Save a gap year until you graduate?

Taking a gap year after your graduation exams has gone out of fashion. It could be down
to its notoriety, now that voluntourism schemes are widely considered self-serving. And then
of course there’s the cost, which many students are avoiding in favour of travelling for a
month or two. “A lot of my friends take the mick out of me saying, ‘Oh, you went to
Cambodia on a gap year’,” says Beth Adams, 21, who studied politics and international
relations at the University of Manchester, and took a year out after graduating. “You do feel
like you’re fulfilling a stereotype a bit.”
According to researchers, the number of people deferring their university places has
gone down from 8% in 2002 to around 5% last year. Instead of postponing university study,
many graduates are taking a year out after receiving their degree. According to a survey
carried out by YouGov and London Stansted airport, more young people are taking a gap
year after university, and almost half of UK adults believe job prospects are enhanced by
combining travel and learning. So is it better to save your gap year until after graduating?
Definitely, when you’ve been in education for all those years, where your life is
September to July, a break is a good idea. You can recharge your batteries and see the world
outside the classroom. You can practise foreign languages and improve your communication
skills. You have time to figure things out and a year of being able to work on different
projects. As a result, you may land in a job in the industry you like.
Although some take a gap year after university because they have a job lined up and
managed to delay their start date, most are yet to secure work and are biding their time. It’s a
common misconception that such individuals immediately go abroad to volunteer or travel.
In reality, students don’t have the funds to do this. Many prefer to stay in their country
juggling internships and part-time work.
For those who do go abroad, a gap-year stint volunteering is no longer merely a way for
middle-class kids to boost their CVs. Graduates say they are making more considered
choices. The practical experience of working abroad helps some of them get ready for a
master’s, which is something they do not have time to do during their finals.
Graduates are also using gap years to explore different career routes. According to
recruitment firm Tempo, more than half of students feel there is too much emphasis placed
on graduate schemes when starting out in their career. Elena Ricci, 23, who graduated from
the University of Southampton last year, agrees. “After I finished my degree, I didn’t really
know what to do. So I worked for a law firm for a month, and then I went to Cambodia on a
placement. If I had gone straight into a grad job, I don’t think I would have been happy,” she
says.
Although graduates can bring great skills to volunteering and enhance their
employability, there are some risks attached. “You are delaying your career or further study
for a year and some employers may not get why you’ve done it,” says Manuel Otero, a
senior lecturer in social sciences at Cardiff University who specialises in the link between
education and work. His advice is not to stand still. It makes sense to work out what to do,
and one of the best ways to find out what to do is to try it out.
After her year abroad, Ricci has now decided to start a master’s in September. She says
graduates should ignore stereotypes and do what works for them. So, do what you want,
regardless of what others might say. It’s up to you to decide. What works out for others may
not work out for you, and vice versa. You never know till you try.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
Why is taking a gap year going out of fashion, according to Beth Adams?
1) It is boring.
2) It is quite expensive.
3) It is too long.
4) It is pointless.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
Deferring in Paragraph 2 most probably means …
1) rejecting.
2) delaying.
3) getting.
4) choosing.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which advantage of a gap year is NOT mentioned in the text?
1) Understanding what you want.
2) Experiencing a different culture.
3) Becoming better at languages.
4) Having a rest and getting new impressions.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which statement about Elena Ricci’s experience is FALSE?
1) She had a vision of her future job.
2) She worked abroad for some time.
3) She worked for a firm for a short time.
4) She is satisfied with her experience.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
What is the danger of taking a gap year, according to the text?
1) Risk of losing important skills.
2) Having a career in the field you dislike.
3) Misunderstanding on the part of employers.
4) Impossibility of further study.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author advises that students should …
1) study on a master’s programme.
2) copy what other people do.
3) follow their own route.
4) try working after graduation.
 Part-time work while studying
Oxbridge students are actively discouraged from working during term time, but others
have no choice. More than two thirds of students rely on loans, but they don’t cover all the
living expenses, which means that those who don’t have financial support from their parents
are forced to take on work. For many, wages from part-time work are the only way they can
make ends meet. It’s tough and it’s often the students’ academic work that loses out.
This year, many freshers will be asking a familiar question: how much can they work
during term time before it impacts their degree – and what kind of jobs are most suitable?
The best and most understanding employers tend to be universities themselves. Many
students have part-time jobs in cafés, bars and shops on campus. You can also work on an
ad-hoc basis as a guide on open days and during freshers’ week. These will be at least
minimum wage and are likely to offer a healthy number of hours to fit easily around studies.
Longer term part-time jobs tend to provide a steady, though lower income. However, you
may need to consider how flexible your hours will be. My friend who worked part-time as a
waitress says that although she liked meeting people in the city, the work was often
unreliable. “Once I didn’t get a shift for two months and it was too late in the year to get a
new job. I was really short of money,” she says.
However, be careful what you sign up for. Hannah Brown runs Manchester University’s
“job shop”, which offers advice to students and advertises posts. She says more and more
students are looking to work at university, but they should be careful. Her team don’t
advertise anything over 20 hours a week and their advice is not to work more than 15. “We
always advertise flexible jobs and avoid anything commission-based,” she says.
Before you commit to a job, make employers aware of your timetable. “There have been
numerous times where I’ve been put on a shift at the same time as a lecture or seminar,” says
Josh Chapman, a third-year journalism student at Sheffield Hallam. “That can be difficult,
because you miss out on information and teaching.”
Meanwhile, jobs in retail and childcare – such as school pick-ups – offer more sociable
hours. My other friend says studying before shifts is better than being too tired to do it at the
end of the day. “I had less time to play with, so if I had work at 1 p.m., I’d get up at 8 a.m.
and get four hours of studying in before I went.”
Prioritise your health. Remember that you’re paying to be at university and get a degree,
so don’t let your job make you weary. If you are exhausted, you will not have the energy to
study. Night club and bar work can mess with sleeping patterns.
Students from wealthier backgrounds can use their time to do relevant voluntary work
and get involved in extracurricular activities. This is one reason why socioeconomic
background is such a big predictor of job market success. However, Juan Garcia,
employability and development adviser at Queen Margaret University, thinks part-time work
that complements study can greatly enhance students’ employability after they graduate, and
they should seek paid internships.
For those who achieve this, working is one way to get ahead. Onwa Wonci worked 20
hours a week while studying at university. She says it wasn’t easy, but she was committed.
The employer offered her a full-time job in her final year. She wouldn’t have a job now if
she hadn’t gone through those struggles. You work hard for some time, but then your efforts
are rewarded.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
Why do many students need part-time jobs?
1) To pay student loans.
2) To be independent of parents.
3) To buy expensive stuff.
4) To cover their living expenses.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
These in Paragraph 3 (“These will be at least minimum wage …”) refers to …
1) jobs on campus.
2) university open days.
3) part-time jobs outside the uni.
4) volunteer work.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
What is the danger of working flexible hours?
1) A low salary.
2) Irregular communication.
3) An unstable income.
4) An unreliable employer.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
Weary in Paragraph 8 most probably means …
1) distracted.
2) extremely tired.
3) totally disgusted.
4) very bored.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which statement summarising the advice given in the text is FALSE?
1) Avoid jobs that take up most of your time.
2) Inform your boss of your timetable.
3) Study before you work and get tired.
4) Work at night to study during the day.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to Juan Garcia, part-time employment gives students a higher chance to …
1) earn more money.
2) find a job when they graduate.
3) graduate with higher marks.
4) develop necessary skills.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author of the article aims to …
1) advise on how to balance work and study.
2) highlight the disadvantages of part-time work.
3) explain how to find a part-time job.
4) persuade students to take up a job.
 New Years’ time in Russia
To my mind, one of the best times to visit Russia is before New Year’s Eve, as it is a big
celebration in Russia. During Soviet times, New Year’s Eve became a large celebration,
complete with a big sit-down dinner. This tradition has continued today. Christmas is also
now openly celebrated in Russia, but on a smaller scale.
As New Year’s Eve in Russia is more of a family holiday, you may not find the kind of
rowdy parties that you see in other countries on New Year’s Eve. If you’re lucky enough to
be invited to someone’s home, be sure to bring thoughtful gifts and possibly your own
slippers, although most families will have spares. Russian hospitality is quite fantastic if you
have friends who will host you. And be prepared to answer a million questions about
traditions in your home country!
A common New Year’s expression is “The way you spend New Year’s Eve is the same
way you’ll spend the rest of the year.” That’s why it’s so important for the last day of the
year to be free from worries and arguments. You should forgive people, pay off your debts,
and clean your home in order to start the new year happy and clean. A lot of Russians will
also visit a Russian sauna or at least take a hot bath on the 31st of December to purify their
bodies. You definitely should not sleep through the New Year, as it is considered a bad omen
and will make the upcoming year sleepy and uneventful for you. Many people will also buy
new clothes to wear on the New Year’s Eve to celebrate a fresh start.
If you’re in Moscow, you can head to several look-out points in the city to watch the
fireworks. My friend recommended heading to Moscow State University to have the best
view over the city, and I don’t regret it. Many tourists head towards the Kremlin
for iconic beautiful views of the fireworks along the river, although you need to get there
early and wait in the cold for hours to see the fireworks.
The New Year is a big deal everywhere in Russia. The decorations are lavish, gorgeous,
and so rich that at some places they seem over the top. Shops can be so cluttered and even a
little kitschy, it makes you feel like a kid in a huge candy store –– with gaudy, colourful
packaging, and lots of foil and cellophane … everything is in colour and glistening.
