Geothermal Goes to

Campus
Introduction to Geothermal

Alya Idayu S.
Rindang Riyanti

ITS, 21 Oct 22
 Introduction to Geothermal Systems

Speaker Profile
Introduction to Geothermal Systems
Name Deea Alya

Career History

2019 – present Star Energy Geothermal Darajat

Production Engineer
2018 – 2019 Star Energy Geothermal Indonesia
Star Energy Geothermal Technical Trainee
2018 Arai Rubber Seal Indonesia
Cost Engineer
Education

2013 – 2017 UCSI University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

B.Eng (Hons) Petroleum Engineer
Professional

2020 – present Jakarta Drilling Society

2022 – present Women in Geothermal

Hobbies Cooking, Travelling, Festival

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Speaker Profile
Introduction to Geothermal Systems

Name Rindang Riyanti

Career History
2019 – Now Star Energy Geothermal Salak
Production Engineer
Profile
2018 – 2019 Star Energy Geothermal Indonesia Picture
Star Energy Geothermal Technical Trainee Program
Education
2017 Institut Teknologi Bandung
Petroleum Engineering
Hobby & Skill
Reading, Travelling

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Outline

1. Introduction to Geothermal
2. Geothermal Energy Overview
3. Geothermal Systems
4. Geothermal Resources
5. Geothermal Power Production Cycle
6. Geothermal Monitoring & Surveillance
7. Well Analysis and Optimization
8. Well Intervention Program
Geothermal Energy
What is Geothermal?
Introduction to Geothermal

Geo (earth) Thermal (heat)

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Simple Geothermal System Model
Introduction to Geothermal Systems
Geothermal System Model Analogy
Introduction to Geothermal

• Geothermal system is a transfer of heat energy from the inner part 1 Heat source: shallow
of the Earth to the surface. levels (<6 km) in the
crust
Clay Cap Wells Fumarole 2 Permeable and porous
reservoir rocks: store
and transmit the water
to well
3 Sufficient water for
Steam Steam convection (recharging
system): medium to
carry the heat
Hot Water 4 Impermeable cap rock:
Hot Water
to maintain pressure
Reservoir and prevent water or
steam the heat and
Hot Rock escape freely to the
surface
Magma
Heat Source
Characteristics of Geothermal Resources
Introduction to Geothermal Systems
 Heat source (shallow magma)
 Heat carrier (water and steam)
 Temperature (450 – 650°F)
 High permeability, naturally fractured reservoirs (100-
1000 mD)
 Porosity (up to 20%)
 Several thousand feet thick
 Benign fluid chemistry
• Low scaling potential
• Non-corrosive
• Low non-condensable gas content (<3 wt.% in
steam)
 Special Conditions
 Dynamic conditions at initial state
• Super-critical fluids (T>705°F)
 Marginal recharge, surface discharge
• High salinity brines (up to 30 wt.% solids)
• High non-condensable gas content (up to 10 wt.%)
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Types of Geothermal Systems
Introduction to Geothermal Systems

(From course material of GEOTHERM-602 Postgraduate Certificate in Geothermal Energy Technology, University of Auckland, New Zealand)

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Geothermal Utilization
Introduction to Geothermal Systems

 At low temperatures, mostly direct

use for space heating, bathing,
cooking, space heating (and cooling),
agriculture (greenhouse and crop
drying), extraction of minerals
 At >180°C, conventional flash and dry
steam power plants are utilized for
electricity generation
 Now, geothermal resources with
reservoir temperature as low as 95°C
can be used for electricity generation
using binary power plants

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Geothermal Compared with Oil and Gas
Geothermal Overview

Geothermal Oil & Gas

 Renewable/sustainable energy  Non-renewable energy

 Energy is sourced from the inherent heat  Energy is derived from fossilized remains of
produced by the earth living things
 Produced fluids are hot brines and steam  Produced fluids are hydrocarbons / oil and gas

 High temperature : 300-650++ oF (150-350++ oC)  300-350 oF (150-175 oC) is ‘hot’

 High production flow rates  5000 bpd oil is ‘high flow’

