06-05-2024

CLIMATOLOGY
Lecture -2a
23-02-24

TOPICS COVERED
• Importance of climatology in architecture.
• Latitude and Longitude, Tilt of Earth axis.
• Weather and Climate.
• Macro and Micro Climate.
• Elements of Climate.
• Sun Path diagram.
• Types and design of shading device.

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Elements of Climate
• When studying weather or climate, there are variable
and invariable factors.
VARIABLE INVARIABLE/CONTROLS
1.Temperature 1. Latitudes
2. Solar radiation 2. Altitude
3. Air pressure 3. Land and water
4. Humidity 4. Distance from land and
5. Precipitation water
6. Winds 5. Low and high pressure
7. Cloudiness cells
8. Brightness of the Sun 6. Winds and air masses
9. Storms 7. Mountainsbarriers/Relief
10. Visibility 8. Ocean currents

Elements of Weather and Climate

Weather is nothing more than the different elements it is composed of, as well as the
way they interact with each to create different atmospheric conditions or weather
events. Eight primary elements/factors drive all weather:
o Temperature
o Air (Atmospheric) Pressure
o Wind (Speed & Direction)
o Humidity
o Precipitation
o Visibility
o Clouds (Type & Cover)
o Sunshine Duration

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Elements of Climate
TEMPERATURE

• Temperature shows how hot or cold a body is.

• Temperature is the intensity that is, as to how hot or cold the
atmosphere is, how many degrees Celsius(centigrade) it is above
or below freezing (0°C).
• Temperature is a very important factor in determining the
weather, because it influences or controls other elements of the
weather, such as precipitation, humidity, clouds and atmospheric
pressure.

Temperature

 Temperature is a measurement of the amount of kinetic energy present in the

air, which manifests itself physically through the experience of heat or cold.

 The scales typically used to measure temperature, is Celsius, Fahrenheit, and

Kelvin.

 The instrument used to measure temperature is called a thermometer.

 In more practical terms, it means that the particles in the air move or vibrate at
a certain speed, which creates kinetic energy.

 When the particles start to move/rotate around faster, temperature increases.

 When the particles begin to slow down, the temperature also starts to
decrease

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Elements of Climate
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

• The dry-bulb or 'true air

temperature' is a value taken in the
shade.
• measured in degrees Celsius (°C).
• MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES

Elements of Climate
HUMIDITY

• the amount of moisture actually

present in unit mass or unit volume
of air, in terms of gram per kilogram
(g/kg) or gram per cubic metre
(g/m3).

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Elements of Climate
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)

• Relative humidity is the ratio of

the actual amount of moisture
present, to the amount of
moisture the air could hold at
the given temperature –
expressed as a percentage

Humidity

 Humidity is another weather element that cannot be seen but can be felt.

 It not only plays a big part in weather formation but also directly influence our
physical comfort levels.

 Humidity is the amount of water vapor that is present in the atmosphere at any
specific time.

 Water vapor is nothing more than water in a state of gas (after the liquid has
evaporated).

 Although humidity and its effects can usually be felt, it is normally invisible to the
naked eye.

 Humidity can be challenging to understand and interpret correctly.

 The hygrometer is the instrument used to measure wind speed.

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Air Pressure
 Air pressure is another essential element of weather, especially when it comes to
creating or changing atmospheric conditions.

 It is also one of the critical variables used to make accurate weather forecasts.

 Air Pressure is the result of the pressure created by the weight of the air in the Earth’s
atmosphere.

 It is also called a barometric pressure, named after the instrument used to measure air
pressure.

 Although it may not be visible, air has weight since it is not empty. It is filled with small
particles of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and a few other gases.

 The weight of the particles in the air creates pressure due to the gravitational force of
the Earth.

 Since more air is present above the air close to the ground, air pressure is the highest
on the planet’s surface and decreases as altitude increase.

 The barometer is the instrument used to measure air pressure.

Elements of Climate
PRECIPITATION

• Precipitation is
the term given to
moisture that
falls from the air
to the ground.
• Precipitation
includes snow,
hail, sleet, drizzle,
fog, mist and rain

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Precipitation

 Precipitation is water in all its different states, which is formed after

condensation turned water vapor into its solid form, which falls to the
ground after it becomes too heavy to stay suspended in the air.

 Precipitation can take the form of rain, snow, hail, or graupel.

 Precipitation is primarily the result of evaporation and condensation.

 Instrument for Measuring Rainfall :A rain gauge is the instrument used to

measure rainfall. It is essentially a measured container that captures rain
and measures the amount that falls over a set period of time.

Elements of Climate
WIND

• The horizontal movement

of the atmosphere is
called wind.
• Wind can be felt only
when it is in motion.

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Wind (Speed & Direction)

 The movement of air (wind) is one of the main driving forces of weather.

 The majority of major and even extreme weather events like cold & warm
fronts, clouds, thunderstorms, and hurricanes are all driven by wind.

 Wind is the large-scale movement of air from an area of high to an area of low
pressure in the atmosphere.

 The speed and strength of wind are determined by the distance between the
low pressure and high-pressure areas, as well as the difference in air
pressure.

 The anemometer is the instrument used to measure wind speed.

 A wind vane (or weather vane) is the instrument used to measure wind
direction.

