Introduction to Networking

Kevin Brown
MCT (Microsoft Certified Trainer) since 2000,
Azure Security Engineer,
Azure Solutions Architect,
Azure Administrator,
MCSE,
CISSP
Why take this course?

• An understanding of networking is required for?

• Azure, AWS, GCP or any cloud service
• Systems Administrator
• Hyper-V, VMware, Nutanix or any virtualization technology
• Desktop Support
• Helpdesk
• Applications Administrator
Course Outline

 Understanding IPv4 Addressing  Wireshark

 OSI Model  DHCP
 Subnetting  Benefits of DHCP
 Layer 2 and Layer 3 switches  How DHCP works
 Routing  Installation and configuration
 Packet Tracer  Scope management
 Public and Private IP addresses  High availability
 Network Address Translation  Maintaining the DHCP database
 TCP Flow Control  Migrating the DHCP database
 Client Configuration
 IPv4 Troubleshooting commands
and tools
Course Outline

 DNS  Understanding IPv6 Addressing

 Resolution process  Why use IPv6
 DNS components  Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
 Zones  Overview of IPv6 addressing
 Records  IPv6 Address Types
 Client configuration  Autoconfiguration of ipv6 clients
 Root hints  IPv6 Client Configurations
 Forwarding  ipv4 and ipv6 coexistence
 Troubleshooting DNS related issues  Considerations for ipv6
 Active Directory related networking implementation
 Tunneling
Module 1: Understanding,
Implementing, and
Troubleshooting IPv4
Module Overview

• Planning IPv4 addressing

• Configuring an IPv4 host
• Managing and troubleshooting IPv4 network connectivity
Lesson 1: Planning IPv4 addressing

• Overview of IPv4 settings

• Defining subnets
• Public and private IP addresses
 What is an IPv4 Address?

192.168.1.1
10.45.58.97
20.8.49.251
172.16.89.189

An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a series of

numbers that identifies any device on a network.
Computers use IP addresses to communicate with each
other both over the internet as well as on other networks.
 A network router connects devices
on one network to devices on other
networks (internet) by exchanging
packets

IP Address 20.5.87.94

A network switch connects devices

(such as computers, printers,
wireless access points) in a network
to each other, and allows them to
‘talk’ by exchanging data frames
IP Address 172.16.1.1
310 Area Code

212 Area Code

What is a MAC (Media Access Control) Address?

FC-F8-AE-53-6D-8F
A MAC address is assigned to the Network
Interface Adapter (NIC).
The NIC can be wired or wireless

Also referred to as ‘physical address’

Understanding ARP (address resolution protocol)

For devices on the same IP network:

ARP sends a broadcast directed to the IP
address of the destination device
The destination device responds with its
MAC address

Related Commands: FC-F8-AE-53-6D-8F A1-5F-AC-16-55-D2

ARP –a 192.168.1.55 192.168.1.200
Understanding ARP (address resolution protocol)

For devices on a different IP network:

ARP sends a broadcast directed to the IP
address of the default gateway
The default gateway (router) responds with
its MAC address

Related Commands: FC-F8-AE-53-6D-8F A1-5F-AC-16-55-D2

ARP –a 192.168.1.55 192.168.1.200
Route Print
Get-NetRoute
OSI Model
Switches: Layer 2 vs Layer 3
Switches: Layer 2 vs Layer 3
Understanding Binary Code

Dotted decimal notations are based on the decimal number

system, but computers use IP addresses in binary
• Within an 8-bit octet, each bit position has a decimal
value:
• A bit that is set to 0 always has a zero value
• A bit that is set to 1 can be converted to a decimal value
• The low-order bit represents a decimal value of 1
• The high-order bit represents a decimal value of 128
• If all bits in an octet are set to 1, then the octet’s decimal
value is 255, the highest possible value of an octet:
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
Overview of IPv4 settings

8-Bit Octet
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Decimal Value
 Decimal Value