And still, all those heavy decorations somehow fit Russia. In territorial terms, Russia is
the largest country in the world, and this affects everything in it. The buildings are
enormous, as are the boulevards and the squares. And of course, they are all given a festive
look before the New Year.
The facades of the enormous apartment buildings are adorned with huge decorations that
light up in the dark and remind you of Las Vegas. Christmas trees are everywhere –– on
every corner, in front of every shop, every square and so on. What’s more, in order to make
the atmosphere full of charm, gentle classical music pours through the spaces of malls,
restaurants and all other public places. I am absolutely sure that when I was in Vienna, I
rarely heard classical music as often as I did in Russia in the winter.
And to finish with my advertisement, I should mention that Russians are people with a
highly-developed culture, especially musically. I was amazed at their good taste for music. It
is impressive how many concerts are performed in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the country’s
two major cities. At the end of the year, the number of these concerts increases and tickets
for the Bolshoi Theatre are sold out months in advance.
To sum up, if you want to see Russia all lit up and covered with winter beauty, dress
warmly and embark on a trip in December. But don’t plan too much for the last week, as it
gets very crowded with people doing last-minute preparations.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
How is New Year in Russia different from other places, according to the text?
1) It is a bigger holiday than Christmas.
2) It is celebrated with close relatives.
3) New Year parties are usually noisier.
4) People go to clubs and restaurants.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
What does the author NOT advise foreigners to do?
1) Choose presents for hosts carefully.
2) Take an extra pair of home shoes.
3) Ask your hosts questions about traditions.
4) Get ready to speak about your culture.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
What is the worst thing to do on New Year’s eve?
1) Go to bed early.
2) Wear old clothes.
3) Watch fireworks.
4) Borrow money.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
The word iconic in Paragraph 4 (“for iconic beautiful views of the fireworks”) is closest in meaning to …
1) popular.
2) memorable.
3) marvellous.
4) well-known.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author thinks that New Year decorations in Russia are …
1) suitable.
2) strange.
3) stylish.
4) cheap.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
What is implied by the author’s comparison of Russia with Vienna?
1) Vienna is better decorated than Russia.
2) Russian people love classical music.
3) The author prefers European countries.
4) There are more Christmas trees in Russia.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
What is the author’s overall impression of Russia on New Year’s eve?
1) It is very noisy.
2) It is definitely worth visiting.
3) It is too cold in wintertime.
4) The major cities are nice.
 Challenges for foreigners in Russia
If you are moving from an English-speaking country to another, some of the problems of
the new location will be minimized, but moving to a foreign language country is probably
one of the hardest things to do. You will probably experience culture shock and will
definitely have your ups and downs. Here’s a list of challenges you can expect to run into
while you adjust to Russia.
Language, of course, is a no-brainer, but I couldn’t leave it off the list! I strongly advise
learning at least the alphabet before coming to Russia to avoid feeling completely isolated.
While going anywhere where you don’t speak the language can knock you down for a while,
Russian is especially difficult with its complex grammar structure (cases, verb aspect,
prefixes), unpredictable word stress, and difficult pronunciation (the letters ы, ь,
and й always get me) … which also means your successes will be especially triumphant!
Effective communication is an essential part of our lives that we often overlook when it
comes so naturally, but the first time you can’t answer a cashier’s simple question or can’t
properly vent to your host family about your day, you will never underestimate the power of
words again.
The second challenge is expressing emotions. Most people are familiar with the
stereotype that “Russians don’t smile”. From my observation, Russians tend to show little
emotion outside of home. Surrounded by strangers, often in harsh or unpleasant weather,
there is no reason to emote freely. Of course, you see friends laughing and couples kissing
and people arguing, but for the most part (excluding driving), emotions stay on the inside.
Until you get home, when Russians are comfortable and around people they trust, passions
run strong.
In the United States, the expression of our emotions tends to vary little in different
circumstances, but when expressed, Russian emotions can be even stronger and perhaps even
more genuine and heartfelt than Americans are used to.
In addition, if you are a foreign student in Russia, the biggest challenge is a different
education system. Russian higher education is very different from that in the United States.
For the most part, universities are buildings scattered throughout a city, not the centralized
micro-cities that many US students are used to. Russians generally take 9––11 classes per
semester that meet less frequently than American courses would, and it is not uncommon to
skip a class almost entirely and just cram for the final from other students’ notes or a study
guide. Professors are also less available –– no office hours, they don’t always give out a
school e-mail address, and in general they treat students more like colleagues.
It can be a shock going from a campus plastered with student event flyers to a cluster of
half-empty academic buildings, but don’t worry –– Russians make up for it by hosting a
plethora of clubs and organizations for the city in general. Especially in St. Petersburg and
Moscow there are hundreds of clubs to join from language (be a star in the English
conversation club; meet other foreigners in the Russian club), sports, acting, dancing,
singing, board games, movie-watching, and more! Try making some searches on the Russian
social network V Kontakte to start out.
Going abroad for a long period of time has its difficulties no matter where you choose to
go, but the better prepared you are for the challenges you’ll face in Russia, the faster you will
adjust and be able to call this northern empire your second home.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
What are people sure to experience when coming to stay in a different country, according to the author?
1) Both good and bad emotions.
2) Language barrier.
3) Confusion.
4) Loneliness.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author believes that going to a foreign country without knowing its language is …
1) hard.
2) useful.
3) stupid.
4) common.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
It is implied that your communication skills are … when you live abroad.
1) improved naturally
2) challenged
3) more effective
4) often ignored
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to the author, expressing emotions in the Russian culture …
1) is untypical of many people.
2) differs depending on circumstances.
3) is forbidden in public places.
4) is similar to the American culture.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author thinks that compared to the USA, in Russian universities …
1) final exams are more difficult.
2) education process is more centralized.
3) teachers are more professional.
4) students could disregard some classes.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
“It” in “… Russians make up for it by hosting …” (paragraph 7) refers to the …
1) variety of student clubs.
2) social networking.
3) student activities.
4) quality of academic buildings.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
What is the main idea expressed in the last paragraph?
1) The adaptation period to a foreign culture depends on an individual.
2) Living in Russia for a long time is rather challenging for foreigners.
3) The longer you stay abroad, the better prepared you become.
4) Preparation can smooth your adaptation period in Russia.
 Tablets out, imagination in
In the heart of Silicon Valley is a nine-classroom school where employees of tech giants
Google, Apple and Yahoo send their children. But despite its location in America’s digital
centre, there is not an iPad, smartphone or screen in sight. The fact that parents working for
the biggest technology companies are questioning the value of computers in education begs
the question –– is the futuristic dream of high-tech classrooms really in the best interests of
the next generation?
A global report by the OECD organisation suggests that there is no link between
excessive use of computers and high results for reading, maths and science. What is more,
those students who use tablets and computers often tend to do worse than students who use
them less frequently.
Beverly Amico from the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America explains that
their teachers encourage students to learn subjects by expressing themselves through artistic
activities such as painting and drawing, rather than consuming information downloaded onto
a tablet. The idea is to get rid of the distraction of electronic media and to encourage stronger
communication between teacher and pupil during lessons.
Amico claims one of the reasons parents who work in the digital industry are choosing a
low-tech, no-tech education for their children is that it teaches students innovative thinking
skills. And these are what many employers desire. She adds that students weaned on
technology often lack the ability to think outside the box and solve problems.
Sarah Thorne, head of the London Acorn school, also questions the belief that limiting or
removing the use of technology in class will make the students less competitive on the job
market.
Students under the age of 12 at the school in Morden, London, are banned from using
smartphones and computers, and watching TV or films at all times, including during
holidays. The school’s students are allowed to watch TV once they reach 12 years old and
then only documentaries that have been previously vetted by parents. They cannot watch
films until they are 14. The Internet is banned completely for everyone under 16, both at
home and at school. And computers are only to be used as part of the school curriculum for
students who are at least 14.
It may sound draconian, but Thorne believes taking a more considered approach to the
use of technology in class allows teachers to help students develop core skills such as
leadership, decision making and creativity. Besides, much of the technology which is cutting
edge today is likely to appear primitive in tomorrow’s world.
Thorne claims feedback from students about the restrictions has been positive. Younger
pupils relish the chance to play and even teenagers who have come from a typical school
admit they are happier.
Restricting the use of technology is also a challenge for the 21st century teachers, who
are used to the easy accessibility of resources and information, thanks to interactive
whiteboards and computers. “It is hard work,” admits Ian Young, a class teacher. “You
definitely have to be a lot more creative in how you deliver a lesson,” he says. “You have to
work with your voice more, whether it is loud or quiet, to give them incentive. You need to
make sure you keep them interested in what’s coming next.” He adds: “I don’t think we are
doing children any favours by teaching them through machines at that young age.”
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
What question does the author pose in the first paragraph?
1) What will education be like in the future?
2) Is high-tech really very useful in education?
3) How will the parents from technology companies educate their children?
4) Should the hi-tech gadgets be allowed in the classroom?
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
What does the OECD report suggest?
1) Students should not use computers in their studies.
2) The more the students use the computers the worse their results could be.
3) Superabundant use of computers doesn’t influence students’ achievements.
4) Results in Reading, Maths and Science benefit from use of computers.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
Both Beverly Amico and Sarah Thorne think that limiting technology in the classroom will ...
