Ethiopian TVET-System

Technical & Vocational Education and Training

(TVET) Agency

Comprehensive Nursing

Level IV

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 LEARNING GUIDE #01
Unit of Competence: Migrate to new technology
Title : Migrating to new technology

LG Code : HLT CON4 M12 0112

TTLM Code: HLT CON4 TTLM 12 0113V1
LO1- Apply existing knowledge and techniques to technology transfer

Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #01

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information

regarding the Following content coverage and topics –
LO1: Develop effective workplace relationship
1.1. Identification of existing situation for developing new idea
1.2. Upgrading technology skill
1.3. Method of identifying and using upgraded equipment

Learning Activities
1. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”.
2. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to next module. However, if
your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions.
3. Read the “Operation Sheet” and try to understand the procedures discussed.
4. Practice the steps or procedures as illustrated in the operation sheet. Go to
your teacher if you need clarification or you want answers to your questions
or you need assistance in understanding a particular step or procedure.

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 Apply existing knowledge and techniques to technology transfer
Information Sheet – 1

After completing this chapter (LO), the student should be able to:
1. Identify of existing situation for developing new idea.
2. Know methods of upgrading technology skill.
3. Understand methods of identifying and using upgraded equipment.

1.1. Identifying of existing situation for developing new skills

Developing your skills at work makes sense for a number of reasons:
 helps you do your job better
 keeps your skills up to date
 May help you move into a new position or job in the future.
The first step is to ensure you have a current job description or work
plan so that you understand your work responsibilities. Identify areas
where you may need to develop or learn new skills. These may include
technical or job specific skills such as ability to use a database or
operate machinery. You may also identify general skills such as
communication, teamwork, leadership, project or time management
that apply in any workplace.
With your supervisor, discuss and agree on a plan for developing your skills in
the areas you have identified. You may be able to build skills through ‘on the
job’ training and assistance from your co-workers or in other cases external
training may be most appropriate. It is helpful to agree on a timeframe for your
plan and ensure it is realistic and specific. After a period of time, review your
plan to assess the progress you have made.

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You may also consider approaching someone who has the skills you want to
develop and asking them to mentor or coach you.

1.2 Upgrading technology skill

IT professionals must refresh their skills and use their existing knowledge
when acquiring and implementing new technologies. The following are the
types of skills essential in acquiring and implementing new technologies.
 Technical skills
Once a new technology is identified, it is fundamental that you gain the
technical skills necessary before migrating to it. These technical skills may
relate to hardware, software, network, PC support or programming knowledge.
Building technical skills is an ongoing and never-ending process for an IT
professional. While you rely on your existing technical knowledge to identify
new technologies, you would need to acquire new skills before you can
successfully implement a new technology into the organization.
 Interpersonal and psychological skills
When implementing new technology, an IT professional must further develop
interpersonal and psychological skills, so they can deliver the new technology in
a user-friendly manner.
Interpersonal skills will be useful when you need to convey new information to
the people that would be affected by the technology. Psychological skills will
give you the ability to create harmony in difficult situations and promote better
acceptance of new technology.
As an IT professional implementing new technologies, you need to be skilled in
customer relations, oral and written communications, dependability, teamwork
and leadership.

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Managerial skills
It is important that the IT professional be conversant in managerial and design
skills so that new technology is chosen and implemented in line with business
objectives.

Technology skills May include but not limited to:

 Hardware is a collection of physical elements that comprise
a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer such as monitor, keyboard, Computer data
storage, hard drive disk, mouse, printers, CPU (graphic cards, sound
cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc all of which are physical
objects that you can actually touch. In contrast, software is untouchable.
Software exists as ideas, application, concepts, and symbols, but it has
no substance. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable
computing system.
 Personal computer (PC) is a general-purpose computer, whose size,
capabilities, and original sale price makes it useful for individuals, and
which is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with no
intervening computer operator. This contrasted with the batch processing
or time-sharing models which allowed larger, more
expensive minicomputer and mainframe systems to be used by many
people, usually at the same time. Large data processing systems require
a full-time staff to operate efficiently.
 Networks
A network is an interconnection of two or more computers and other
peripheral devices.
Computers can be linked together in many different ways. At its simplest
level, a computer network consists of two computers connected to each
other by a cable.
 To share resources such as printer, scanner and database.
 To exchange information using E-mail or sending files