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
 Decimal Value

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

A. 231
B. 117
C. 11110111
D. 010111011

Answer key is under the lecture as a downloadable resource

Overview of IPv4 settings

• Each networked computer must be assigned a unique IPv4

address
• Network communication for a computer is directed to the IPv4
address of the computer
• Each IPv4 address contains:
Network ID, identifying the network
Host ID, identifying the computer
• The subnet mask identifies which part of the IPv4 address is the
network ID (255) and which is the host ID (0)
IP address 172 16 0 10
Subnet mask 255 255 0 0
Network ID 172 16 0 0
Host ID 0 0 0 10
Overview of IPv4 settings

An IPv4 configuration identifies a computer to other computers on a network

Subnet 1 IP address: 192.168.1.180

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

IP address: 192.168.1.182 IP address: 192.168.1.181

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Dotted decimal representation

of the address and subnet mask
Classful IP Addressing
Subnet Mask

Binary 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255
Subnetting
Binary 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Class A example Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

10.0.0.0 Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255
255.0.0.0

10.0.0.0
255.255.248.0
Subnetting
Binary 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Class B example Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

172.16.0.0 Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255
255.255.224.0
172.16.244.0 Binary 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
255.255.224.0
Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255

Network ID First IP Address Last IP Address Broadcast

Address
www.subnet-calculator.com
Public and private addresses

Public Private
• Required by devices and • Not routable on the
hosts that connect directly Internet
to the Internet • 10.0.0.0/8
• 172.16.0.0/12
• Must be globally unique • 192.168.0.0./16
• Routable on the Internet • Can be assigned locally
• Must be assigned by IANA by an organization
• Must be translated to
access the Internet
Network Address Translation (NAT)
TCP Windowing
Configurable IPv4 settings
Configurable IPv4 settings
Cisco Packet Tracer

• Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by Cisco

Systems. It allows users to design, configure, and troubleshoot
computer networks using virtual equipment and simulated network
devices, including routers, switches, and servers. With Packet Tracer,
users can create and test network topologies, experiment with
different network configurations, and simulate the behavior of
various network protocols.
• Packet Tracer is widely used in educational settings to teach
networking concepts, and it is often used by students studying for
Cisco networking certifications. It can also be used by network
professionals to test and prototype network designs before
deploying them in a production environment. The software provides
a user-friendly interface that makes it easy to visualize and interact
with network topologies, and it supports a variety of network
protocols and technologies, including IPv4 and IPv6, VLANs, NAT,
DHCP, and VPNs.
Lesson 2: Managing and troubleshooting IPv4 network
connectivity

• IPv4 troubleshooting methodology

• Tools for troubleshooting IPv4
• What is Wireshark?
IPv4 troubleshooting methodology

One methodology is to ask a series of questions about the

nature of the issue:
• Can you duplicate the issue?
• What is working?
• What does not work?
• How are the things that work and do not work related?
• Does it work for other systems on the network?
• Has it worked in the past?
• What has changed since it last worked?
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

Use the following tools to troubleshoot IPv4:

• Ipconfig
• /? Displays Help at the command prompt
• /all Displays the full TCP/IP configuration for all adapters
• /renew /renew6 Renews a DHCP assigned IP address
• /release /release6 Releases a DHCP assigned IP address
• /displaydns Displays the contents of the DNS client resolver
cache
• /flushdns Flushes and resets the contents of the DNS client
resolver cache.
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

Use the following tools to troubleshoot IPv4:

• Ping
• -t Ping the specified host until stopped
• -a Resolve addresses to hostnames
• -n <count> Number of echo requests to send
• -i <TTL> Time To Live
• -4 Force using IPv4
• -6 Force using IPv6
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

Use the following tools to troubleshoot IPv4:

• Tracert
• -d Stops attempts to resolve the IP addresses of intermediate
routers to their names. This can speed up the return of results
• -h <Maximum hops> Specifies the maximum number of
hops in the path to search for the target (destination). The
default is 30 hops
• -w <timeout> Specifies the amount of time in milliseconds to
wait for the ICMP time Exceeded or echo Reply message
corresponding to a given echo Request message to be
received. If not received within the time-out, an asterisk (*) is
displayed. The default time-out is 4000 (4 seconds)
• -4 Specifies that tracert.exe can use only IPv4 for this trace
• -6 Specifies that tracert.exe can use only IPv6 for this trace
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

Use the following tools to troubleshoot IPv4:

