini sulit direpresentasikan dalam model iklim, antara lain karena awan sangat kecil bila
dibandingkan dengan jarak antara batas-batas komputasional dalam model iklim (sekitar 125
hingga 500 km untuk model yang digunakan dalam Laporan Pandangan IPCC ke 4). Walaupun
In addition to evaporation, clouds are thought to be a reverse effect. Infrared radiation will be
reflected back to earth by clouds, increasing the warming effect. While the cloud will reflect
sunlight and infrared radiation into space, thus increasing the cooling effect. In detail this is
difficult to represent in climate models, among others, because clouds are very small when
compared to the distance between computational boundaries in climate models (about 125 to 500
km for the model used in the 4th IPCC View Report). Nevertheless, cloud feedback is ranked
second when compared to water vapor feedback and is considered positive (adding to warming)
in all models used in the Fourth IPCC View Report (Soden and Held, 2005 Thus, cloud feedback
is ranked second when compared to water vapor feedback and is considered positive (adding to
heating) in all models used in the IPCC's Fourth View Report (Soden and Held, 2005).

Another important reverse effect is the loss of the ability to reflect light by ice. Ice sheets near
the poles are melting at an ever-increasing pace as global temperatures rise. Along with the
melting of the ice, the land or water below it will open. Both land and water reflect less light than
ice, and consequently absorb more solar radiation. This event will add to the causative factors of
warming and cause more ice to melt, making it a continuous cycle (Thomas, 2001).

Another factor that has contributed to global warming is the positive reverse effect of the release
of CO2 and CH4 from softening frozen soil (permafrost). In addition, melting ice will also
release CH4 which can also cause positive feedback. The ocean has the ecological ability to
absorb carbon in the atmosphere. Phytoplankton are able to absorb carbon for the continuity of
the process of photosynthesis. But this ability will be reduced if the sea warms due to decreased
nutrient levels in the mesopelagic zone thus limiting the growth of diatoms rather than
phytoplankton (Buesseler, et al, 2007).

Variations of the sun

Global warming can also be caused by variations in the sun. A hypothesis holds that variations of
the Sun amplified by feedback from clouds, may contribute to current warming (Marsh and
Henrik, 2000). The difference between this mechanism and the warming due to the greenhouse
effect is that the increased activity of the Sun will heat the stratosphere, whereas the greenhouse
effect will cool the stratosphere. Cooling of the lower stratosphere has been observed since the
1960s, which would not have happened when solar activity were a major contributor to current
warming. Depletion of the ozone layer may also provide such cooling effects but such depletion
occurred beginning in the late 1970s. The phenomenon of solar variation combined with volcanic
activity may have provided a warming effect from pre-industrial times to the 1950s, as well as a
cooling effect since 1950 (Hegerl, et al. 2007, Ammann, et al., 2007).
The results suggest that the Sun's contribution may have been overlooked in global warming.
Two scientists from Duke University estimate that the Sun may have contributed to a 45-50%
increase in global average temperature during the period 1900-2000, and about 25-35% between
1980 and 2000 (Scafetta and West, 2006). Furthermore, according to Stott (2003) that the
climate models used as current guidelines make excessive estimates of the effects of greenhouse
gases compared to the influence of the Sun, they also suggest that the cooling effects of volcanic
dust and sulfate aerosols are also not taken into account. However, they concluded that even by
increasing climate sensitivity to the sun's influence, most of the warming in recent decades has
been caused by greenhouse gases.

The increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century according to the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is largely due to increased concentrations of
greenhouse gases due to human activity. Global surface temperatures will rise by 1.1 to 6.4 °C
between 1990 and 2100. Using climate models, the difference in estimates is due to the use of
different scenarios regarding future greenhouse gas emissions, as well as different climate
sensitivity models. Although most studies have focused on the period up to 2100, warming and
sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even though greenhouse
gas emission levels have stabilized. This reflects the large heat capacity of the oceans.

Some of the things scientists still doubt are about the amount of warming that is expected to
occur in the future, and how the warming and changes that occur will vary from one region to
another. There is still a political and public debate in the world over what, if any, action must be
taken to reduce or reverse further warming or to adapt to the consequences. Most governments of
the world's countries have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which leads to reductions in
greenhouse gas emissions.

The protocol requires industrialized countries to lower their emissions by 5.2 percent below 1990
emissions levels with a target time of 2012 and only gained legal powers internationally on
February 16, 2005. As of October 23, 2007, 179 countries had ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Then
on December 3-14, 2007 in Bali held a High Level Convention held by the UNFCCC (United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and attended by almost 10 thousand people
from 185 countries. Through the meeting is expected to evaluate the results of the performance
of the Kyoto Protocol made as evidence of the commitment of world countries in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions to overcome the current problems.