1) help students concentrate better.
2) boost students’ creativity.
3) develop students’ communication skills.
4) better prepare students for the job market.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
At the age of fourteen the students of Morden are allowed to …
1) watch films.
2) use the Internet.
3) watch TV.
4) use smartphones.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
The word “relish” in paragraph 8 “… younger pupils relish the opportunity …” means ...
1) enjoy.
2) ignore.
3) envy.
4) inspire.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
The word “they” in paragraph 8 “… admit they are happier” refers to ...
1) younger pupils.
2) restrictions.
3) teenagers.
4) teachers.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
Ian Young believes that the 21st century demands that a teacher becomes more …
1) creative.
2) hardworking.
3) entertaining.
4) informative.
 An end to second-hand coffee
To the naked eye, this farm is just like any other. But it doesn’t take long to realise that
the farm of Jesus Martin, though not huge, is anything but ordinary.
Martin grew up like many others in the Santa Ana Valley –– known as the Coffee
Triangle of Colombia –– on a coffee farm owned by his father and grandfather. “I am the
youngest of six children and we all worked the farm,” Martin said. “My parents focused their
energies on teaching us the agricultural trade, but also the love behind it.” Despite this great
dedication to coffee and respect for his family business, he ended up pursuing a different
career altogether: law and business management. It didn’t come easy to him as coffee was
never far away.
During every visit to his family’s humble farm, the rich aromas of beans roasting and
the smell of his mother’s carrot cake caused his heart to beat faster. Coffee was his life,
and in 2004, after years practicing law, he found a way to combine his legal knowledge,
business education and family’s lifeline into what he called “the coffee dream project”.
Despite growing some of the most coveted beans in the world, most Colombians have
never even tasted the Colombian coffee that is renowned around the world. Instead, local
people drink what they call “second-hand coffee”, which is made from berries that haven't
fully ripened, have been over-roasted or even infected with insects and diseases. Like most
businesses in struggling economies, the farmers only make profits on exports –– so they save
their best stuff for higher paying countries. “Farming coffee for a profit is very challenging,”
Martin explained, tossing a few berries in his hand. “The coffee trade intermediaries,
exporters, roasters and big multinational companies are the ones that benefit the most in the
coffee-trade chain.” Martin’s dream project, however, was to turn this process around,
bringing specialty coffee back to Colombia.
The project, however, was a total surprise for his family. “When I first informed them,
they told me I was crazy, they said it was a wild goose chase.”
Even with his background in farming, starting the project from the ground up was
difficult. Convincing his workers to focus on quality was his biggest concern; most only
cared about quantity since their wage was dependent on how many beans they picked.
Martin recalled many hours, days and weeks training local farmers to understand the process,
from the colours of the raw berries to the smell and taste of the beans once they’d been dried
and sorted.
Once the farmers understood the importance of quality, it was onto phase two: bring the
roasting process in-house, instead of paying for the beans to be roasted elsewhere. Buying
his own roaster –– one of the only five in the entire country –– was expensive, but the
purchase offered a huge saving in roasting, packaging and exporting costs.
By 2008, his passion started to pay off; he opened his flagship store Café Jesus
Martin in Salento. The shop and its team of trained baristas, Martin said, have done much to
teach the locals about enjoying specialty coffee. The look on their face when they take their
first sip is what keeps him motivated. “They are reacting so positively; they’re discovering
something entirely different than what they’re used to consuming,” Martin said. “When they
discover the difference in quality of their coffee, they start to care more about where and
whom it’s coming from.”
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author introduces the farm where Jesus Martin grew up as …
1) a quite typical one.
2) a rather special one.
3) an extremely small one.
4) a very profitable one.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
The phrase “It didn’t come easy to him” in Paragraph 2 refers to Martin’s …
1) career choice.
2) dedication to coffee.
3) management abilities.
4) respect for his family business.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
The phrase “… caused his heart to beat faster” (Paragraph 3) shows that Martin …
1) missed his mother.
2) easily got very excited.
3) liked the life on the family farm.
4) drank too much coffee.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
Martin’s inspiration for the “coffee dream project” came from …
1) his wish to own a coffee roaster.
2) the desire to benefit from the big multinational corporations.
3) his ability to cope with the challenges of the coffee market.
4) his love of coffee and education.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
How did Martin’s family react to the idea of his project?
1) They fully supported it.
2) They didn’t believe in its success.
3) They thought it would take too much time and effort.
4) They thought he didn’t have proper background for it.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
The most difficult thing for Martin in the beginning was to make his workers …
1) care about the product standards.
2) pick bigger quantities of beans.
3) undergo special training.
4) agree to lower wages.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
We may conclude from the last paragraph that Martin’s store …
1) is what Martin’s project was all about.
2) serves coffee that is very different from what the Columbians were used too.
3) is only the first in the line of many more.
4) is the thing he cares about most now.
 Coffee decaffeination processes
Every day it seems that medical researchers come out with a new study about coffee,
how it is extremely unhealthy for you and/or full of amazing benefits. The focus of most of
these studies is more particularly about the effects of caffeine on human health. As caffeine,
coffee’s most potent element, is a stimulant, it can produce both positive and negative
effects. It can wake you up in the morning, but it can also lead to sleeplessness, a racing
heartbeat, and anxiety.
It is therefore no surprise that many people have decided to cut caffeine out of their diets.
As for me, I have grown to like the taste of coffee, but to me the main purpose of drinking it
is to get an extra jolt of energy. That is why I will admit to a certain prejudice against decaf,
perhaps prompted by bad experiences with weak and tasteless brew, because it is true that
the actual process of removing caffeine from coffee can degrade the taste beyond repair.
Early decaffeination attempts involved soaking the green beans in water and then using
various solvents to separate the caffeine in the resulting water solution. The beans were then
re-introduced to the caffeine-free solution in order to absorb some of the flavor they had lost.
Solvents used included benzene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene, all of which were later
found to have toxic effects. In the 1970s, dichloromethane came into use to replace the
earlier solvents before it too was deemed possibly carcinogenic.
In response to these concerns about solvents, some coffee companies began to run the
water solution through charcoal filters as a means of removing the caffeine. The so-called
Swiss Water Process, developed in Switzerland in the 1930s, goes one step further. After a
batch of coffee beans has been steeped in hot water, that water is filtered, and then is used to
soak the next batch of beans to be processed. In this way, the beans lose caffeine as they
soak, but lose less of their flavor.
Yet another method that aims to safely remove caffeine from coffee beans involves a
fascinating compound procedure. The solvent used in this method is neither water nor one of
the earlier toxic solvents. Instead, caffeine in the coffee beans is dissolved by means of
carbon dioxide. In order to accomplish this, the carbon dioxide must become a supercritical
fluid, created when it is compressed and heated to the point that it has the same density in
liquid and gaseous forms.
As this supercritical CO2 is passed through the beans, it can penetrate them because of its
gaseous properties, and yet is able to dissolve the caffeine they contain because of its liquid
properties.
In 2004, Brazilian scientists identified a new strain of coffee beans with a naturally low
level of caffeine. They found three coffee plants from Ethiopia that contain almost no
caffeine as they seem lack an enzyme necessary to caffeine production. If these plants can be
crossed with commercial strains of coffee plants, we may one day see more coffee on the
market that is naturally low in caffeine.
With these advances, and the current methods of decaffeination, decaf junkies are sure to
be able to get their fix of coffee that not only tastes great, but won’t keep them up half the
night.
As for me, I do want to stay up half the night, so I’ll stick to my full-strength brew.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to the text (paragraph 1), the effects of caffeine …
1) have not been studied well enough.
2) can be of opposite character.
3) are very dangerous.
4) are not strong.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author believes that caffeine in coffee …
1) is part of a healthy diet.
2) is quite low.
3) can’t be removed completely.
4) may determine its taste.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
We learn that the early decaffeination processes …
1) were too complicated.
2) improved the taste of coffee.
3) were not effective.
4) could be dangerous for health.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
The Swiss Water Process is described as …
1) a cheaper method of decaffeination.
2) a way to avoid using charcoal.
3) a method to save coffee’s flavour.
4) the easiest method of decaffeination.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
The pronoun “its” in “… its liquid properties” (paragraph 6) refers to …
1) caffeine.
2) carbon dioxide.
3) coffee.
4) coffee bean.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
It can be implied that at present the beans from low-caffeine plants …
1) cannot be used for big-scale sales.
2) taste poorly.
3) are very vulnerable.
4) lack necessary properties.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
Even though decaffeinated coffee has been improved, the author …
1) is for the ban of decaffeination.
2) believes that it’s bad for health.
 3) still prefers the regular one.
4) doesn’t like its taste.

Philanthropy
Philanthropy is defined as the love of humanity. A modern definition is “private
initiatives, for the public good, focusing on quality of life”, which combines an original
humanistic tradition with a social aspect developed in the 20th century.
Growing up in this state, I dreamed of attending a college one day. On fall Saturdays at
the stadium, I caught a glimpse of the brick buildings and tree-lined walkways. I knew they led
to information, knowledge, and a whole tribe of new minds to connect with. When the day
finally came to unpack my few belongings in the residence hall, I knew I was finally where I
had always wanted to be. My years on campus certainly lived up to the anticipation. The classes,
professors, friends, and opportunities created a life-changing experience.