• Pathping
• -n Prevents pathping from attempting to resolve the IP
addresses of intermediate routers to their names. This might
expedite the display of pathping results
• -h Specifies the maximum number of hops in the path to
search for the target (destination). The default is 30 hops
• -w <timeout> Specifies the number of milliseconds to wait
for each reply. The default is 3000 milliseconds (3 seconds).
This parameter sends multiple pings in parallel. Because of this,
the amount of time specified in the timeout parameter isn't
bounded by the amount of time specified in
the period parameter for waiting between pings
• -4 Specifies that pathping uses IPv4 only
• -6 Specifies that pathping uses IPv6 only
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

Use the following tools to troubleshoot IPv4:

• Resource Monitor
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

Use the following tools to troubleshoot IPv4:

• Windows Network Diagnostics
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

New Windows PowerShell cmdlets include:

• Get-NetAdapter • Test-Connection (legacy)

• Restart-NetAdapter • Test-NetConnection
• Get-NetIPInterface • Resolve-Dnsname
• Get-NetIPAddress
• Get-DNSClientCache
• Get-DNSClientServerAddress
• Set-DnsClient
• Set-DnsClientServerAddress
• Set-NetIPAddress
Tools for troubleshooting IPv4

Many Windows PowerShell commands are similar

to traditional command-line tools
• To check the network configuration:
• Windows PowerShell: Get-NetIPAddress
• Command-line: ipconfig

• To check routing:
• Windows PowerShell: Test-NetConnection
–TraceRoute
• Command-line: tracert

• To check for a response:

• Windows PowerShell: Test-NetConnection
• Command-line: ping
 Wireshark

Wireshark is a free and open-source network protocol analyzer. It allows users to capture and
examine the traffic passing through a computer network, including both wired and wireless
networks.

With Wireshark, you can inspect individual packets to see detailed information about each one,
including source and destination addresses, packet sizes, and the type of data being transmitted.
This information can be useful for troubleshooting network issues, detecting security threats, and
optimizing network performance.

Wireshark supports a wide range of network protocols, including TCP/IP, DNS, HTTP, and many
others. It can be used on multiple platforms, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. The user
interface of Wireshark is intuitive and provides various tools for filtering and searching network
traffic, making it easier to find specific information.

In summary, Wireshark is a powerful and widely used tool for network analysis, providing valuable
insights into network traffic and behavior.
Module 2: Dynamic
Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
Module Overview

• Overview of the DHCP server role

• Deploying DHCP
• Managing and troubleshooting DHCP
Lesson 1: Overview of the DHCP server role

• Benefits of using DHCP

• How DHCP allocates addresses
• How DHCP lease generation works
• How DHCP lease renewal works
How DHCP works

DHCP clients

Switch

Router

Server

IP range Start: 192.168.1.11

IP range End: 192.168.1.254
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1
DNS: 192.168.1.5, 192.168.1.6
Benefits of using DHCP

DHCP reduces the complexity and amount of administrative work by using

automatic IP configuration

Automatic IP configuration Manual IP configuration

Supplies IP addresses automatically Type IP addresses manually

Ensures correct configuration Typing incorrect IP address is a
information possibility
Updates client configuration Can result in possible communication
automatically and network issues
Eliminates a common source of Frequent computer moves increase
network problems administrative effort
How DHCP lease generation works

DHCP server2

DHCP server1 DHCP client

1. DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER packet

2. DHCP servers broadcast a DHCPOFFER packet
3. DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPREQUEST packet
4. DHCP Server1 broadcasts a DHCPACK packet
How DHCP lease renewal works

DHCP
DHCP server2 clients

87.5%
100%
50% of
of
oflease
lease
lease
duration has
DHCP server1 expired

1. DHCP client sends a DHCPREQUEST packet

2. DHCP Server1 sends a DHCPACK packet
3. If the client fails to renew its lease after 50% of the lease duration has
expired, the DHCP lease renewal process begins again after 87.5% of the
lease duration has expired
4. If the client fails to renew its lease after 87.5% of the lease has expired,
the DHCP lease generation process starts over again with a DHCP client
broadcasting a DHCPDISCOVER
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

