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Lecture-3 Signals and Systems

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41 views25 pages

Lecture-3 Signals and Systems

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mkazmi.bee21seecs
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LECTURE-3: SIGNALS AND

SYSTEMS
SALMAN GHAFOOR
Signal
A signal, as the term implies, is a set of information or data -
examples include a telephone or a television signal

Generally, the signals are functions of the independent variable


time

This is not always the case - When an electrical charge is


distributed over a surface, the signal is the charge density, a
function of space rather than time

We will deal almost exclusively with signals that are functions of
time
What is a System?
A System processes input signals to produce output signals

Examples:

A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a system that


transforms the source voltage (signal) to the voltage (signal)
across the capacitor

A microphone system converts the sound input to an electrical


output signal

A communication system is generally composed of three sub-


systems, the transmitter, the channel and the receiver
How is a System Represented?
 A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into another signal

Input signal Output signal


System
x(t) y(t)

 In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the ratio of the


output signal over the input signal

 That way, when we “multiply” the system by the input signal, we get
the output signal

 This concept will be discussed in further detail in the coming weeks


SIZE OF A SIGNAL
Size of a Signal - Energy
Generally speaking, a signal varies with time

To set a standard quantity that measures signal strength, we


normally view a signal g(t) as a voltage across a one-ohm resistor

We define signal energy Eg of the signal g(t) as the energy that
the voltage g(t) dissipates on the resistor

More formally, we define Eg for a real signal as:

Complex-valued signal:
Size of a Signal - Power
To be a meaningful measure of signal size, the signal energy must
be finite

A necessary condition for energy to be finite is that the signal


amplitude goes to zero as 𝑡 approaches infinity - otherwise the
integral will not converge

If the amplitude of g(t) does not go to zero as 𝑡 approaches


infinity, the signal energy is infinite

A more meaningful measure of the signal size in such a case


would be the time average of the energy (if it exists)
Size of a Signal - Power
Average power 𝑃𝑔 defined (for a real signal) is given by:

We can generalize this definition for a complex signal g(t) as:

Observe that the signal power 𝑃𝑔 is the time average (mean) of


the signal amplitude square, that is, the mean square value of g(t)

The square root of 𝑃𝑔 is the familiar rms (root mean square) value
of g(t)
Size of a Signal
Signal with finite energy

Signal with finite power


Size of a Signal
The mean of an entity averaged over a large time interval
approaching infinity exists if the entity is either periodic or has a
statistical regularity

If such a condition is not satisfied, an average may not exist

For instance, a ramp signal g(t) = t increases indefinitely as 𝑡 →


∞, and neither the energy, nor the power exists for this signal
Units of Signal Energy and Power
The standard units of signal energy and power are the joule and
watt

However, in practice, it is often customary to use logarithmic


scales to describe signal power

This notation saves the trouble of dealing with many decimal


places when signal power is large or small

As a convention, a signal with average power of P watts can be


said to have power of:
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Continuous Time Signals
Most signals in the real world are continuous time as the scale is
infinitesimally fine, for example voltage, velocity…

Denoted by x(t), where the time interval may be bounded (finite)


or infinite

x(t)

t
Discrete-Time Signals
A signal that is specified only at discrete values of time

Some real world and many digital signals are discrete time as
they are sampled, for example pixels, daily stock averages

Denoted by x[n], where n is an integer value that varies


discretely

x[n]

n
Analog and Digital Signals
A signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a continuous
range is an analog signal

This means that an analog signal amplitude can take on an infinite


number of values

A digital signal, on the other hand, is one whose amplitude can take
on only a finite number of values

Signals associated with a digital computer are digital because they


take on only two values (binary signals)

• Sampled continuous signal


x[n] =x(nk), where k is sample time
Analog and Digital Signals

(a)-Analog CT, (b)-Digital CT, (c)-Analog DT, (d)-Digital DT


Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
A signal g(t) is said to be periodic if there exists a positive
constant To such that:

The smallest value of To that satisfies the periodicity condition is


the period of g(t)

g(t) is a periodic signal with fundamental period mTo; where m is


any integer
Energy and Power Signals
A signal with finite energy is an energy signal, and a signal with
finite power is a power signal

A signal g(t) is an energy signal if:

A signal is a power signal if:

Power is time average of the energy - averaging is over an


infinitely large interval, so a signal with finite energy has zero
power, and a signal with finite power has infinite energy

Therefore, a signal cannot be both an energy and a power signal


Deterministic and Random Signals
A signal whose physical description is completely known, either in
a mathematical form or a graphical form is a deterministic signal

A signal that is known only in terms of probabilistic description,


such as mean value, mean square value and distributions is a
random signal

Most of the noise signals encountered in practice are random


signals

All message signals are random signals


Unit Impulse Signal
 The unit impulse function 𝛿(𝑡) is one of the most important functions in
the study of signals and systems

 Practical impulse is a tall, narrow rectangular pulse of unit area - the


width of this rectangular pulse is a very small value 𝜖; its height is a
very large value 1/𝜖 in the limit as 𝜖 → 0
Sampling property of Unit Impulse
For a continuous function ∅(𝑡):

Meaning the area under the product of a function with an impulse


𝛿(𝑡) is equal to the value of that function at the instant where
the unit impulse is located

This very important and useful property is known as the sampling


(or sifting) property of the unit impulse
Unit Step Function
 Often encountered in circuit analysis and defined as:

 If we want a signal to start at t = 0 (so that it has a value of zero for t <
0), we need only multiply the signal by u(t)

 A signal that starts after t = 0 is called a causal signal, e.g., 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
Unit Step Function
We observe that the area from −∞ to t under the limiting form of
𝛿(𝑡) is zero if 𝑡 < 0 and unity if 𝑡 ≥ 0:

From this result, it follows that:


Problem-1
Determine the suitable measures such as energy or power of the
signals below.

2e-t/2
SUMMARY
Signals and systems

Size of a signal

Classification of signals
 Continuous and discrete
 Analog and digital
 Periodic and aperiodic
 Energy and power signals
 Deterministic and random

Unit impulse and unit step

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