Philanthropy is a critical part of the life and success of the whole local community, and
college in particular. As a board member of the Center for Advancement, I have seen firsthand
the joy of our alumni and friends as they make a difference in the life of this
institution. They are delighted to pay it forward as they understand what college means to
them. As a student, one does not always value how much the path was paved by those who have
gone before, those who have an ability to give back. Now that my friend and I have made this
community our family’s home, we have a much better understanding of how vital the long-term
success of the college is for our entire state.
Through my involvement with the Center for Advancement, I truly witness the breadth of
areas one can support. This institution is doing incredible researching, educating, and
programming in so many areas. And our donors can discover their passion and connect in a
meaningful way that goes beyond the dollars given. Whether it is the joy of the written word, the
connection to first-generation college students, the atmosphere of a football Saturday, or a desire
to support the cure for a hereditary medical condition, our donors become a part of the life of the
college.
I have also seen philanthropy directly affect the life of the college from my experience in
the Department of Finance. I work with students who have the opportunity to attend college
because of the financial assistance they receive from our donors. Continued support has fostered
the enhanced facility we work in today which has been reconfigured to remain relevant to
today’s needs. The educational experience is much richer because of the generosity of
others. Our new auditorium is one shining example that we are proud to support. Not only is this
facility a marvel of world-class architecture and programming, it also strives to make the arts
accessible to all citizens. These experiences spark curiosity and imagination in audiences, young
and old, to remind us what it means to be alive in this era of technology and separation.
Different funds provide a real-life working experience that is as relevant as any
internship. Through philanthropy, students and faculty are able to use technology that could not
be supported with tuition dollars. Private gifts also allow us to assist our faculty, who are the life
of the institution, and provide our students a top-notch education.
Every dollar of support to the university today replays itself over and over as successive
generations of learners have an opportunity to develop the skills they need to save lives, shape
minds, and transform our future. One of the values we hope to instill in our children is the
understanding of the value of giving back.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author’s childhood dream was to …
1) enter a college.
2) change her life.
3) leave the state she grew up in.
4) visit a college campus.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
The pronoun They, as used throughout paragraph 3, refers to …
1) future graduates.
2) former students.
3) board members.
4) the author’s friends.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
Working in the Center for Advancement allowed the author to …
1) appreciate donors’ aid.
2) become more successful.
3) make lots of new friends.
4) make a big difference in students’ lives.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which of the following did the college donors NOT do?
1) Communicate with students.
2) Attend college sport clubs.
3) Write for college publications.
4) Sponsor health treatment.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
It is implied that the new auditorium supports an education program in …
1) programming.
2) architecture.
3) arts.
4) technology.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
It is implied that college teachers …
1) have relevant experience.
2) lack technology skills.
3) are paid regularly.
4) may be supported by private gifts.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
The major aim of the article is to …
1) show the author’s experience of philanthropy.
2) criticize how the donors’ money is spent.
3) explain what philanthropy really is.
4) pay tribute to the people supporting college.
 Life hacks for visiting Russia
Planning a holiday in Russia and don’t want to break the bank? Here are a few hacks to
help your journey around the world’s biggest country on a shoestring.
Like people from all over the world, many Russians are open to volunteering in exchange
for food, accommodation, and new experiences. There is, for example, the Help
Exchange advertising service. Foreigners are invited as volunteers by small companies,
families, children’s camps, and even the Academy of Sciences. The conditions depend on the
host but be sure that for interesting offers there will be stiff competition: you have to monitor
the offers and respond quickly. It helps if you have recommendations. Last year, on a
competitive basis, me and my friends managed to go to Ferapontovo (an ancient monastery
on the UNESCO World Heritage list), to Kamchatka and Siberia, and to a summer camp on
Lake Baikal. The “hottest” time is the summer season. The obvious plus – apart from the fact
that you pay almost nothing – is that many hosts provide help with visas and pay for your
journey. And the minus is that you will really have to work.
Big cities like Moscow and St. Petersburg offer the Russian tourist the CityPass, which
entitles you to free museum admissions and excursions, admission without queuing, river
cruises, discounts for taxis and restaurants, unlimited calls within Russia, and many other
benefits. It may seem a bit costly but it will save you much more. You can also save money
without a tourist pass. If you are not too shy, remember: in Russia, you can enter many
museums and parks at the exits but I wouldn’t go for it.
Another life hack is to check on free admission days. Every museum has free admission
days. At the Hermitage in St. Petersburg the first Thursday of each month is a free day, while
at the New Tretyakov Gallery in the Russian capital it is every Wednesday.
As a rule, tickets to museums and art galleries cost more for foreign nationals than locals.
Tourists who don’t want to pay extra can ask a Russian to buy tickets for them. And don’t
waste money on an audio guide. To be honest, you won’t need it. You can download audio
guides in English for many popular museums in Russia from the App Store.
As for eating out while travelling in Russia, there are a number of pretty cheap options.
You can find special offers in Russian cafés and restaurants at any time of the day. Canteens
(cheap restaurants that serve homemade dishes) are a win-win option. Here, a soup, main
course, drink, and dessert will cost you just 250-300 rubles or cheaper.
I had the following routine when travelling around Russia. In the morning I had breakfast
in canteens attached to institutes or ordinary public canteens, which you can find on 2Gis (a
multilingual digital service that has city maps and tells you how much the average bill in
different eateries will be). For lunch I would go to any place serving business lunches (many
restaurants offer them between 12:00 and 17:00), giving preference to places with a high
rating. And for dinner I would use coupons from special websites available only in
Russian – a sushi selection at a 50-percent discount is very filling and very tasty. Or on some
evenings I cooked my own dinner buying food in a supermarket.
Not many people know how to save while travelling but if you prepare yourself in
advance by reading tips from experienced travellers, you may visit more places and spend
less money while enjoying it none the less.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
The purpose of the article as stated in the beginning is to …
1) give advice to budget travellers.
2) describe advantages of travelling.
3) introduce foreigners to Russia.
4) warn against the dangers of travel.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which is NOT true about volunteering in Russia, according to the article?
1) Travel expenses can be covered by the host.
2) You have to go through a selection process.
3) There is a range of host institutions to choose from.
4) You have to share eating and living costs.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
It in Paragraph 3 (“It may seem a bit costly…”) most probably refers to …
1) international calls.
2) a tourist’s discount card.
3) eating in restaurants.
4) visiting museums in cities.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author’s advice about going to museums is to …
1) buy a museum audio guide tour.
2) visit only one museum a week.
3) buy tickets from local people.
4) visit museums on certain days.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author says canteens are “a win-win option” because they …
1) often have special offers.
2) serve delicious meals.
3) offer inexpensive dishes.
4) are open at any time of the day.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
While staying in Russia, the author …
1) chose mainly Japanese food.
2) checked which place to eat in beforehand.
3) ordered his food online.
4) bought ready-made food in supermarkets.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
What is the main idea of the text expressed in the last paragraph?
1) It is difficult to enjoy travelling with little money.
2) Travelling on a budget requires too much planning.
3) Planning your trip can help you to travel cheaper.
4) Experienced travellers avoid spending a lot of money.
 How Harry Potter saved one small town
Mallaig is far from the prettiest of Highland settlements, even when the weather is fine.
Several rows of what could be prewar council houses stretch across the hill beyond the
harbour. A mishmash of car parks, jetties and workaday buildings squats close to the railway
terminus. When I last stayed in Mallaig, it was known as the biggest herring port in Europe.
Today, the herring have vanished, and yet Mallaig remains a busy place. Ferries come
and go and fishing boats land shellfish, which is driven away in lorries to the markets
of France and Spain. None of this activity, however, explains the hundreds of people who
can be seen roaming Mallaig’s few streets every afternoon between the beginning of May
and the end of October, or the presence of so many restaurants. What do explain them are
two enthusiasms, one for low fact and the other for high fiction, which are kindled in
childhood and among many adults never entirely disappear.
The railway reached Mallaig from Fort William and the south in 1901. It was among the
last big lines to be built in Britain, late enough to have its viaducts built of concrete. It
traversed one of Europe’s most spectacular and emptiest landscapes, with hardly anything
large enough to be called a village along its 40-mile length.
The construction needed a large government subsidy, but the traffic never grew
much beyond the two or three trains a day that carried fish boxes and a few dozen travellers
to and from the Hebrides. It made little economic sense. Only 60 years after the line opened,
it began to be threatened with closure. Few people would have guessed then that its
commercial salvation would be owed to a novel and a film, and first of all, to a hobby.
Railways became an amateur pastime as well as a means of transport during the last
decades of the 19th century. Then professional men such as vicars and lawyers began to see
the large variety of trains and their technical progress as a hobby offering a similar kind of
pleasure to philately and butterfly-hunting. By the end of the century they had their own
magazine and their own club, the Railway Club, the world’s first society for railway
enthusiasts. It was founded in London in 1899 and had its own premises with a library and
leather armchairs. It was from these elite beginnings that the 20th century’s great cult of
trainspotting spread, reinforcing a more general fondness for steam locomotives that many
people had without knowing quite why. So a sense of loss ran through Britain when, in the
1960s, it became clear that their day was nearly done.
Hundreds of them were saved from the scrapyards and restored to working order; dozens
of branch lines repaired and reopened so that in the holidays Britain could be charmed by
how it once was. It’s hard to think that anywhere in the world has seen a more popular or
successful preservation movement, or at least one run and largely funded by volunteers. Out
of this business grew the West Coast Railway Company, which hires out engines, coaches
and crew for steam excursions.