 Storage devices

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 Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to
computer components and recording media that retain digital data. Data
storage is one of the core functions and fundamental components of
computers.

 communications equipment
Communication equipment - facility consisting of the physical plants and
equipment for disseminating information

communication system booster amplifier, booster station, relay link, relay

station, relay transmitter, booster - an amplifier for restoring the strength of a
transmitted signal communications satellite - an artificial satellite that relays
signals back to earth; moves in a geostationary orbit facility, installation - a
building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular
industry; "the assembly plant is an enormous facility" fiber-optic transmission
system, fiber-optic transmission system, FOTS - a communication system
using fiber optic cables infrastructure, base - the stock of basic facilities and
capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area; "the
industrial base of Japan" network - (broadcasting) a communication system
consisting of a group of broadcasting stations that all transmit the same
programs; "the networks compete to broadcast important sports events" radio
station - station for the production and transmission of AM or FM radio
broadcasts set - any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv
signals; "the early sets ran on storage batteries" television station, TV station -
station for the production and transmission of television broadcasts

1.2. Method of identifying and using upgraded equipment

Using new or upgraded equipment

Working in an IT environment often means adjusting to change. New
equipment is often purchased and old equipment is often upgraded. In most
organizations, it is the IT department’s job to test new/upgraded equipment,

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 familiarize themselves with the equipment and then pass this knowledge onto
the relevant staff of the organization. Different organizations have varying
procedures for this process. Some may be quite rigorous, involving filling in
paperwork to ensure that warranties/guarantees are kept valid.

Equipment May include but not limited to:

 Workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or
scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time,
they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-
user operating systems. The term workstation has also been used to refer to a
mainframe computer terminal or a PC connected to a network.
 Personal computer (PC) is a general-purpose computer, whose
size, capabilities, and original sale price makes it useful for individuals, and which
is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with no intervening computer
operator. This contrasted with the batch processing or time-sharing models which
allowed larger, more expensive minicomputer and mainframe systems to be used
by many people, usually at the same time. Large data processing systems require
a full-time staff to operate efficiently.
 Hard drive is the central storage device for data on your computer.
The documents you create, the music you listen to, the games you play, and the
video you watch are all stored on the hard drive. This is why it’s not only
important to choose a hard drive that is optimized for your primary purpose, it’s
also critical to always back up all your data so you don’t lose your hard work and
precious data.
 Monitor is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor
comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure. The display device in
modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD)

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thin panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray tube about as deep as the
screen size.
 Modem is a device that allows computer information to be
transmitted and received over a telephone line Modems are most commonly used
to connect to the Internet.
A modem is a peripheral device that enables computers to communicate with
each other over conventional telephone lines
The word modem comes from combining the words MOdulator and DEModulator.
It converts digital information to analog by Modulating it on the sending end and
Demodulating the analog information into digital information at the receiving end.
 Other Connectivity devices
The majority of external peripheral devices connect to the back of the computer’s
system unit with cables. The computer’s system unit has a variety of ports
available for use by different peripheral device cables. A port is a socket that is
used to connect the cables from peripheral devices to the computer.

 Printer
In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a text and/or graphics of
documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as
paper or transparencies. Many printers are primarily used as local peripherals,
and are attached by a printer cable or, in most newer printers, a USB cable to a
computer which serves as a document source.
 Digital subscriber line (DSL) modem is a device used to connect
a computer or router to a telephone line which has the digital subscriber
line service configured, to allow the computer to connect to the Internet. Put
simply, a DSL modem or DSL router is what is needed in order to connect to DSL
broadband.

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 Switch
In networks, a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments.
Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network
layer (layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model and therefore support any packet
protocol. LANs that use switches to join segments are called switched LANs or, in
the case of Ethernet networks, switched Ethernet LANs.