• APIPA will automatically assign an IP address to the local computer when DHCP is unavailable.
• APIPA IP addresses are:
169.254.x.x
255.255.0.0
• If a computer has an APIPA IP address it will send a DHCPDISCOVER message every 5 minutes.
Lesson 2: Deploying DHCP

• Installing and configuring the DHCP server role

• DHCP server authorization
• Allocating and managing IPv4 addresses with DHCP
• Configuring DHCP options
Installing and configuring the DHCP server role

• You can install the DHCP server role by using:

• The Add Roles and Features Wizard in Server Manager
• Windows PowerShell:
• Install-WindowsFeature DHCP -IncludeManagementTools
• The server hosting DHCP requires a static IP address
• Post-installation tasks include:
• Creating DHCP security groups
• Restarting the DHCP Server service
• Authorizing the DHCP server in AD DS
DHCP server authorization

DHCP authorization registers the DHCP Server service in the

Active Directory domain to support DHCP clients

If DHCP Server2 does not find its IP address on

DHCP
If DHCP
DHCP Server2
Server1
Server1
client checks
receivesfinds with
its not
IPthe
IP address address
domainonsupport
controller
the list,
the list, the service does start and
to
theobtain
from
DHCPservice a starts
list DHCP
authorized
clients of and
authorized
supports
Server1 DHCP
DHCPservers
clients

Domain DHCP server1

controller
Authorized
Services DHCP
requests
AD DS

DHCP server2
DHCP client Unauthorized
Does not service
DHCP requests
Allocating and managing IPv4 addresses with DHCP

• You must create scopes to define the network information that will be
distributed to clients
• A scope must contain:
• A range of IP addresses
• A subnet mask
• A lease duration
• A scope might contain:
• Default gateway address
• DNS server and suffix
• Other network options
• IP addresses can be reserved based on the MAC address of the client
network interface
High availability options for DHCP

DHCP Failover
DHCP configuration
information

DHCP Server A DHCP Server B

DHCP split scope

192.168.0.1 – 192.168.0.151 –
192.168.0.150 192.168.0.254

Delay configuration set

to 500 milliseconds

DHCP server A DHCP server B

What is DHCP Split Scope and Failover?

• DHCP Split Scope:

• Enables two DHCP servers to provide IP addresses and optional
configurations to the same subnets

• When you use DHCP failover:

• The auto state switchover interval determines when a failover
partner is considered to be down
• Firewall rules are auto-configured during DHCP installation

• Enables two DHCP servers to provide IP addresses and optional

configurations to the same subnets or scopes
• Requires failover relationships to have unique names

• Supports the hot standby mode and the load sharing mode
Maintaining the DHCP database

• The DHCP database (Dhcp.mdb) contains information relating to scopes,

leases, reservations, and all other configuration information
• The default location of DHCP database files is
%systemroot%\system32\DHCP
• The DHCP database is automatically backed up every 60 minutes. You can
also perform a manual backup
• You can reconcile the DHCP database to repair inconsistencies
• You can move the DHCP database to a new DHCP server when the DHCP
Server service is moved
Migrating the DHCP server

• You can migrate the DHCP server by exporting the

DHCP data from the old server, and then
importing it to the new server

Export data from Import data to new

current server to a file server from the file
Module 3:
Understanding and
Implementing Domain
Name Service (DNS)
Module Overview

• Implementing DNS servers

• Configuring zones in DNS
• Configuring name resolution between DNS zones
• Configuring DNS integration with AD DS
• Configuring advanced DNS settings
Lesson 1: Implementing DNS servers

• How does DNS name resolution work?

• DNS components
• What are DNS zones and records?
• Configuring DNS clients
• Tools and techniques for troubleshooting name
resolution
• Managing DNS services
• Testing DNS servers
How does DNS name resolution work?

A hostname is a computer name that is added to a

domain name and top level domain to make a fully
qualified domain name (FQDN)

Hostname Domain Top level

AcctDirPC adatum com

Fully qualified domain name = AcctDirPC.adatum.com

 6. Iterative Query Root

7. Response COM
3. Recursive Query
RTSnetworking
8. Query .COM
Local DNS Server 9. Response

4. Determines is the name is local or remote

5. Checks DNS Server cache
RTS-Client1 10. Placed in DNS Server Cache
1. Local Client Cache 11. Resolved named passed to client

2. HOSTS file:
C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\HOSTS
DNS components

DNS infrastructure components include:

• DNS server
• DNS zone
• Resource records
• DNS resolvers
What are DNS zones and records?