A film producer looking to shoot a fantastical train in a dramatic location would naturally
turn to such a company, and so in three Harry Potter films the train to Hogwarts is seen
crossing Glenfinnan’s viaduct.
Today, the Jacobite Express fills with Potter fans from all parts of the globe and always
stops for a photo opportunity at Glenfinnan, which is where the real Bonnie Prince Charlie
really raised his standard in '45 and marked as such by a real memorial. All of which reality
is cast into shadow by the film of a modern fairytale.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which adjective could best describe Mallaig as presented by the author?
1) Derelict.
2) Beautiful.
3) Abandoned.
4) Unsightly.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
The word mishmash in “A mishmash of car parks …” (paragraph 1) means …
1) a ruin.
2) a mixture.
3) a sight.
4) a queue.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the railway line?
1) It was the last big line constructed in Europe.
2) The traffic on it was busy at the beginning.
3) It finally became profitable.
4) It was closed shortly after its opening.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author compares the enthusiasm for trains to philately and butterfly hunting because …
1) it turned into a pastime.
2) they all require patience.
3) they all became unpopular.
4) they all are fashionable.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author mentions a library and leather armchairs in order to illustrate …
1) how important trains were for the country.
2) how successful the Railway Club became.
3) the amount of corruption at the club.
4) the number of members it had.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
The word them in “hundreds of them …” (paragraph 6) refers to …
1) people.
2) locomotives.
3) train spotters.
4) lines.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
How does, judging by the last paragraph, the author feel about Glenfinnan remembered through
Harry Potter rather than the Bonnie Prince Charlie?
1) Enthusiastic.
2) Indifferent.
3) Sad.
4) Outraged.
 What volunteering taught me
Today I am member of the UN Global Education First Youth Advocacy Group. Many
young people have come to me to ask how I got to be in such an initiative. It has always been
a pleasure for me to share my volunteer experiences, and it is because of these experiences
that I was selected out of 500 applications to serve in this group. It all started when I was in
secondary school. I was engaged in student affairs as the president of the UNESCO club, a
school platform that brings students together to discuss school matters and the pressing
current issues concerning them.
After secondary school, I started volunteering within non-governmental organizations. It
was at this moment that I began to understand a lot about community development. I was
involved in projects and activities relating to peace, human rights and the environment. It
was a great pleasure for me to contribute to the development of my community through
volunteering because the impact was visible.
I had many obstacles while volunteering because people don’t value volunteer work.
In Cameroon and especially in my community, people consider volunteering as waste of
time and resources. They cannot conceive the fact that someone can work without
remuneration or a salary. My friends and family advised me on several occasions to stop
volunteering. I felt very discouraged at some point, but I could not stop because I loved
doing it. Volunteering was the top priority in my life. I decided not to pay attention to their
advice but to concentrate on my work.
By spending time with host families in various regions I got used to cultural differences,
which was really helpful during the projects. I learned a lot about what belonged to the
norms and values of the local people. For example, how to dress appropriately, eat and even
how to shower and go to the bathroom the local way. Most of the things are totally different
than in my area, so it took some time to adapt.
In Nigeria I taught English conversation, 3 times a day. I had the opportunity to come up
with my own ideas for the classes and tried to be as creative as possible making my lessons
not only informative, but also fun. Apart from having conversations, we also cooked food,
listened to English music and painted. Having a lot of conversations in English on different
topics, I understood how to look at things from a different perspective. It also made me think
in a more creative way, out of the box, one can say. I think this will help me in the future,
looking at things through different glasses.
One day, a group of young people came to me and said they had something to say. I was
very surprised. They said they were all grateful for the changes I brought into their lives
through peer education. I was so happy to hear this that it aroused joy in my heart. This
experience made me understand that only volunteer work can have such a profound impact
on people’s lives.
There are three elements that permitted me to succeed in a life dedicated to volunteering:
passion, determination and patience. Volunteering helped me become a job creator, not a job
seeker.
My advice to my peers is that we cannot succeed in life overnight. We have to work hard to
enjoy the fruits of our labor. Even if you have a diploma from the best school in the world, it
is not enough because what matters most is your skills, your talent. The best way to discover
who you are in order to integrate yourself into society is to volunteer. Volunteering not only
allows you to offer your services, but to learn and discover new things and improve your
skills. One secret in volunteer work is to avoid thinking about money because that is where
the problem is. Young people expect to be paid as they are volunteering.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author was chosen for her current position because of …
1) her passion for volunteering.
2) the advice she gave others.
3) her volunteering background.
4) her leadership skills.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
Why did the author enjoy her work in community development?
1) She took part in interesting events.
2) She became part of the community.
3) She developed her skills.
4) She saw the results of her work.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
Why did the author have difficulties when volunteering?
1) People did not understand the purpose of volunteering.
2) Employers did not want to pay volunteers.
3) She spent too much time volunteering.
4) Her family did not approve of her work.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
The main idea expressed in paragraphs 4 and 5 is that volunteering …
1) develops creativity and talent.
2) becomes more adaptive and flexible.
3) helps build closer relations with locals.
4) helps understand other cultures and lifestyles.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
The pronoun this in “I was so happy to hear this ...” (paragraph 6) refers to the …
1) offer to study together.
2) young men's gratitude.
3) surprising information.
4) advice on how to change her life.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
The word profound in “volunteer work can have such a profound impact …” (paragraph 6)
means …
1) significant.
2) instant.
3) severe.
4) visual.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which piece of advice about volunteering does the author NOT give to her peers?
1) Do not to expect quick results.
2) Develop through volunteering.
3) Become part of a social group.
4) Do not count on earning money.
 In search for a graduate job
As I write this, exhausted, fingers on the keys of an equally tired laptop, closing the
twenty-something open windows before me, I find myself a little sad. Sitting here, sifting
through a Google search muddle of: “Graduate job Scotland”, “Graduate schemes UK”,
“Graduate work, anywhere, please?”, “Soon to be extremely poor graduate, HELP!”, I
realize that I might never find the elusive placement I’m after.
Melodramatic Googling aside, the job crisis is real, and it could be hitting us harder in
2017 than ever before. These attempts –– vague Internet searches, seemingly empty threads
towards one highly competitive position at a company hundreds of miles away, never ending
applications –– are rather disappointing. Granted, this may not apply to those smart enough
who found a job from day one. But, for the rest of us, the uncertain majority, it is
increasingly clear that a university education alone is not the life-affirming trip to
professional work that it once was.
Where it is fair to say that degrees are still highly regarded in the working world, they
are no longer a golden ticket. In fact, last year statistics stated that around 58% of graduates
are in jobs deemed to be “non-graduate” positions. Another survey revealed that graduates
from the wealthiest 20% of families were still earning 30% more than the rest ten years after
leaving higher education. Clearly then, despite my own fruitless search on career websites,
there are positions out there. But with the majority of graduates entering into jobs without a
degree requirement, and the elite minority remaining the UK’s top earners, are we
experiencing a turn in graduate opportunity?
Something I have found really striking about application process is simply how costly it
is. I spent the past four years building a solid CV, working in and out of university to refine
my own professional skills and felt rather confident in my ability to find relevant work
in Scotland. However, as filling in forms leads to booking trains or planes, arranging serial
interviews, checking into inns, choosing transport routes, it seems that opportunity is
twinned with your financial situation. Well, my card was recently declined in the library
café, so this is something that is weighing on my mind.
While the wealthiest of graduates continue to snag the high earning positions after
University, the rest of us face new competition, as graduate vacancies are once again
streamlined by the rise of apprenticeships. But, where does it leave us, the soon to be un-
qualified, over-qualified degree holders of 2017 that have slipped through the employment
net? Is it back to full-time education for the rest of our lives? Working “for now”, saving
until your dream becomes financially viable? Applying anyway? Taking out another loan (or
five)? Truth is, it’s probably all of these things.
It’s probably sticking it out, demanding to be listened to, building up a CV that you are
proud of and staying true to your own aspirations. It’s probably all the things we were told at
the Careers Fairs, in interviews, by our parents and preached ourselves. University might no
longer be the only slipway into professional work, but it is a weighted way in, and that
degree (which, by the way, you will get) is something you have earned and something that
will open doors for you, even if you can’t see them just yet and even if, in 2017, there is a bit
more of a queue.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
How did the author feel while searching the Internet?
1) Satisfied.
2) Pessimistic.
3) Energetic.
4) Frightened.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
What does the author think about a university education?
1) Application process is very competitive.
2) Intelligent students benefit most from it.
3) It makes you sure about your future.
4) It doesn’t guarantee you a good job.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
What does statistics show about graduate jobs?
1) The minority of students are content with their work.
2) The cleverest students ensure the best jobs.
3) Most of the graduates get low-qualified positions.
4) Graduates of elite universities get the highest salaries.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
What worries the author about job application process?
1) Finding suitable work is time-consuming.
2) Arranging interviews is quite difficult.
3) You have to pay to improve your CV.
4) Applying for a job turns out rather expensive.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
The expression “have slipped through employment net” (paragraph 5) is used to refer to …
1) job applicants.
2) recent graduates.
3) working students.
4) employees in general.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which option for graduates does the author NOT discuss?
1) Accepting an unsuitable position.
2) Continuing an unsuitable training.
3) Applying for non-degree jobs.
4) Taking money from a bank.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
What conclusion does the author come to?
1) University education is no longer necessary.
2) Graduating from a university will benefit you anyway.