Elements of Climate
CLOUDINESS

• Clouds are suspended water in the atmosphere.

STORMS
• random and are a result of a set of unique circumstances.

BRIGHTNESS OF THE SUN

• The amount of sunshine can be measured in sunshine hours.

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Visibility

 Visibility is the measurement of the degree through which an object can

be observed over a certain distance.

 This measurement is crucial when conditions like mist, haze, fog, and
freezing drizzle are present, which can severely impede visibility.

 The importance to be able to measure this element is often

underestimated.

 It is especially applicable in areas where visibility plays a crucial role,

like airports and harbors where it can literally be a matter of life or
death.

 Instrument for Measuring Visibility :Visibility sensors like “forward

scatter sensor” are the instruments used to measure visibility.

Clouds (Type & Cover)

 Clouds are water droplets or water in different states (like ice and snow
crystals), which formed after water vapor reached condensation level and
could no longer remain in gaseous form.

 Knowing how to identify a certain type of cloud and the weather

associated with it, can prove valuable when assessing weather conditions
with only visual references.

 Instrument for Measuring Clouds The advanced instruments

meteorologists use to study clouds in detail are weather satellites and
radars.

 Satellite and radar images are able to accurately measure cloud density,
the amount of moisture, the temperature, and movement of the clouds.

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Sunshine Duration

 Sunshine duration is the length of time the Earth’s surface is directly

exposed to solar radiation.

 It is also referred to as sunlight hours and measure the amount of exposure

over a set period of time (generally in hours per day or year).

 As already stated, sunshine duration influence other weather elements,

which can change the whole makeup of the weather conditions.

 This ability makes it a more powerful and influential factor than you might
think.

 Instrument for Measuring Sunshine :Sunshine recorders, more

specifically Campbell–Stokes recorders, are the instruments used to record
sunshine duration.

 Campbell–Stokes recorders basically consist of a spherical lens that focuses

sunlight on a specific type of tape to make its measurement.

Elements of Climate
SUN ANGLES

o Declination Angle
o Azimuth’s Angle
o Altitude Angle
o Zenith Angle

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Elements of Climate
o Declination: It is a measurement of the angle between the
Sun’s rays and. the Earth’s equatorial plane

Elements of Climate
o The Solar Azimuth angle is the azimuth angle of the sun. It is
most often defined as the angle between the line from the
observer to the sun projected on the ground and the line
from the observer due north clockwise.
o Sun height, height angle, solar altitude angle is the angle
between a line that points from the site towards the centre
of the sun, and the horizon.

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APPLICATION OF SUN PATH DIAGRAMS

Need to study Sun Path Diagrams

• Sun path diagrams are a valuable tool for architects and designers to
understand and analyze the movement of the sun throughout the year.

• They provide vital information that can influence the design and
placement of buildings, helping to optimize natural light and minimize
heat gain or loss.

• At its core, a sun path diagram is a graphical representation of the sun’s

path in the sky at different times of the day and year.

• It shows the angle at which the sun’s rays hit a particular location, as
well as the length of daylight.

• By considering the sun’s path, designers can predict where shade and
direct sunlight will fall on a site, enabling them to make informed
decisions about positioning windows, overhangs, and shading devices.

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Need to study Sun Path Diagrams

• This information is critical for determining the best orientation for a
building and for maximizing solar gain or minimizing it, depending on
the project’s goals.

• By using the sun path diagram, architects can assess the potential for
daylighting and passive solar strategies.

• They can determine the areas of a building that will receive direct
sunlight and design accordingly, incorporating features such as
skylights and light shelves to bring in natural light while minimizing
glare.

• Additionally, they can strategically place shading devices, such as

louvers or awnings, to control heat gain and optimize comfort

In the Northern Hemisphere the Sun is

visible in the Southern Sky

In the Southern Hemisphere the Sun is

visible in the Northern Sky

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Elements of Climate
THE SUN’S MOVEMENT

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Elements of Climate
THE SUN’S MOVEMENT

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Cartesian diagrams or cylindrical diagrams

In summer the Sun’s Altitude angle will

increase due to tilt of the Earth

In winter the Sun’s Altitude angle will

decrease due to tilt of the Earth

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Elements of Climate
SOLAR PATH DIAGRAM
oTheir most immediate use
is that the solar azimuth
and altitude can be read
off directly for any time of
the day and day of the
year. They also provide a
unique summary of solar
position that the designer
can refer to when
considering shading
requirements and design
options.

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Stereographic diagram
Here the Azimuth angle is indicated on a circular axis

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Video - How to read Sunpath diagram

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0B26Am5lRw

Online tools for knowing Sun path Diagram of a place

www.sunearthtools.com
Click on Sun position

www.andrewmash.com
Enter latitude , longitude

EXERCISE

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Solar Azimuth
Angle

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Solar Altitude
Angle

Solar Azimuth
Angle

Sun path Diagram of Jaipur

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Sun path Diagram of Jaipur

Sun path Diagram of Sidney

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Sun path Diagram of Sidney

THANKYOU

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DESIGN OF SHADING DEVICES

DESIGN OF SHADING DEVICES

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DESIGN OF SHADING DEVICES

DESIGN OF SHADING DEVICES

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