• A DNS zone is a specific portion of DNS

namespace that contains DNS records
• Zone types:
• Forward lookup zone
• Reverse lookup zone
• Resource records in forward lookup zones
include: A, MX, SRV, NS, and CNAME
• Resource records in reverse lookup zones
include: PTR
DNS resource record types

DNS resource records include:

• A: IPv4 host address resource record
• CNAME: Alias resource record
• MX: Mail exchange resource record
• SRV: Service locator resource record
• NS: Name server resource record
• AAAA: IPv6 host address resource record
• PTR: Pointer resource record
Configuring DNS clients

Set-DnsClientServerAddress -InterfaceIndex 12 -ServerAddresses

("172.16.0.10","172.16.0.21")
Tools and techniques for troubleshooting name resolution

Command-line tools to troubleshoot configuration issues:

• Ping
• Test-NetConnection
• Test-NetConnection –ComputerName name –Port port_number
• TraceRoute
• Test-NetConnection –traceroute name
• Pathping
• Ipconfig
• Get-NetIpAddress
• Nslookup
• Resolve-DnsName
• Ipconfig /displayDNS
• Ipconfig /flushDNS
• Get-DnsClientCache
• Clear-DncClientCache
Lesson 2: Configuring zones in DNS

• Creating records in DNS

• Configuring DNS zones
• What are primary and secondary zones?
• Configuring zone replication
Creating records in DNS

Add-DnsServerResourceRecordA -ZoneName Contoso.com -Name ATL-SVR1

-IpAddress 172.16.18.25
Configuring DNS zones

Namespace: rtsnetworking.com

DNS Client1 192.168.2.45

DNS Server Authorized Forward
for Training RTSnetworking DNS Client2 192.168.2.46
zone
DNS Client3 192.168.2.47
192.168.2.45 DNS Client1
Reverse 2.168.192.in-
192.168.2.46 DNS Client2
zone addr.arpa
192.168.2.47 DNS Client3

DNS Client2 = ?

192.168.2.46 = ?

DNS Client1
What are primary and secondary zones?

Zones Description

Primary Read/write copy of a DNS database

Secondary Read-only copy of a DNS database

Copy of a zone that contains only records

Stub
used to locate name servers

Active Directory– Zone data is stored in AD DS rather than in

integrated zone files
What are Active Directory–integrated zones?

An Active Directory–integrated zone:

• Allows multi-master writes to zone
• Replicates DNS zone information by using AD DS
replication:
• Leverages efficient replication topology
• Uses efficient incremental updates for Active Directory replication
processes
• Enables secure dynamic updates
What is a stub zone?
Without stub zones, the ny.na.contoso.com server must query several
servers to find the server that hosts the na.fabrikam.com zone

DNS
Server
contoso.com
DNS
(Root domain) Server

fabrikam.com
DNS DNS
Server Server
DNS
Server
na.contoso.com sa.contoso.com

DNS
DNS na.fabrikam.com
Server
Server

ny.na.contoso.com rio.sa.contoso.com
Configuring root hints

Root hints contain the IP addresses for

DNS root servers
Root (.) Servers

DNS Servers Root

Hints

com

microsoft
Client
Configuring DNS Forwarding

Root (.) Servers

DNS Servers

com
DNS
Server
8.8.8.8 microsoft
Client
Module 4:
Understanding IPv6
Module Overview

• Overview of IPv6 addressing

• Configuring an IPv6 host
• Implementing IPv6 and IPv4 coexistence
• Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6
Lesson 1: Overview of IPv6 addressing

• Why use IPv6?

• Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
• Overview of IPv6 addressing
• IPv6 address structure
• Types of IPv6 addresses
• Autoconfiguration options for IPv6
Why use IPv6?