3) Careers fair is a good way to enter professional world.
4) The competition to get a job will be even tougher.
Online learning
Online courses are widely used in college –– providing easy access to course materials,
classroom discussions, and feedback to instructors. The course materials and activities may be
accessed from any computer, whether it is from the University, or from the comfort of your own
home. I have taken two online courses and benefited from those classes. There are a few reasons
why I am drawn to an online education course as opposed to taking courses in a traditional
classroom setting. First of all, I have a full-time job, which limits my opportunities to attend
classes scheduled during normal school hours. Also, online classes allow me to work on my own
and move at my own pace. Finally, these classes offer more of a one-on-one teacher-student
relationship, rather than teachers having to spread their focus among thirty other students.
Having a full-time job makes it very difficult to schedule your classes. The hours I have
scheduled at my job are in conflict with the times that most classes are offered. The use of
online courses has made life at work easier. When a person has to work full time, it is hard for
that person to successfully juggle their job responsibilities along with homework and study. This
person can always take an online course to deal with the time constraints that a job will put on
them. The use of online courses allows you to cover the material needed in school while
maintaining your workload.
I have learned that to be a successful distance learner, you have to be self-disciplined and able
to work well on your own. Since you will not be physically going to class each week, you can
take part in class from the comfort of your own home. However, the instructor is not constantly
there to remind you of assignments or of project deadlines. Other obligations include keeping up
with all the work for the course.
When I took my first online course, I just thought that the work for the course could be put off
until I had time to do it. In doing this, I got very far behind. It took me quite a while to catch
back up with the assignments, and I promised myself that I would never let that happen again.
Students who procrastinate about their assignments usually wind up withdrawing from the
course late in the semester. Students should leave time in their schedule to complete their online
courses successfully. Although online classes are more convenient than traditional college
classes, they should be looked at as typical college classes and not be taken lightly.
Being able to communicate with instructors and other students has made me be a more active
participant during the courses. With the two online courses I have taken, I never felt it was
difficult to communicate with my instructors in order to ask for help or clarification of an
assignment. The instructors and the students taking these classes have been very helpful to me.
The online courses offer a discussion board to send posts to your fellow students. You get a
chance to read and critique each other’s work and respond to the comments of your classmates.
I have learned that by discussing each other’s ideas, we are in turn challenging each other to
examine our own thoughts and feelings. Thus we get a chance to share personal experiences
during the discussion while improving our writing style.
Any student who is interested in taking an online course should do research on the class and
speak with the instructor before enrolling, in order to make sure they are up for the challenge.
Online courses are a great alternative for the student who holds a full-time job. They are not
only convenient, but they teach you how to become a more disciplined scholar.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which reason to prefer online courses to traditional college classes is NOT mentioned in
Paragraph 1?
1) Individual attention.
2) Accessibility of course materials.
3) Financial benefits.
4) Flexibility of schedule.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
Juggle in Paragraph 2 ("… to successfully juggle their job responsibilities …") most probably
means …
1) manage.
2) ignore.
3) enjoy.
4) shift.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
Self-discipline is necessary because …
1) you do not attend offline classes.
2) you are not guided all the time.
3) you have numerous tasks to complete.
4) you are pressed for time.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
That in Paragraph 4 ("… I would never let that happen again …") refers to …
1) completing many tasks in a short period of time.
2) postponing the completion of assignments.
3) taking a demanding online course.
4) being expelled from an online course.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which statement about the author’s online learning experience is FALSE?
1) Some students and instructors were uncooperative.
2) Once he barely managed to complete tasks on time.
3) Online courses made him more organised.
4) He kept contact with the instructor and other students.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
What is the main benefit of online group discussions?
1) Criticism of peers’ works.
2) Development of writing skills.
3) Exchange of perspectives.
4) Learning new information.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author of the text aims to persuade the reader that online learning is …
1) convenient and manageable.
2) better than traditional instruction.
3) only suitable for working professionals.
 4) good for reducing stress.
Will online education replace classroom education anytime soon?
Over the last decade, the number of people taking online courses and using technology as
a tool to enhance their education has increased dramatically. You can now master a foreign
language or complete a whole degree without leaving the comfort of your sofa. You can
decide not only when you want to learn but also how you want to learn. Meanwhile, the
range of technology used inside the classroom has also boomed, with the rise of smartboards,
digital textbooks and, most notably, the tools offered on the Internet. But what
does this mean for teachers? While many teachers are excited by technology, others are
concerned by its rapid development. They wonder whether they themselves could be
replaced.
Technology gives us abundant opportunities. In a geography lesson, we can now
transport students to explore another country. In an English class, we can take them back in
time to experience Shakespeare’s plays as they were performed during his lifetime. Students
are able to watch videos at home that explain how to use algebra, or allow them to see first-
hand the life cycle of a plant. Technology doesn’t discriminate based on a student’s ability or
skill. It provides an opportunity to engage students using a medium that they recognise.
Technology is growing not just within our classrooms but also in our everyday lives, so it is
natural that we should increasingly incorporate it into classrooms.
Crucially, the use of technology in the classroom doesn’t lessen the need for great
teachers. In fact, it is great teachers who make using technology so significant in students’
education. Whilst technology is able to take on a whole host of tasks, it does have its
shortcomings. The most prominent drawback is its inability to interact with humans.
Technology can facilitate the learning process. However, it cannot replace the role of the
teacher. Computers do not teach children to question, to discriminate among sources of
information, to weigh perspectives. They do not explain how to think about consequences, to
bring contextual meaning to a situation, to be creative, or to make careful judgments.
Without a great teacher, technology merely becomes an automated tool and stops inspiring
and engaging students. Ultimately, it isn’t about teachers being replaced by technology but
how teachers can adapt to incorporate technology in their lessons.
As much innovation as the iPad may bring to the classroom, it is not going to replace a
teacher anytime soon. In fact, the influx of technology like iPads means there is a greater
need for teachers. We need teachers who are part early adopter, part integrator, and part mad
scientist. The modern teacher must be willing to take chances and able to figure out not just
how technology works, but how it works for each student, and where its use is most
appropriate.
The question of whether technology will replace teachers is an age-old debate and one
that is likely to continue as technology evolves further. In the same way that the calculator
didn’t displace maths teachers, technology will continue aiding teachers to educate well-
rounded and engaged students. As our Hugo Wernhoff notes, “We’re not only in it to offer
flexibility in time and place for students, or lower costs for providers. Our main ambition is
instead to deliver better learning.” Technology can only assist in delivering better learning
when it is used by a great teacher. Students will always benefit from the guidance and
instruction of a teacher at the front of a classroom.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to the text, online education is becoming more popular because of its …
1) teachers.
2) ease.
3) flexibility.
4) cost.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
This in Paragraph 1 (“But what does this mean for teachers?”) refers to …
1) the continuing growth in education technology.
2) the opportunity to take university courses online.
3) more people turning to online education.
4) the freedom technology gives to people.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which statement about the use of technology is FALSE, according to the text?
1) Technology gives everyone equal chances.
2) It provides the environment students are used to.
3) We cannot avoid technology, so we should use it.
4) Students should use technology at home.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
Discriminate in Paragraph 3 (“Computers do not teach children to question, to discriminate
among sources of information ...”) most probably means …
1) favour.
2) distinguish.
3) judge.
4) characterise.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which advantage of human teachers over technology is NOT mentioned in Paragraph 3?
1) Development of critical thinking skills.
2) Awareness of students’ personal characteristics.
3) Student involvement and motivation.
4) Communication and interaction.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
Before using technology, a teacher has to find out if it is …
1) modern.
2) safe.
3) suitable.
4) enjoyable.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author draws the conclusion that technology …
1) will substitute teachers in the distant future.
2) can help teachers but cannot replace them.
 3) will never be as effective as human teachers.
4) cannot be trusted as human teachers are.
Why you need to pick up a book again
According to Pew Research Center findings from 2018, 24 percent of
the population had not read a book in the past year. And for those that do read,
the American Times Use Survey –– conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics –– found that
Americans over the age of 15 spend only about sixteen minutes a day reading for personal
development. However, one silver lining of the pandemic may be that we are reading more. In
fact, in the past year, 35 percent of the population have been reading more than they had in
previous years.
You may say, books are not the only sources of written text or, more broadly, information in
our lives. We tend to spend two hours and twenty four minutes per day on social media.
Interestingly, reading versus using social media have very different outcomes when it comes to
our mental health. While many believe their mood will improve after checking their social
media, many report that it actually worsens following a social media scroll. Yet, when people
engage in reading –– whether it is for self-help or for fun –– reading has been shown to reduce
stress. In fact, just six minutes of reading a day can reduce stress levels.
Here are just a few ways that reading can benefit you. Reading is a form of
mindfulness. Because we are often multitasking (which puts a heavy cognitive load on our
brains), we often experience greater brain fog, difficulty concentrating, and irritability. When
you settle down into a book, you are brought into the here and now, where you can focus
presently on the story. The key is to stick with it. Especially if you are not used to reading, it can
feel really uncomfortable to lean in. However, tell yourself that you are going to read at least ten
pages to start. Chances are, you will want to keep going by the time you hit page 10.
Reading can improve your emotional intelligence. Citing Christensen’s article from CNN
Health, she includes a quote from Keith Oatley, a cognitive psychology professor emeritus at
the University of Toronto, and an award-winning novelist. He stated, “Those who read fiction
may understand people better than others. A work of fiction is a piece of consciousness that can
pass from one mind to another, and that reader can make it their own.”