Impact of Global Warming

Global warming has had a negative impact on life. Some of the negative impacts that can be
noted from this global warming are the melting of ice sheets at the north and south poles,
extreme weather changes, the extinction of animals and plants, the outbreak of disease outbreaks.
The effect of global warming is, the thinner and liquid ice in the north and south poles and other
ice areas, causing sea levels to rise and land will decrease. If this continues, it will most likely
result in the loss of several small islands and the sinking of some coastal and coastal areas. In
other words, due to melting ice at the north and south poles will cause floods or tsunamis in
various parts of the world.

Melting ice at the north and south poles also has an impact on changes in salt levels and sea
water temperature. Changes in sea salt content greatly affect the presence of fish, shrimp and
other marine biota. The impact is felt by the fishing community. The work done by fishermen
depends entirely on nature. Fishermen consider global warming to be difficult weather to predict.
In the environment of fishermen the weather is an important factor to launch their livelihood. If
the weather is always changing at all times then fishermen will experience losses and income for
their income will be reduced (Novia et al. 2012).

The next influence of global warming is the change of extreme weather, the change of extreme
weather causes rainfall that does not help. The implications result in a season that is difficult to
predict. Farmers cannot predict the forecast of the growing season, due to the unpredictable
growing season and the uncertain rainy season then the harvest production season is also so. This
has an impact on the problem of providing food for the community, hunger, employment and
even causing criminals due to the pressures of life demands. This extreme weather change also
affects the supply / water reserves of a region, groundwater, surface water / runoff. So that in
some areas there may be excess water and some areas will lack water, some areas will flood and
some areas experience drought. Global warming has triggered a number of adverse consequences
both on the environment and every aspect of human life. Some of them are as follows:

1. Melting ice sheets at the North and South poles. This event resulted in rising sea levels
globally, this can result in a number of small islands sinking. The lives of people living in
coastal areas are threatened. Residential areas were hit by flooding due to high tides, and
this resulted in damage to social and economic facilities. If this happens continuously
then the consequences can threaten the joints of people's lives.
2. Increasing intensity of extreme weather phenomena. Climate change is causing the
seasons to be difficult to predict. Farmers cannot predict the forecast of the growing
season due to the also uncertain season. Due to the unpredictable growing season and the
uncertain rainy season, the harvest production season is also the same. This has an impact
on the problem of providing food for the population, hunger, employment and even
causing criminals due to the pressures of life demands.
3. The extinction of various types of fauna. Flora and fauna have limits of tolerance to
temperature, humidity, moisture content and food sources. Rising global temperatures
cause disruption of water cycles, air humidity and impact plant growth, hampering the
rate of primary productivity. This condition also affects habitat and faunal life.
4. Animal habitats change due to changes in temperature, humidity and primary
productivity factors so that a number of animals migrate to find new suitable habitats.
Bird migration will change due to changes in seasons, wind direction and speed, ocean
currents (which carry nutrients and fish migration).
 5. Increased sea levels, high tides and erratic rainy seasons lead to increased frequency and
intensity of flooding.
6. Changes in air pressure, temperature, speed and wind direction cause changes in ocean
currents. This can be a control on the migration of fish, thus having an impact on fishing
products.
7. Changing habitat allows changes to the resistance of larval life and the growth period of
certain organisms, this condition does not rule out the possibility of growth and resistance
of organisms that cause tropical diseases. The types of larvae that change their resistance
to seasonal changes can increase the spread of these organisms more widely. This gives
rise to an outbreak of a disease that is considered new.
8. Threatening damage to coral reefs in the coral triangle area in six countries, namely
Indonesia, Malaysia, Salomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste, and the
Philippines. It is feared to damage the lives of the local people around it. Local
communities are the first victims of damage to this coral reef. To save the damage to
coral reefs due to global warming, environmental activists from six countries have
designed a protocol for adaptation of coral reef rescue. More than 50 percent of the
world's coral reef species live in this triangular region. According to the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 30 percent of the world's coral reefs
have died from the 1998 El Nino storm. It is predicted that in the next 10 years there will
be 30 percent damage again.

