EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT 2017-18 CHAPTER — 4 OLD TANK PROJECT 4.1 Introduction Tanks are important for conserve precious water resources in semi-arid areas. It is well known that tanks traditionally performed a useful role in providing irrigation, water for domestic use, including livestock and for supporting livelihoods of the poor, protecting local environment and sustainable water resources. Tanks are small storage reservoir (ponds) created on the upstream of a small earthen dam constructed across a stream. The depth of ater in a tank is usually less than 4.5 m. However in exceptional cases it may be more than 4.5 m but not greater than 12 m. If the depth of water is exceeds 12 m the tank is termed as reservoir. The tanks may be having independent catchment drawing their supplies from the run- off from the catchment areas. These tanks fully depend upon the rainfall in the catchment area, An old tank generally consists of the following. * An earthen bund across the valley creating storage. ‘+A ssurplus weir to dispose of flood discharge. + Sluice to feed the channel. © Channel from the sluices to feed the command area. Every rainy season surface run-off brings large amount of the silt in to reservoir. The deposited silt reduces storage capacity of the reservoir every year. Hence, old tank or irrigation tank generally faces the fallowing problems are, 1, Reduction in the gross capacity of the tank, due to silting. 2. Reduction in the safety of the bund, due to bad maintenance and wearing out of the standard dimensions of the bund. rr —— Department of Civil Engineering, JIT, Davangere Page 112TENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT 201 The above two problems can be overcome by restoring the tank. Restoration of the tank is done by raising the height of the existing bund, thereby allowing for increased storage and improved safely. This operation is called restoration of an old tank. 4.2 Reasons for increasing the height of existing bund ‘The primary reasons for increasing the height of an existing bund are: 4.2.1 Inereased storage capacity The storage available at the upper bunds of a reservoir for a given inerease in bund In many cases, height can be signifi it depending upon the topography of the reservoi significant increased storage can be obtained with only a small increase in the height of the dam. This is because the surface area of an existing reservoir at the spillway level is large and adding a few meters to the reservoir depth can effectively increase the reservoir storage capacity by several thousands of hectare- meters. 4.2.2 Spill-way Adequai Inadequacy spillway capacity and the potential for the catastrophic overtopping of the crest of the bund under design flood conditions is the most prevalent dam safety issue faced today. In some cases the original bund and spillway design criteria was less strengthen than criteria imposed by current regulation. In other cases the hazard classifications of the dam increases after the original bund construction because of changes in downstream flood plain. By increasing the height of the bund, additional free board is provided resulting in increased reservoir surcharge storage capacity and a greater discharge capacity for the spillway. 4.2.3 Strengthening Quite frequently the most feasible means of strengthening an existing bund to with stand the various loading combinations acting on the bund and possible an increase in the height of the dam. An obvious by- product of rising a bund for strengthening purposes is increased storage capacity. To Department of Civil Engineering, JIT, Davangere Page 113EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT 2017-18 4.3 Factors to be considered in designing raises for existing bund The issues associated with the design of raise for an existing bund is that a special attention must be paid for developing a full understanding of the configuration and physical properties of existing bund so that the raised portion is compatible with the existing portion. However there are a number of general factors that need to be considered and these are outlined briefly below. 4.3.1 Environmental permitting The raising of an existing bund or dam result in higher reservoir water levels and Corresponding greater areas of land in undated by which may have serious environmental implications other signified environmental permitting issues that could impact the design related to borrow sources, in stream flow releases, wet lands, archaeological sites and stream modification 4.3.2 Spillway Depending on the size of the raise and the resulting increase in reservoir level, a major modification of the existing spillway or perhaps even a completely new spillway is required. This can have a significant influence on the cost of the raise and careful planning of this aspect will be required to minimize costs. 4.3.3 Outlet works Modifications to the outlet works of dams or bunds are often required as a part of the raise. Typically, this involves extending the outlet conduit to the new embankment toe location and possibly relocating the intake structure or sitting basin control towers located at the center line of bunds or dams also need to be raised, 4.3.4 Reservoir operation ‘Whether or not the reservoir can be lowered or emptied during construction will have significant influence on both feasibility and the design of the raise. If the reservoir can be lowered, the raised portion can be constructed partially upstream of the existing dam and thus could significantly facilitate the toe into the existing core of the dam. Moreover depending on the materials availability and or environmental constraints on the location of borrow areas, borrow areas may be confined to the inundated portions of the = Department of Civil Engincering, JIT, Davangere Page 114EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT 2017-18 reservoir. Has the added advantage of the increasing reservoir storage by an amount equal to the borrow volume. The benefits of an upstream or a partial upstream raise are offset by a need to improve extend the outlet works upstream, 4.3.5 Central core For a very small increase in height compared to the original height of the dam or bund it is typically most economical to the core of the addition to the core of the existing dam or bund. For significantly greater raises, a completely new core may have to be constructed such that existed dam or bund may not be feasible for use. 4.3.6 Drainage system Embankment drains are frequently included in the design of raises to be existing dams or bunds. Even if the original dam/bund did not include a drain system the designer carefully evaluate whether drainage needs to be incorporated into the raised embankment section. The design considerations outlined above apply in the general sense to any proposed dam or bund raise. Yet, each dam or bund is unique and has its own site of design issues that need to be addressed 4.4 Study area ‘The study area “Bharamasagara” is located approximately 35 km from Davangere district, Karnataka. The site belongs to Challakere taluk Chitradurga district and the site lies within latitude 14° 28" 14”” N and longitude 75° 54” 50”"E. The tank is located at an elevation of 100 m is established from the MSL. The purpose of the project is to provide water stored for irrigation and for public water supply for the surrounding villages. However because of silting up of the reservoir, the usable storage has been severely curtailed. Also it is evident from inspection that the original dimensions of the bund are worn out and the dam safety may be deficient. Corrective measures are now being designed to restore the usable storage and increase safety. ——,- Department of Civil Engineering, JIT, Davangere Page 115EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT 201 a 4.5 Survey to be conducted 4.5.1 Plan of the existed bund The tracing of plan of the bund is done by using compass. The compass is set up at the beginning of bund and north direction is noted here and mark starting point (A) of bund. The point A is located by using basic principal of survey. Procedure: * Plan of the existing bund is traced on a sheet with help of bearings that are with help of prismatic compass. Set the compass at zero chainage (from point A) and take the bearings at every 10 m interval. While taking the fore bearing note down back bearing, also. + Repeat the same procedure up to the point B. 4.5.2 Longitudinal and cross-section along the center line of the existing bund Survey is conducted from starting point of the bund the longitudinal and cross section is taken. Longitudinal section is taken at every 10 m interval and cross section is taken at every 20 m chainages at an interval of 0.5 to 2.5 m on the both upstream and downstream side of bund. Equipment’s used * Tape © Chain, © Arrows, * Ranging Rod. ‘* Dumpy level and Theodolite with tripod stands. © Level Staff. © Plane table with accessories ee Page 116 ‘Department of Civil Engineering, JIT, Davangere