 Hub
A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to
connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives
at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see
all packets.

 Personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop computer,

or personal data assistant is a mobile device that functions as a personal
information manager. PDAs are largely considered obsolete with the widespread
adoption of smart phones.

 other Peripheral devices can be external -- such as

a mouse, keyboard, printer, monitor, external Zip drive or scanner -- or internal,
such as a CD-ROM drive, CD-R drive or internal modem.

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 Self-Check LO-1 Written Test

 1. What are the reasons for developing your skill at work?

 2. ________ is an interconnection of two or more computers
and other peripheral devices?

Matching
__1. Hardware A) is a high end micro computer designed for technical or scientific application

__2. Monitors B) a collection of physical elements that comprises a computer system

__3. Modem C) is an electric visual display for computers

__4. Hub D) a device that allows computer information to be transmitted & received over a telephone line

__5. Work station E) a common connection point for devices in a net work

Note: Satisfactory rating - 15 points Unsatisfactory -

below 15 points

You can ask your teacher to get the correct answers.

Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

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Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Short Answer Questions

1. Helps you do your job better

.Keeps your skills up to date

.May help you move in to a new position or job in the future

2. C) Net works

Matching
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. E
5. A

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 Araya Kahsu Health Science College

Community participation Level IV

LEARNING GUIDE #02

Unit of Competence: Migrate to new technology

Title : Migrating to new technology

LG Code : HLT CON4 M12 0112

TTLM Code: HLT CON4 TTLM 12 0113V1
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 LO2- Apply functions of technology to assist in solving organizational
problems

Instruction Sheet LEARNING GUIDE #02

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information

regarding the Following content coverage and topics –
LO2: Evaluate new or upgraded technology performance
2.1. Technique of testing upgrading equipments
2.2. Key features and function of upgrading equipment
2.3. Application of software and equipment
2.4. Understanding of sources of upgraded equipment

Learning Activities
1. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”.
2. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to next module. However, if
your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions.
3. Read the “Operation Sheet” and try to understand the procedures discussed.
4. Practice the steps or procedures as illustrated in the operation sheet. Go to
your teacher if you need clarification or you want answers to your questions or
you need assistance in understanding a particular step or procedure.

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 Apply functions of technology to assist in solving
Information Sheet– 2
organizational problems

After completing this chapter, the student should be able to:

1. Describe Techniques of testing upgrading equipments.

2. Know key features and functions of upgrading equipment.
3. Know how to apply software and equipment.
4. Understand sources of upgraded equipment.

2.1. Technique of testing upgrading equipments

Whether it is a HABCO manufactured device, or one of another manufacturer,
HABCO can upgrade or modify your existing device to one of current vintage.
With technology advancing each year and your need for continued reliability, let
HABCO upgrade your current stand to "like new" condition. This is typically a
much more affordable, and quicker, option than ordering a brand new design
and build test stand.
HABCO is committed to the long-term sustainment of your test and support
equipment. HABCO has the ability to modify and upgrade not only those pieces
of equipment that we have manufactured, but we can also modify and upgrade
test and support equipment manufactured by other companies. HABCO
routinely upgrades test stands and control systems related to hydraulic
systems, pneumatic systems, actuation systems, fuel systems, lube oil

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systems, APUs, gas turbine engine fuel nozzle testing, and gas turbine engine
air flow and vacuum leakage testing.
Customers that have upgraded their legacy equipment have received the
following benefits:
 Automation
 Flexibility for in cell testing
 Zero changeover downtime
 SPC software
 Condition based monitoring
 Automated email alerts warning of potential issues
 More user friendly interfaces
 More ergonomic footprint
 Lower energy costs
 and much more
Contact a HABCO representative today to discuss your system upgrade.

In computer science, the test-and-set instruction is an instruction used to

write to a memory location and return its old value as a single atomic (i.e.,
non-interruptible) operation. If multiple processes may access the same
memory, and if a process is currently performing a test-and-set, no other
process may begin another test-and-set until the first process is
done. CPUs may use test-and-set instructions offered by other electronic
components, such as dual-port RAM; CPUs may also offer a test-and-set
instruction themselves.