Minimizing the Impact of Global Warming

1. Environmental conservation, by planting trees and greening in critical lands. Green plants
have a role in the process of photosynthesis, in this process plants need carbon dioxide
and produce oxygen. The accumulation of carbon gases in the atmosphere can be
reduced.
2. Use energy sourced from alternative energy to reduce the use of fossil fuel energy
(petroleum and coal). Carbon gas emissions accumulate into the atmosphere are produced
by the burning of fossil fuels. We know that most vehicle and industrial engines are
driven by engines that use this fuel. Therefore, other energy sources are sought that are
safe from the emissions of these gases, for example; It uses solar, water, wind, and
bioenergy energy. In the tropics rich in solar energy is expected to appear technology that
is able to use this energy, for example with solar cars, solar power. Currently being
developed bioenergy, among others the seeds of castor plants (Jathropa. sp) that produce
oil.
3. Recycling and energy efficiency. The use of kerosene to power stoves at home, produces
smoke and soot that contain carbon. It should be replaced with gas. Biogas is a good
thing and needs to be developed, for example from organic waste.
4. Efforts d’éducation à l’ensemble de la communauté en fournissant la compréhension et
l’application des principes suivants:
a) Human dimension Man acts as a user-destroyer-conservationist of nature. Man must
be given an awareness of the importance of nature to his life. Nature has limitations
compared to human ability to explore nature. Humans use nature to obtain food
sources and other social needs, but whether or not their actions can result in damage
to ecological factors. Therefore man must realize that he and his behavior are part of
nature and the environment that influence each other.
b) Law enforcement and transparency, violations of human actions that damage the
environment must be rewarded. Environmental law enforcement becomes an
important part of maintaining environmental sustainability, and provides a deterrent
effect for violators. Law enforcement does not look at the social strata of society. In
addition, it is a role model and a person's ketokohan plays an important role. Those
who have a better understanding (educated) of the environment should play a role in
setting an example and good environmental attitude to the community. For example,
we still find cases of the role of some government officials behind forest destruction,
both by providing capital and protection for forest encroachers.
c) Coherence, all elements of society must support efforts to preserve the environment
and natural resources and law enforcement. This effort must be done
comprehensively and across sectors. For example, to overcome greenhouse gas
emissions due to the increase in the number of vehicles in the city of Jakarta, it must
be above together with the surrounding areas such as Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, and
Tangerang. Because workers who use motor vehicles every day enter the city of
Jakarta live in the four cities. Similarly, overcoming flooding in the city of Gorontalo,
for example, cannot be overcome by improving environmental facilities and fostering
awareness of the city's residents, but thoroughly with communities in other regions
(upstream and watersheds) that contribute to flood disasters. Nearby communities and
local governments such as Bone Bolango Regency and Gorontalo Regency are also
responsible for flood management efforts in Gorontalo City. Geographically, there is
a watershed where two large rivers pass through and empties into the city. Therefore
natural disasters and environmental damage cannot be sorted according to
administrative areas alone, but are geographical-ecological areas.
d) Changing mindsets and attitudes, physical environmental factors, other living things
and humans have their own role in the environment. Humans as beings who are given
logical abilities must be able to see the importance of life related to the life of other
living things and the occurrence of natural processes. Human attitudes and behavior
towards nature sooner or later have an impact on their environment. Caring for the
environment is essentially an innate human attitude and behavior. But the emergence
of human indifference is a different thought or perception when humans are dealing
with environmental problems. Man must see that he is part of the ecosystem and its
environment. The instinct to sustain life will motivate humans to preserve their
ecosystems and environment.
 e) Environmental ethics, our love and wisdom towards the environment become our
philosophy about the environment. Whatever our understanding of the environment
and resources, we must behave and behave wisely in life. In the form of traditional
culture, local wisdom gives birth to the ethics and norms of community life in
utilizing natural resources and their environment. As long as people still respect
traditional cultures that have ethics and moral values to their natural environment,
then the conservation of natural resources and the environment becomes absolute. In
such people's lives, environmental ethics do not appear theoretically but become a
pattern of life and culture maintained by every generation. Environmental ethics will
be useful if it appears in concrete actions in everyday life.

Conclusion

The occurrence of global warming caused by the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion is very
influential for life, be it animals and plants or humans. This influence can be felt, either directly
or indirectly. For animals, rising temperatures due to global warming will result in discomfort so
that many migrate to more comfortable (cool) places or even become extinct because they cannot
adapt to high temperatures. For plants, the increasingly arrowy temperature will cause a lot of
dry soil that causes many plants to be destroyed, the number of dry plants also triggers forest
fires. And for humans themselves, global warming will cause extreme weather. Extreme weather
here will cause some areas to flood and some other areas will experience drought, and can cause
various health problems. The efforts that can be made in overcoming the problem of global
warming here is to reduce or even avoid activities that result in the effects of greenhouse and
ozone depletion. In order to maintain the balance of ecosystems from the influence of global
warming for life on earth, people and governments must join hands in dealing with these
environmental problems. The government must play an active role in providing understanding to
the community of the importance of maintaining environmental sustainability. People should
also increase their concern for environmental problems, by participating in the prevention and
prevention of the effects of global warming.

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