TN Highways Department

BRIDGES – TYPES & COMPONENTS

M.N.ANU M.E
A.E (H), P,D&I
SIGNIFICANCE OF BRIDGES
IN ROAD TRANSPORT
 CONTROLS TRAFFIC VOLUME

If width insufficient for

CONTROLS LOAD LIMITS
number of lanes,
causes traffic flow
constriction. EXPENSIVE If strength is deficient, If Bridge fails
heavy loaded vehicles
Highest cost per km. rerouted. Detours maybe unable
Major investment to handle increased
requiring careful traffic volume;
planning. increased travel times
and fuel expenses.

SIGNIFICANCE
OF BRIDGES
CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES
 CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES BASED ON

• Form/Action ◇ Function ◇ Length of bridge

• Beam bridges ￭ Pedestrian bridge ￭ Culvert bridge
￭ Highway bridge (less than 6 m)
• Cantilever bridges
￭ Railway bridge ￭ Minor bridge
• Truss bridges
￭ Road-cum-rail bridge (less than 6 m-60m)
• Arch bridges ￭ Service utility bridge ￭ Major bridge
￭ Aqueduct bridge (canal over a (more than 60 m)
• Cable-stayed bridges
river) ￭ Long span bridge
• Suspension bridges
(more than 120 m)
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BRIDGE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
 BEAM BRIDGES

COMPRESSION  Simplest and most inexpensive kind of bridge

 When a load pushes down the beam
Top edge is pushed together (compression)
TENSION

Bottom edge is stretched (tension).

Planning Design & Investigation

 ARCH BRIDGES

 Squeezing force is carried outward

along the curve to the supports at each end
 The supports (abutments) push back and prevent the
ends of the arch from spreading apart
 Weight of an arch bridge is carried outward along the
curve of the arch to the ends

Planning Design & Investigation

 SUSPENSION BRIDGES
 True to its name, a suspension bridge suspends
the roadway from huge main cables.
 These cables rest on top of high towers and are
secured at each end by anchorages.
 The towers enable the main cables to be
draped over long distances.
 Most of the weight of the bridge is carried by
the cables to the anchorages
 Anchorages are either solid rock or massive
concrete blocks.

Planning Design & Investigation

 CABLE STAYED BRIDGES

 May look similar to suspensions bridges

 Roadway hang from cables
 Cables are attached to the towers
 No anchorages at ends, towers alone bear
the load.
 In a radial pattern, cables extend from
several points on the road to a single point
at the top of the tower.
 In a parallel pattern, cables are attached at
different heights along the tower, running
parallel to one other

Planning Design & Investigation

 ANCIENT BRIDGES

Planning Design & Investigation

 ARKADIKO BRIDGE - GREECE

PONT JULIAN – FRANCE

Planning Design & Investigation

LOS MILAGROS AQUEDUCT - ROME
 ANGKOR BRIDGE- COMBODIA

OLD BRIDGE OF DEZFUL

Planning Design & Investigation
 MEDIEVAL BRIDGES

Planning Design & Investigation

 PONTOON BRIDGES

Planning Design & Investigation

 CAST IRON BRIDGES

 Cast Iron contains about 4% carbon

 Brittle, hard, and non-malleable.
 Can’t be bent or stretched
 Weak tensile strength
 Will fracture before it bends
 Prominent production form in 18th
century
1ST CAST IRON BRIDGE – COALBROOKDALE - 1781

Planning Design & Investigation

 WROUGHT IRON BRIDGES

 More ductile than cast iron

 Highly malleable
 Gets stronger the more it’s worked
 Strongly resist fatigue
 Prominent production form in 19th century

Planning Design & Investigation

 REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES

ALVORD LAKE BRIDGE – FIRST RCC BRIDGE (1889)

Planning Design & Investigation
 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES

WALNUT LANE BRIDGE – FIRST PSC BRIDGE (1950)

Planning Design & Investigation
 MODERN BRIDGES

 PLATE GIRDER BRIDGES

 REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES

 SUSPENSION BRIDGES

 CANTILEVER BRIDGES

Planning Design & Investigation

 PLATE GIRDER BRIDGES

Planning Design & Investigation

 REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES

Planning Design & Investigation

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES

SALEM FLYOVER
Planning Design & Investigation
 SUSPENSION BRIDGES

 Longest suspension bridge in the world

 1991m long

AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE – JAPAN - 1998

Planning Design & Investigation

 CABLE STAYED BRIDGES

 Longest cable stayed bridge in

2008-2012
 1088m long
 Officially opened in 2008

THE LONGEST CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE

SUTONG YANGTZE RIVER BRIDGE - CHINA
Planning Design & Investigation
 CANTILEVER BRIDGES