 Energy is directly converted to electric power or  Oil & gas can be transported and exported
for direct uses (cannot be exported)

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Geothermal Compared with Oil and Gas: Location
Geothermal Overview

Geothermal Oil & Gas

Location: Mountainous Area Location: Land and Offshore Area

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Geothermal Compared with Oil and Gas: Lithology
Geothermal Overview

Geothermal Oil & Gas

Lithology: Volcanic / Intrusive – Abrasive & Hard Lithology: Sedimentary Rock

Igneous rock is harder than sedimentary rocks because of the lithification process (how igneous becomes a rock) that
involves heat and pressure along the way. Volcanic rock is mostly crystalline and hard to break.

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Geothermal Compared with Oil and Gas: Drilling
Geothermal Overview

Geothermal Oil & Gas

• Lost circulation is • Lost circulation
desired is avoided
• Large diameter • Small
production casing production
• Casing strigs fully tubing
cemented up to • Casing strings
surface are often not
• Perforated liner fully cemented
• Thermal Cycle to surface.
Conditional • Perforated at
designated zone
• Non thermal
application

That’s why it is more expensive

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Finding Geothermal Resources:
Geothermal Exploration and Development Flow Chart
Geothermal Development Process Flow

Commissioning &
Reconnaissance Exploration Feasibility Design Construction Production

Objectives Geology, surface  Stage 1  Environmental  Environment  Construction &

and Tasks geochemistry, ‒ Field exploration Impact Assessment al Plant
engineering, ‒ Exploration  Feasibility Studies Impact Report Installation
environmental Drilling of  Preliminary  Contract
impact, pipeline (resource Power Plant, etc. Design Management,
routes, weather identification)  Discharge Testing  Bid Supervision
and hydrology,  Stage 2:  Reservoir Document and
preparation of Development Assessm Preparation Inspection of
exploration budget Drilling ent  Contract Award Construction
(resource  Other (power plant &  Field
delineation & Studies & civil) Management &
quantification) Tests  Pipeline Long Term
Routing & Testing
Design
 Production
& Injection
Wells
 Final Design
PICs  Geochemist  Geologist  Environmental,  Electrical,  Civil,  Production,
(bold  Geologist  Geophysicist Civil, Mechanical, STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
Mechanical, StarReservoir,
Energy Geothermal 18
How to Identify and Measure at Early Stage?
Geothermal Development Process Flow

Geothermal systems are often discovered with

surface thermal manifestations: fumaroles, hot
springs/pools, geysers, silica sinter, mud pools,
steaming ground, etc.
 Geologists – study rock types, structures,
volcanic history, and geohydrology of the
area Fumarole Mud Pool
 Geochemists – estimate temperature and
chemistry of the geothermal fluids from
water and gas samples
 Geophysicists – conducts surveys (e.g.,
electrical, magnetic, etc.) to estimate the
size (i.e., extent, depth, etc.) of the
reservoir
Silica Sinter Hot spring and pool

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Geothermal Exploration and Appraisal Techniques
Geothermal Development Process Flow
 Surface thermal features indicate chemistry
and reservoir temperature
 Resistivity and gravity surveys indicate
depth, thickness and area
 Regional and local geologic studies reveal
features that affect permeability
distribution
 Exploration and appraisal wells confirm Medan
EURASIAN PLATE

WES
PACIFIC
PLATE
0 1 2 Km
NORTH

resource characteristics and size

Ka lim a n ta n Sula we si
Sarimaya
Iria n Ja ya SALAK
Jakarta

Ja va
0 600
km
ACTIVE TRENCH
VOLCANIC CENTER INDO - AUSTRALIAN PLATE
GAGAK Kawah
Perbakti
EPOCH ABSOLUTE AGE DISTRIBUTION