Organizations should consider using IPv6

because of:
• The exponential growth of the Internet and the
impending exhaustion of the IPv4 address space
• The need for simpler configuration
• The requirement for security at the IP layer
• The need for better support for real-time delivery of data
(also known as Quality of Service)
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address length 32 bits 128 bits
DNS host records A records AAAA records
340 undecillion (trillion
IP Addresses 4,294,967,296
trillion trillion)

340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Overview of IPv6 addressing
• 128-bit address divided into 16-bit blocks:
0010000000000001 0000110110111000
0000000000000000 0010110101001100
0000000111001100 0000000011011101
0001000100100010 0001001000110100
• Each 16-bit block converted to hexadecimal (base 16):
FD00:0DB8:0000:0000:2D4C:0000:00DD:1122
• Further simplified by removing leading zeros:
FD00:DB8::2D4C:0:DD:1122
IPv6 address structure

Type of address IPv4 address IPv6 address

Unspecified 0.0.0.0 ::
Loopback 127.0.0.1 ::1
Autoconfigured 169.254.0.0/16 FE80::/64
Types of IPv6 addresses

The following are types of unicast IPv6 addresses:

• Global unicast addresses
• Unique local addresses
• Link-local addresses
Types of IPv6 addresses

Global unicast addresses:

• Are routable on the IPv6 Internet
• Allocate 16 bits for internal subnetting
• Begin with 2 or 3 (2000::/3)

48 bits 16 64
45 bits bits bits
Global routing Subnet
001 Interface ID
prefix ID
Prefix
Prefix Subnet bits Client
assigned to
managed for interface
top-level
by IANA organizations ID
ISPs
Types of IPv6 addresses

Unique local addresses:

• Are equivalent to IPv4 private addresses
• Require the organization ID to be randomly generated
• Allocate 16 bits for internal subnetting

8 40 16 64
bits bits bits bits

11111110 Organization ID Subnet ID Interface ID

FD00::/8
Types of IPv6 addresses

Link-local addresses:
• Are automatically generated on all IPv6 hosts
• Are similar to IPv4 APIPA addresses
• Include a zone ID that identifies the interface
• Examples:
• fe80::2b0:d0ff:fee9:4143%3
• fe80::94bd:21cf:4080:e612%2

10 54 64
bits bits bits
1111 1110 10 000 . . . 000 Interface ID

FE80::/8
Autoconfiguration options for IPv6
Check
Check
IfAdd for
for aaddress
Managed router
or Otheron theis
conflicts
flag
614532set,
Check
network
using the
prefixes
Derive router
Link-Local
neighbor
check DHCPv6
for prefixes
Address
solicitation
Autoconfigured IP Timeline
IPv6 Client

Valid

Tentative Preferred Deprecated Invalid

Time
Preferred Lifetime

Valid Lifetime
• fe80::d593:e1e:e612:53e4%10
• Router configuration information
• Additional router prefixes

IPv6 DHCP Server

• DHCPv6 information received
IPv6 Router
Configurable IPv6 settings
Configurable IPv6 settings
Using DHCPv6

DHCP for IPv6 in Windows Server 2016 and newer

• Supports IPv6 by default
• You can configure DHCP by creating and configuring
IPv6 scopes and options
DNS for IPv6 in Windows Server 2016 and newer
• Supports IPv6 by default
• Computers or DHCP can register AAAA records in DNS
• You can manually create AAAA records in DNS
• You need to create and configure reverse lookup zones
for IPv4 and IPv6
What are node types?

IPv6-only
node

IPv6 network
IPv4/IPv6 node

IPv4-only
node
IPv4 network
Options for IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence

• Windows Server 2016 uses a dual IP layer

architecture that supports IPv4 and IPv6 in a
single protocol stack
• DNS records required for coexistence:
• Host (A) resource records for IPv4 nodes
• IPv6 host (AAAA) resource records
• Reverse lookup pointer resource records for IPv4 and
IPv6 nodes
Considerations for planning a native IPv6 environment

When planning for a native IPv6 environment,

organizations should consider the support for:
• Operating system
• Routers and firewalls
• Network devices
• Application products
• Custom applications
What is IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling?

IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling

packet packet allows IPv6 to communicate
through an IPv4 network

IPv6 packet
Upper layer
IPv6 Extension
protocol data
header headers
unit

Upper layer
IPv4 IPv6 Extension
protocol data
header header headers
unit
IPv4 packet