Thus, when we take the time to really listen to another perspective, we can build our
empathy in a profound way. In fact, fiction may be even more potent
at some point, as it really goes into deep character development, and we gain
a better understanding of the “why” behind a character’s motives.
Reading has all kinds of cognitive benefits. Not only has reading been shown to improve
sleep, but readers are also shown to have improved concentration and demonstrate greater
memory retention. So, if you have been feeling cloudy, reading may be the perfect thing to
sharpen your ability to recall.
Even better is if you take a highlighter or pen to the lines that stand out
to you. Write in the margins and include follow-up questions for yourself to build off of the text.
Add your ideas that arise when you are reading. This will help you deepen your critical thinking
skills.
And one of the best parts about reading a good book? You can always pass it along to
someone who will enjoy it next. Surprise them with a package in the mail or drop it off on their
doorstep. I frequently do this on my social media account, where I offer to ship the books I have
read to my community. I find that people love it! This is a great way to ensure that your books
are bringing joy to others, rather than just gathering dust.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which fact about reading habits is FALSE, according to Paragraph 1?
1) In 2018 almost a quarter of the US population did not read books.
2) Adults in the US read half an hour a day for personal development.
3) Teenagers and adults spend less than 20 minutes reading for development.
4) During the previous year, more than a third of the citizens read more than before.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
Unlike using social media, reading …
1) brings satisfaction.
2) educates the mind.
3) decreases stress levels.
4) reduces concentration.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
To benefit from reading, it is necessary to …
1) concentrate on it for some time.
2) find a comfortable place.
3) increase the page count every day.
4) choose an interesting story.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
Potent in Paragraph 6 (“… fiction may be even more potent at some point…”) most probably
means …
1) powerful.
2) suitable.
3) relevant.
4) interesting.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which advantage of reading is NOT mentioned in the text?
1) Understanding others.
2) Developing the brain.
3) Switching from reality.
4) Enriching your vocabulary.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
This in Paragraph 8 (“This will help you deepen your critical thinking skills ...”) refers to …
1) developing memory while reading.
2) actively working with the text.
using margins for doodling.
3)

4) reading to find necessary information.

Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author wants to convince the reader that …
1) books have a greater impact than social networks.
2) reading is necessary for intellectual development.
 3) reading is beneficial for personality and community.
4) one should share their books after reading them.
The culture shock of being an international student
For any student, moving away from home can be a bit scary. But I did not expect student
life in Scotland to be all that different from my home of the Netherlands. After all, we get the
same news and TV shows online. Many students find the northwest climate can affect them a
lot. You may find the grayness and dampness, especially during the winter months, difficult
to get used to. However, when I moved from Amsterdam to study at
the University of Stirling, I began to realise that a few minor issues were catching me off
balance. I was suffering a minor cultural shock.
In my first year, I quickly found out my English was not as good as I had assumed. Most
of my roommates were born and raised in Scotland, and I constantly found myself having to
ask people to repeat themselves. Their Scottish accents did not help and I was
mispronouncing names and places all the time. I also got confused about minor cultural
things. Much to my flatmates’ amusement, it took me two Christmases to figure out that
mince pies are not actually filled with minced beef.
The linguistic barrier meant that public transport was tricky at first. I found the lack of
information about bus prices and how and where to get tickets really surprising. It turned a
simple 15-minute journey into a daunting task.
Then I had to adjust to a new social life. I was surprised by the campus culture in
the UK –– in the Netherlands, most universities don’t have one main campus where you can
attend university, as well as live and exercise all in the same place. But here, you never have
to leave campus if you don’t want to. I had to adapt to everyone being so close to each other
all the time.
Parties are different here too. In the Netherlands, the less effort you put into getting
ready, the better. I’d normally slip on my trusty Converse shoes, along with some clothes I
could get away with wearing to class tomorrow, and wear minimal make-up. But, in my
experience, partying is more formal in the UK. Your make-up needs to be flawless and your
hair needs to be immaculate. You’ll preferably be wearing a dress and heels, too. I was
constantly having to borrow clothes off my friends just to fit in. Parties finish early and
everyone just wanders off, whereas in my country that would be the time I’d leave the house.
But it is not all early closing times and strange pastries. Social behaviours may also
confuse, surprise or offend you. For example, you may find people appear cold, distant or
always in a hurry. Cultures are built on deeply-embedded sets of values, norms, assumptions
and beliefs. It can be surprising and sometimes distressing to find that people do not share
some of your most deeply held ideas, as most of us take our core values and beliefs for
granted and assume they are universally held.
However, I have found lots of pleasant surprises in the UK too –– and so have many
other international students I know. My friend Agnes was taken aback by how sociable
people are. She says she was shocked when complete strangers started talking to her at the
bus stop. I, personally, was surprised by how smartly male students in Sterling dress
compared to my home country.
Culture shock can knock your confidence in the beginning. But you are not alone in
taking time to adapt, and soon you start to come to grips with all experiences. Studies
suggest that taking a gap year or studying abroad can positively influence your brain to make
you more outgoing and open to new ideas. Looking back, most of the ones I experienced
made good stories to tell my friends.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
When she moved to Scotland, the student was mostly confused by …
1) small unexpected things.
2) television shows.
3) the weather.
4) the local food.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason for author’s culture shock?
1) Language problems.
2) Local food.
3) Living on campus.
4) Traffic jams.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
The word “daunting” in “ … a daunting task” (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to …
1) extremely easy.
2) impossible.
3) discouraging.
4) comfortable.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
In paragraph 4 “Then I had to adjust to …” the author stresses that it was difficult for her to get used to …
1) living in the same place all the time.
2) doing sports where she lived.
3) always being around the same people.
4) having few social activities.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to the author, parties she got used to in the Netherlands …
1) made her feel uncomfortable.
2) required greater expenses.
3) started and finished earlier.
4) allowed for casual clothing.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which of the following statements, according to the author, is TRUE about international students in
Stirling?
1) They don't dress up as well as locals.
2) They may experience many positive cultural surprises.
3) They don't talk to strangers.
4) Their eating habits are different.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
The expression “the ones” in “… most of the ones I experienced …” (paragraph 8) refers to …
1) culture shocks.
2) gap years.
3) studies abroad.
4) feelings about friends.
 What it is really like to travel alone
My wanderlust started with a Billy Joel song. Yes, some might say it is unwise to visit a
city just because of a catchy tune. But that was how I made my way to Austria with only
good old Billy as my travel buddy.
In college, I took part in a spring work/study program in London. And while I loved the
U.K. and my job working for a health website, what excited me most was the opportunity to
travel. I spent my weekends visiting cafés in Barcelona with my roommates, and admiring
Edinburgh accompanied by friends. But no one wanted to stay and explore Europe more
extensively after our sixteen weeks were up. So, I decided to do it alone.
I did not set out wanting to travel by myself. It is something that young women are
discouraged from doing. My own mother was desperate to talk me out of the idea. “It’s
dangerous for girls to travel by themselves,” she would warn me every time we spoke. I
insisted that I knew women my age who had done it, and that I would be fine. My friends
back home were skeptical, too. “Wait, no one’s going with you?” they would ask. No doubt
they wondered who would be taking photos of me for my posts on the Internet.
But after convincing them that just because I am a Millennial woman does not mean I
have to be constantly surrounded by a team, I had to convince myself to believe it. The night
before my departure I was terrified. While everyone else was flying back to the States, I
would be on the Chunnel to Paris to start my two-week trip alone. The thought
was disabling. I have always been a person who recharges with alone time, but this suddenly
seemed like too much to take on, especially in unfamiliar places.
The journey was liberating. While I was nervous that my first meal alone would be
awkward, I was not tempted by the idea of eating takeout in my hostel room, either. So, I
faced the fear. I slipped on my formal (albeit a bit wrinkled) jacket, channeled my inner Cool
French Girl, and stepped out into the cool spring air of the Montmartre quarter. I was going
to dinner.
It ended up being one of the most memorable dining experiences of my life. I savored
the otherworldly steak frites for which the restaurant is famous, observed the elegant Parisian
women adorned in their Saturday evening pearls, and even ordered in the language of love. I
enjoyed my glass of freshly squeezed orange juice, and devoured a plate of the most
delicious eclairs in the entire City of Light. I had no fear of judgment by others, since no one
knew me, nor did I know anyone.
This freedom ended up being one of the most enjoyable aspects of my trip, and for
once, that did not mean feeling guilty. I spent hours riding on a water bus in Venice. I
decided not to climb the Duomo in Florence because it just seemed like too many stairs. I
read for hours in the lush gardens of the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna. Though the trip was
not without its uncomfortable moments, of course, my solo trip was not a mistake – for sure.
I spent the final hours of my trip wandering around the gorgeous, pastel façade-lined
streets of Vienna. About fifteen minutes prior to leaving, I pulled out my iPod and listened to
“Vienna.” After the familiar piano trills, Billy’s familiar voice flooded in: “Slow down you
crazy child,” he sang. “You’re so ambitious for a juvenile.” I began to cry – partially from
exhaustion, perhaps, but mostly because the moment felt intensely profound. Here I was, in a
city I had always escaped to in my mind through Billy’s song, closing out the most
incredible experience of my life. A little crazy, a little ambitious. All me.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
Why did the author decide to travel alone?
1) Her friends had job commitments.