 Reservoir simulation is used to evaluate

AGE
Kawah
Ratu
AWIBENGKOK
RHYOLITE

UPPER PLEISTOCENE
ENDUTANDESITE

development alternatives and assess CIBODAS ANDESITE

KIARABERES
BASALTIC ANDESITE
KIARABERES Kawah
Cibeureum

uncertainties GAGAK
BASALTIC ANDESITE

Kawah
Cipamatutan
PERBAKTIBASALTIC ANDESITE PERBAKTI
CIBODAS

SALAK VOLCANICS

LINEAMENTS
FUMAROLE
PROMINENTCRATER RIM
DRILLED LOCATION
HOTSPRING ENDUT

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Geothermal Production
Geothermal Development Process Flow

Production & Injection

Monitoring

Well Surveillance Plan

Analysis & Optimization

Well Intervention
Program
 During commissioning and production stage, there is an integration
of subsurface and surface process which ties well deliverability with
the surface facility systems used to process all associated streams Lookback and lesson
and deliver the steam to power generation facilities. learned

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 Challenging Issue in Geothermal Field
Subsurface: Surface:
A. Scaling C. NCG  Landslide
D. Injection Breakthrough / MR Recharge
 Hydrothermal eruption risk
 Flooding

C. NCG
Others:
 Social community
 Farmer community
B. Corrosion
 Forestry Permit
 Steam quality / purity

D. Inj. Breakthroug h/
MR Recharge

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Managing Geothermal
Production
Geothermal Power Production Cycle
Separate steam and hot water (brine)
to produce pure and dry steam
Separator
Legend
2 phase flow
Well Site Steam
Scrubber Brine
Condensate
PGF Boundary

Steam

Mixed hot water Pure and dry steam Brine

and steam flow to rotates Turbine blade and
the top surface Generator to produce
electrical energy

Wellbore
Well is drilled down Brine
to the productive Injection
geothermal zone Well Condensate
Injection
Power Plant Well

Electricity
Generation

Transmission
To customer

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Managing Geothermal Energy

Geochemistry
Sampling
Logging
Well and
Reservoir
Data
Acquisition
Flow Test

.
Well &
Lookback &
Reservoir
Lessons
Data
Learned Analysis

MV Change
Well
Intervention
What could have
What went well?
been improved?
Acid/Rotojet P&A
Geothermal Surveillance & Monitoring
Surveillance and Monitoring Plan

Geothermal
Surveillance &
Monitoring

Well
Geochemistry Geophysics
Surveillance and
Monitoring Monitoring
Monitoring

The objective of the reservoir monitoring program is to ensure ’health’ of the reservoir and
its following development risk in order to maintain optimum field production.

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Geothermal Surveillance & Monitoring
Daily Data Monitoring

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Geothermal Surveillance & Monitoring
Downhole Logging Survey

Mechanical Caliper

Impression Block Scale Cather

Logging
Tool

PT/PTS Downhole Video Downhole Sampler

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Geothermal Surveillance & Monitoring
Downhole Logging Survey

PT Shut-in PT Flowing Spinner Survey

Downhole Video Survey

Scale Sample

PT Shut-in Profile PTS Flowing Profile

Impression Block Survey

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Geothermal Surveillance & Monitoring
Wellhead and Well Integrity Monitoring

Wellhead Integrity Monitoring Casing Caliper Survey

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Geothermal Surveillance & Monitoring
Geochemistry Monitoring

Geochemistry Well Sampling Surface Manifestation Monitoring Downhole Sampling

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Geothermal Surveillance & Monitoring
Geophysics Monitoring

Microseismic Monitoring Precision Gravity Monitoring Precision Leveling Monitoring

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Data Analysis and Optimization
Production Assurance – Comparing Actual Data with Forecast

Daily data obtained for reservoir monitoring

include :
• Production Well Status (FCV opening,
WHP, discharge status)
• Production Separator (Steam Rate,
Separator Pressure)
• Injection Well Status (Injection Rate,
WHP, header pressure)
• Power Plant (power generation, steam
rate to power plant)

Actual data monitoring is then compared to the

expected performance to determine well
production variance and possible remedial
action.

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Well Intervention Program
Well Intervention Methods

Coil Tubing Unit

Rotojet Tool Broaching Tool Master Valve Change using Packer Plug and Abandon

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Thank you

Q&A