 Support is required only on one

side of each cantilever
 Does not require shuttering
 Span length can be longer

Planning Design & Investigation

FOOTPRINTS OF TAMILNADU HIGHWAYS
DEPARTMENT
BRIDGE ACROSS RIVER PALAR
 First Pre-Stressed Concrete bridge in India
 Built during 1954
The Pamban Road Bridge

 First sea bridge in Asia

 Built during 1988
 Total length of 2.345km
 Navigation span - single cell box girder type.
Allows ships to pass beneath it like a bow.
(Cantilever type construction)

Out of 74 pillars,
64 built in sea
Pioneer in Flyover concept – Anna Flyover, Anna Salai,
Chennai, 1972

• First Grade Separator in Asia

• Longest flyover in the
country when it was built
Double Decker Bridge, Tirunelveli Town, 1972

 First of its kind in India

 800 m long
 25 spans of which 13 spans
are Bow string arch bridge.
First Elevated Rotary Type ROB, Coimbatore,
1970
 Bowstring Bridges

Singarathope - Cuddalore

Akkaraipettai - Nagai

Planning Design & Investigation Manakudy - Kanyakumari

WHAT DO WE DESIGN?
 BRIDGES WE DESIGN IN TN HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT

◇ RCC / PCC bridges ◇ Slab culverts/ bridges

◇ Pre Stressed Concrete ◇ Voided slab bridges

bridges ◇ Causeways ◇ T – beam cum slab deck bridges
◇ Steel bridges ◇ Submersible bridges ◇ Box girder bridges
◇ Composite bridges ◇ High Level Bridges ◇ Segmental bridges

◇ Integral bridges

◇ Bow string bridges

Vented Causeway

Submersible Causeway
Slab culverts/ bridges

Voided slab bridge

 Pipe culvert

Arch culvert Box culvert

RCC T beam Bridge - Cheyyar

RCC / Steel Composite Bridge

 42

Pre Stressed Concrete Bridge - Segment Launching

Post tensioning
Steel Foot Over Bridge Bowstring bridge
MAJOR COMPONENTS
OF BRIDGES
COMPONENTS
OF A
BRIDGE

Superstructure

Bearing

Substructure

Foundation
SUPERSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
 Deck Slab

RCC deck slab PSC deck slab

Slab deck bridge
EVOLUTION OF SUPERSTRUCTURE DECK

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Girders

Box Girders T beam girders

Girders

Single Cell Box Girder

Multi Cell Box Girder

Multi Spine Box Girder

Beam Cross sections

Stiffened Box Girder with struts

BEARING
 BEARINGS
◇ Sliding bearings

◇ Rocker and pin bearings

◇ Roller bearings

◇ Elastomeric bearings

◇ Curved bearings

◇ Pot bearings

◇ Disk bearings

Elastomeric Bearing Pad Elastomeric Bearing

 Elastomeric bearing with PTFE top for
reduced resistance

Pot Bearing
 Bearings – to transfer loads from
superstructure to substructure
Elastomeric Bearings POT–Cum-PTFE

Metallic Guide Bearings Spherical Bearings

SUBSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
Substructure components

◇ Pedestal

◇ Pier

◇ Abutment
Abutment
 Abutment

Planning Design & Investigation

 ABUTMENT
Solid type Counterfort

Hollow Box Spill through

 Abut Pier

Abut pier with RE (Reinforced Earth) walls

Cross sections of Piers

Pier
Types of Piers
Pier Capping Beam
Aesthetics
FOUNDATION
Foundation Types

◇ Open Foundation
￭ Isolated Footing
￭ Combined Footing

◇ Raft Foundation

◇ Well Foundation

◇ Pile Foundation

Isolated footing
Combined footing Isolated footing – Wall Pier Raft foundation - Open

Well foundation Pile foundations – exposed by scour Piled Raft foundation – scour failure
Planning Design & Investigation
Planning Design & Investigation
Planning Design & Investigation
Planning Design & Investigation
Planning Design & Investigation
 Pneumatic Caisson

Well foundations
MISCELLANEOUS
COMPONENTS

◇ Wearing coat ◇ Crash Barrier / Parapet

◇ Expansion joints ◇ Hand Rails & Posts

◇ Median ◇ Approaches

◇ Footpath / Kerb
 Approaches

Approach slabs
Retaining Walls

Retaining wall – (RCC) RE (Reinforced Earth) wall

RE wall panels

RE wall cross section

Bituminous Wearing Coat Cement Concrete Wearing Coat
 Expansion Joints

Strip Seal Finger Shape

Comb-type Modular type
Modular type
Foot Path & Hand Rails Safety Kerb & Crash Barrier
(1.5 m) (0.75 m)
Parapet Crash Barrier

Median
THANK YOU