Hardware implementation of test-and-set

DPRAM test-and-set instructions can work in many ways. Here are two

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variations, both of which describe a DPRAM which provides exactly 2 ports,
allowing 2 separate electronic components (such as 2 CPUs) access to every
memory location on the DPRAM.
Variation 1
When CPU 1 issues a test-and-set instruction, the DPRAM first makes an
"internal note" of this by storing the address of the memory location in a special
place. If at this point, CPU 2 happens to issue a test-and-set instruction for the
same memory location, the DPRAM first checks its "internal note", recognizes
the situation, and issues a BUSY interrupt, which tells CPU 2 that it must wait
and retry. This is an implementation of a busy waiting or spinlock using the
interrupt mechanism. Since this all happens at hardware speeds, CPU 2's wait
to get out of the spin-lock is very short.
Whether or not CPU 2 was trying to access the memory location, the DPRAM
performs the test given by CPU 1. If the test succeeds, the DPRAM sets the
memory location to the value given by CPU 1. Then the DPRAM wipes out its
"internal note" that CPU 1 was writing there. At this point, CPU 2 could issue a
test-and-set, which would succeed.
Variation 2
CPU 1 issues a test-and-set instruction to write to "memory location A". The
DPRAM does not immediately store the value in memory location A, but instead
simultaneously moves the current value to a special register, while setting the
contents of memory location A to a special "flag value". If at this point, CPU 2
issues a test-and-set to memory location A, the DPRAM detects the special flag
value, and as in Variation 1, issues a BUSY interrupt.
Whether or not CPU 2 was trying to access the memory location, the DPRAM
now performs CPU 1's test. If the test succeeds, the DPRAM sets memory
location A to the value specified by CPU 1. If the test fails, the DPRAM copies
the value back from the special register to memory location A. Either operation

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wipes out the special flag value. If CPU 2 now issues a test-and-set, it will
succeed.

2.2. Key features and function of upgrading equipment

Function
A GBIC module acts as a transceiver that turns electric currents into optical
signals, before changing those optical signals into digital electric currents, as
stated by searchcio-midmarket.com. The process was created to simplify switch
and hub design. Each GBIC cisco module price is in place for making system
administration of electro-optical communication networks easier. These
modules plug directly into a system. They were first designed to support Fibre
Channel data networks but are also used with Gigabit Ethernet setups. This
device made it possible for users to avoid buying fully populated switching
equipment.

Transfer Speed
Data transfer rates vary on GBIC module model specifications, but they have a
minimum of 1 gigabit per second. Manufacturers, such as Cisco, make GBIC
modules with varying transfer speeds.

Uses
A GBIC module allows a user to reconfigure fiber links, configure tailor receiver
costs, link networking distances and organize network topologies based on set
requirements. Used on a fiber optic or an Ethernet system, GBIC modules can
be upgraded, swapped out or plugged in without turning off the computer. This
flexibility eliminates the need to replace entire system networking boards.

2.3. Application of software and equipment

Applications May include but not limited to:

 commercial software applications

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 Commercial software, or sometimes payware, is computer software that
is produced for sale or that serves commercial purposes.

Commercial software can be proprietary software, and free software

packages may also be commercial software. [better source needed] as
long as the source code is distributed on subsequent request.

All or parts of software packages and services that support commerce are
increasingly made available as free software[citation needed].

 organization-specific software
Software which are used only for specific purposes are called specific
purpose application software. For example, accounting software (like Tally,
Busy, etc.), custom made software (like payroll, billing, reservation, etc.).

 Word processing
A word processing program (such as Microsoft Word) allows you to
produce letters, memos, etc., easily. You can easily mail merge a list of
names and addresses to produce mass mailers, individually addressed to
customers or subscribers.
 Spreadsheets
A spreadsheet program (such as Microsoft Excel) allows you to work out a
company’s income, expenditure and then calculate the balance. It enables
you to make ‘what if ’ type projections of how the company will fair in the
future and to forecast how changes in prices will affect profits.