2) Her friends were unwilling to travel more widely.
3) The author got tired of constant company.
4) The author had a long vacation.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
Disabling in Paragraph 4 (“The thought was disabling.”) most probably means…
1) hurting.
2) paralyzing.
3) encouraging.
4) exciting.
адание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
What does the author of the essay aim to do?
1) To entertain the reader by telling her story.
2) To describe her personal experience.
3) To show how a song can guide one’s life.
4) To persuade women to travel alone.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author cried when finishing her trip because she …
1) was full of emotions.
2) was extremely tired.
3) did not want to leave.
4) admired the city.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
This freedom in Paragraph 7 (“This freedom ended up being one of the most enjoyable aspects
of my trip …”) refers to …
1) not recognizing anyone.
2) going out.
3) eating what you want.
4) not being judged by others.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which statement about the author’s restaurant experience is FALSE?
1) The thought of dining alone was uncomfortable.
2) The author had a substantial meal.
3) Everyone in the restaurant was dressed casually.
4) The dining experience was unforgettable.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author was not sure her idea to travel alone was good because…
1) no one she knew ever travelled alone.
2) it is difficult to take photos when you are alone.
 3) there was evidence it is dangerous for women.
4) her relatives and friends did not support it.
British food
Foreigners often laugh at the British. They say, “In Britain you get hot chips with
everything!” But even the British don’t eat chips with their meals. To prove that, we decided to
let you read an extract from a letter written by Pete Phrase, the chief cook at Daphne’s in
London, to his foreign friends.
“…I am always both amused and annoyed when I hear foreign people criticise British
food. “It’s unimaginative,” they say. “It’s boring, it’s tasteless with totally overcooked
vegetables.” I have a theory about British cooking, and I was interested to read that several
famous cookery writers agree with me. My theory is this. Our basic ingredients, when fresh, are
so full of flavour that we haven’t had to invent sauces and complex recipes to disguise their
natural taste. What can compare with fresh peas or new potatoes just boiled (not overboiled) and
served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in wine or cream or yoghurt and spices, when with
just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious?
If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say “fish
and chips” and then stop. It is disappointing, but true, that there is no tradition in Britain of
eating in restaurants, because our food doesn’t lend itself to such preparation. British cooking is
found in the home, where it is possible to time the dishes to perfection. So it is difficult to find a
good English restaurant with reasonable prices.
It is for these reasons that we haven’t exported our dishes, but we have imported a
surprising variety of cuisines from all over the world. In most cities in Britain you’ll also find
Indian, Chinese, French and Italian restaurants. In London you’ll also find Indonesian,
Lebanese, German, Spanish, Mexican, Greek… Cynics will say that this is because we have no
“cuisine” ourselves, but, well, you know what I think!”
Traditional British food is usually described as plain, conservative and unvaried. There are
many popular jokes about it. “The British Empire was created as a by-product of generations of
desperate Englishmen roaming the world in search of a decent meal,” remarks American
journalist Bill Marsano.
Indeed, classic British dishes are not too dainty, but they are nourishing, natural and tasty,
a lot of attention here is paid to the food quality. Residents of Great Britain prefer local food to
imported products, so nearly all fish, milk and meat products are produced within the country
and vegetables are grown by local farmers.
Meals during a day in Britain traditionally include breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper.
Dinner is always the most substantial meal during the day. For dinner the British often have
soup and then the main course, such as meat, poultry or fish with vegetables or mashed potatoes.
It is followed by a dessert, for example, the most ubiquitous apple pie. Meat dishes are presented
in British cuisine in a large variety. Probably, the most delicious of them is succulent roast beef,
which is grilled and served with vegetables, roast potatoes or Yorkshire pudding. Apart from
beef, the British cook steaks of pork, lamb and sometimes turkey or chicken.
Supper in Britain is the last meal of the day, and usually it consists of something light, for
example, a bowl of cream soup, naturally, often skipped.
As for drinks, it’s impossible to imagine British cuisine without tea. Contrary to popular
belief, tea is not always served with milk. The British drink tea with and without sugar, with
lemon, cinnamon, honey and so on. But tea and milk is a classic combination, not a favourite of
mine, though.”
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
It often seems to foreigners that British food …
1) hasn’t been cooked long enough.
2) doesn’t include raw vegetables.
3) often tastes too hot and spicy.
4) is lacking in variety of dishes.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to Pete Phrase, the British haven’t invented complex recipes because they …
1) prefer to use mainly basic ingredients.
2) appreciate the original taste of the products.
3) use a variety of sauces and spices for flavour.
4) always choose only fresh components.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
Which statement is NOT true according to Pete Phrase?
1) Foreigners know few English dishes.
2) The English prefer home cooked dishes.
3) Prices in English restaurants are low.
4) The English are good at cooking.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
The word this in Paragraph 4 (“... this is because we have no “cuisine” ourselves ...”) refers to
the fact that …
1) there are a lot of immigrants in Britain.
2) all the best food in Britain is foreign.
3) various foreign food is available in London.
4) the British share their dishes with the world.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
American journalist Bill Marsano implies that …
1) the British initially conquered lands to get better food.
2) the creation of the British empire was a long process.
3) the life of the British at home used to be very hard.
4) while travelling the British suffered from hunger.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
The word substantial (“Dinner is always the most substantial meal ...”) in Paragraph 7 is
synonymous to …
1) fattening.
2) nourishing.
3) delicious.
4) balanced.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
The main aim of the text is to …
1) give food for thought.
2) disprove stereotypes.
 3) advertise British food.
4) criticise foreign cuisines.
Turning As an Obstacle
When I first read about a sport called parkour, I thought it was about fluid, elegant, and
graceful motions. But in practice, parkour is considered an “extreme” sport; as its
participants dash around a city, they may vault over fences, run up walls, and even jump
from rooftop to rooftop. So you won’t see senior citizens doing it in the park on Sunday
mornings, but if you do witness it, you may think you’re watching a stunt person on a movie
set.
Le parkour is a French term, related to the verb parcourir, “to run over or through”. It
was created by David Belle, Sebastien Foucan, and a group of their friends when they were
teenagers living in the Paris suburb in the late 1980s. Belle’s father had been a soldier in
Vietnam, and his preparatory programme included navigating obstacle courses. Belle picked
up many of the moves from his father and, along with his friends, developed them into an art
form.
Parkour combines elements of running, gymnastics, dance, and martial arts into a
breathtaking way of moving from place to place. The general idea is to move quickly and
gracefully, treating buildings, walls, handrails, rocks, and whatever objects you come across
as elements in an obstacle course. The only real rule is that you should not move backwards
and that you should do it with as much efficiency and style as possible.
The only equipment required for parkour is a good pair of shoes. Participants, who call
themselves traceurs, wear no protective gear but typically invest a great deal of time in
training and preparation in order to execute the necessary moves safely. The first thing any
participant learns is how to cushion the impact of a jump by rolling. Although parkour is
ultimately about clever improvisation rather than choreographed moves, there are a couple
dozen or so standard maneuvers that almost all traceurs learn, including several methods for
getting over tall walls.
Some traceurs participate merely for the fun or the challenge, but others treat parkour as
a more serious art, similar to some martial arts. As a philosophy, the movements
metaphorically represent becoming one with your environment, learning how to overcome
obstacles without effort, and finding creative paths – all things with practical value outside
the sport.
Even though parkour has reached international popularity, there is already an offshoot
sport that has led to a great deal of bitterness and division among parkour proponents. Co-
founder Sebastien Foucan, in a 2003 BBC documentary called “Jump London,” referred to
the sport as “free-running” and that term caught on in the media. However, parkour purists
feel that the direction in which Foucan has taken the activity is entirely different from what
he and Belle had originally developed.
The biggest difference has to do with theatrics. Free-running involves a lot of trick
moves, particularly mid-air flips and spins. Because these moves are merely showy, not
economical, they’re considered contrary to the nature of parkour. A free-runner may also
move backwards in order to make a move as flashy as possible.
But it’s not simply a matter of differing styles. Manufacturers are capitalizing on the
growing interest in parkour and free-running by introducing special shoes, designer clothing,
and so on; free-running competitions are also beginning to appear.
Задание №1. Выберите правильный ответ.
The author claims that parkour …
1) represents an elite sport.
2) requires a lot of effort.
3) is very affordable.
4) has been popularized by the media.
Задание №2. Выберите правильный ответ.
The origins of parkour moves could be found in …
1) a military training programme.
2) European art.
3) the games of Paris teenagers.
4) the Vietnamese culture.
Задание №3. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to the author, the rules of parkour are …
1) very complicated.
2) difficult to follow.
3) not defined.
4) limited to one only.
Задание №4. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to the author, a parkour participant begins with …
1) buying a pair of shoes.
2) acquiring protection gear.
3) learning how to fall safely.
4) taking choreography lessons.
Задание №5. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to the author, for some participants parkour expresses …
1) the power of creativity.
2) an effortless life.
3) the beauty of movement.
4) unity with nature.
Задание №6. Выберите правильный ответ.
According to the text, the introduction of free-running …
1) is widely supported by enthusiasts.
2) will ultimately replace parkour.
3) has had little impact on traditional parkour.
4) is not accepted by some parkour fans.
Задание №7. Выберите правильный ответ.
Comparing parkour and free-running, the author claims that …
1) free-running is more showy.
2) parkour is more popular.
3) their rules don’t differ.
4) free-running is more competitive.