 Databases
A database program (such as Microsoft Access) allows you to compile
information and then to search this information to extract just the

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 information you require. For instance, if you have a database of all the
equipment housed within an office you can very simply produce a report
listing only the equipment above a certain value.

 Graphic Presentations
The presentation programs can make giving presentations and using
overheads easier. Other uses include:
 Slide Shows
 Repeating Computer Presentations on a computer monitor
 Using Sound and animation in slide shows
The most recognized graphic presentation programs are Microsoft
PowerPoint and Harvard Graphics.

 communication packages
Communication Service
The communication package of SEMPER provides connectivity between modules
in separate entities. The basic communication service is provided by ComPoints.
A ComPoint is an object which allows an application program to access the
underlying communication protocol, e.g., tcp or http. It allows a module to
receive all messages directed to its port. This service is refined by Channels,
which allow the receiving module to specify the correlator of the message that
it is expecting. ComPoint and Channel APIs are based on the synchronous, i.e.
blocking, model.

ComPoints
ComPoint, like socket, is an object which allows an application program to
access the underlying communication protocol. For each supported protocol,
there is class that implements ComPoint. In order to simplify the task of the
application programs, these implementation classes are not a part of API.
Instead, a ComManager class is provided which examines the protocol field in
the desired address and constructs a ComPoint of the corresponding
implementation class. The addresses themselves are defined

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by ComPointAddress. The constants are defined in ComPointConstants. There
are also ComPointExceptions which are thrown in case of errors, but, for the
sake of simplicity, are not caught in the following code samples.

Note that the Communication Block must be initialized through the init method
of the ComManager class. This init method invokes the corresponding methods
of the classes implementing the communication protocols, currently
ComPointTCP, ComPointHTTP and ComPointMail. The invocation of the init
method of ComPointMail will result in an actual initialization, only if the three
parameters which are used by ComPointMail (see the section on the
configuration parameters below) are set in the configuration file. Otherwise, the
mail protocol may not be used.

Software may include but not limited to:

 user-based software for new business processes
 customer relationship management,
 Customer relationship management (CRM) is a model for
managing a company’s interactions with current and future customers.
It involves using technology to organize, automate, and
synchronize sales, marketing, customer service, and technical support.

 It can help reduce costs and increase profitability by organizing and

automating business processes that nurture customer satisfaction and
loyalty.
 CRM delivers a holistic view of each customer that enables client-
facing employees to make expedited and educated decisions about
strategic efforts in the sales, marketing, and customer service fields.

 integrated services (e.g. banking and financial services)

Integrated Services Data Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of

communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video,
data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public
switched telephone network. It was first defined in 1988 in the CCITT red

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 book.[1] Prior to ISDN, the telephone system was viewed as a way to transport
voice, with some special services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is
that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were
not available in the classic telephone system. There are several kinds of access
interfaces to ISDN defined as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary Rate
Interface (PRI) and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN).
 ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides
access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of
voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially
better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-
switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched
connections (for data), in increments of 64 kilobit/s. A major market
application for ISDN in some countries is Internet access, where ISDN typically
provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s in both upstream and downstream
directions. Channel bonding can achieve a greater data rate; typically the ISDN
B-channels of three or four BRIs (six to eight 64 kbit/s channels) are bonded.
 ISDN should not be mistaken for its use with a specific protocol, such
as Q.931 whereby ISDN is employed as the network, data-link and physical
layers in the context of the OSI model. In a broad sense ISDN can be
considered a suite of digital services existing on layers 1, 2, and 3 of the OSI
model. ISDN is designed to provide access to voice and data services
simultaneously.
 However, common use reduced ISDN to be limited to Q.931 and related
protocols, which are a set of protocols for establishing and breaking circuit
switched connections, and for advanced calling features for the user. They
were introduced in 1986.[2]

2.4. Understanding sources of upgraded equipment

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 Self-Check LO-2 Written Test

 Define the term commercial software?

 What are organizational specific-soft wares?

Note: Satisfactory rating - 15 points Unsatisfactory -

below 15 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Short Answer Questions

1. Commercial software, or sometimes pay ware, is computer software that is

produced for sale or that serves commercial purposes.

2. Software which are used only for specific purposes are called specific purpose
application software. For example, accounting software (like Tally, Busy, etc.),
custom made software (like payroll, billing, reservation, etc.).

Araya Kahsu Health Science College

Logo
Community participation and mobilization

Level IV

LEARNING GUIDE #03

Unit of Competence: Migrate to new technology

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 Title: Migrating to new technology

LG Code : HLT CON4 M12 0112

TTLM Code: HLT CON4 TTLM 12 0113V1

LO3- Evaluate new upgraded technology performance

Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #03

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information

regarding the Following content coverage and topics –
LO3: Apply functions of technology to assist in solving organizational
problems
3.1. Understanding of OHS standard
3.2. Method of evaluating upgraded equipment
3.3. Concept of environmental consideration
3.4. Systems of collecting feedback

Learning Activities
1. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”.
2. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to next module. However, if
your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions.
3. Read the “Operation Sheet” and try to understand the procedures discussed.
4. Practice the steps or procedures as illustrated in the operation sheet. Go to
your teacher if you need clarification or you want answers to your questions or
you need assistance in understanding a particular step or proce

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 Information Sheet – 1 data collection for business

After completing this chapter, the student should be able to:

1. Describe and understand OHS standard.

2. Understand methods of evaluating upgraded equipments.
3. Understand the concepts of environmental consideration.
4. Know systems of .collecting feedback

3.1. Understanding of OHS standard

Occupational Health and Safety of a piece of equipment needs to be
evaluated. It is unreasonable to make users operate unsafe equipment that
could lead to illness or accident. Items to be considered include:

 Safety of cabling to equipment;

 Electrical testing of equipment (ensure is up to date);

 Equipment meets ergonomic requirements;

 Appropriate training is provided to users to ensure safe operation of

equipment;
Any safety Equipment required for operation of machines is provided and
used.

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 OHS standards May include but not limited to:
 correct posture
 lighting
 type of desk and style of chair
 type of monitor
 typing position
 repetitive strain injury prevention
 ventilation
 light position
 correct lifting method, and length of time in front of computer
 physical safety considerations such as general electrical safety and cabling
 Power supply and leads as they apply to computer and peripheral
installations

3.2. Method of evaluating upgraded equipment

Evaluating new or upgraded equipment

Equipment in an organization needs to be evaluated in a number of areas

including performance, usability and against Occupational Health and Safety.
Environmental considerations should also be taken into account. There are
many reasons for this, the foremost being that organizations need to ensure
that equipment is working at it’s optimum to make sure that users can be
effective workers. Time lost on equipment that is not working properly, or is
ineffective means lost money and efficiency. It can also impact on employee’s
job satisfaction level – as it can be very frustrating not to have the tools you
require to do a good job.

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The performance of equipment should be evaluated. Equipment that no longer
performs to a certain standard should be marked for upgrading or replacement.
Performance can be evaluated in the following areas:

Do all functions of the equipment work effectively?

Is the operating speed of the piece of equipment reasonable?

Does the equipment meet the requirements of the user?

Is the piece of equipment reliable? (ie does it start every time?)

The usability of a piece of equipment is probably the most important element

for IT users. If equipment is hard to use, people will be reluctant to use it –
wasting time and money. The best way to measure usability is to survey users
on the difficulty level of using the machine. It can be rated as difficult,
challenging or easy to use. There can be many measures for this – How long
did it take you to learn how to use the machine? Could you learn to use it
yourself or did you access help? Was this help in the form of a user manual or
another user?
3.3. Concept of environmental consideration
Environmental considerations also need to be taken into account. Energy
conservation, recycling and safe disposal of products has become an important
focus for many businesses. When referring to equipment the following should
be considered:

 Energy efficiency of product (considered when purchasing);

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  Heat produced by product;

 Environmental considerations of consumables (eg appropriate disposal of

print cartridges);

 Recycling opportunities. Environmental considerations for new equipment

and software
It is important to use a formal process to ensure that potential environment
problems are foreseen and addressed at early stages of the implementation of
new hardware or software. However, a careful environmental impact
assessment prior to implementation does not exempt you from re-visiting this
topic during the evaluation stage.
Assessment of the environmental impact of using the technology must be
done against:
 resources
 labour
 infrastructure
 supporting technologies required.
Factors that could bring favourable environmental outcomes are:
 reduction in wastage
 replacement of old equipment that is not environmentally friendly
 reduction in paper usage
 reduction in energy consumption.
Factors that could pose a challenge are:
 environmental issues relating to disposal of obsolete computer supplies,
hardware and other equipment
 environmental issues relating to communication devices, wireless
communication devices in particular

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  the apparent need of many organisations to purchase large numbers of
new computers. (It is estimated that 1.8 tons of raw materials are
required to produce the average desktop personal computer and monitor.
Imagine the negative impact of the production on the environment!)
Another major consideration when purchasing new equipment is whether it is
designed with environmental attributes. The environmental responsibility does
not stop there. The users of technology must do so responsibly by using
software and hardware that can reduce wastage as well as minimise printed
material and energy consumption, etc.

Environmental Consideration May include but not limited to:

 recycling
 safe disposal of packaging (e.g. cardboard, polystyrene, paper, plastic)
 correct disposal of redundant hardware (e.g. motherboards, hard drives,
circuit boards) by an authorized body

3.4. Systems of collecting feedback

The value of feedback
Feedback is extremely valuable in the evaluation of hardware and software as it
provides an effective balance for your own observations and walkthroughs on
the system. This is an ongoing process of keeping IT professionals informed of
the performance and usability of the system and should not be treated as
merely an event.
While positive feedback reinforces the implementation of the system, negative
feedback provides very valuable information about how to improve the usability
and the performance of the system. The performance improvements made due
to the feedback will ultimately benefit the organisation.

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Gathering feedback
The goal of collecting feedback from users and gathering information from other
sources is to enable the technology committee to assess how well the software
and hardware implementation is satisfying the key usability and performance
indicators.
Sources of information
You can gather data from people, documents, performance data, observation of
events or any other empirical method such as experiments and benchmarking.
Basic feedback gathering methods
The ideal form of feedback gathering is to use a combination of the following
methods depending on time and organisational factors.
Observations, walkthroughs and site visits
These are conducted to get first hand information on performance and usability
features of the system. The internal or external evaluators will observe all
stakeholders using the technology and observe usability and performance
indicators of the system.
Walkthroughs are conducted where an evaluator walks through a certain
feature to assess how the system performs that feature with respect to usability
and performance indicators.
Interviews
Here are some tips for conducting interviews:
 Choose stakeholders who would have greater or unique involvement with
the new system.
 Communicate the purpose of the interview to the interviewee.
 Ask brief questions relevant to performance and usability of the system.
 Don’t interrupt.
 Be a good listener.
 Take notes.

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Focus groups
These are group interview situations where discussions can take place about
the usability and the performance of the hardware and software. Here are some
tips for conducting focus groups:
 Reward the attendees by providing refreshments as this could be a good
motivator.
 Start and finish on time.
 Be prepared to hear positive and negative comments.
 Be prepared with prompting questions to start the discussions about
usability and performance of the system.
 Let the participants communicate and listen carefully.
 Avoid being defensive.
 Listen to all comments.
 Engage a note-taker.
Surveys and questionnaires
These are used to gather quantifiable data about the system from a large
number of people. You should make allowances for the low response rate and
the slow response time. Here are some tips for conducting surveys:
 State the objective of the survey as evaluating the performance and
usability of the new technology.
 Keep the survey to a manageable length.
 Use both open-ended and closed questions.
Analysing and processing feedback
All data regardless of how and from where it was collected must be summarised
against the performance and usability indicators so they are more manageable.
In almost all case, both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected and
used.
 The performance measurements such as error rates will be quantitative
and will be easy to interpret.

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  Performance measurements such as reliability could be a combination of
qualitative and quantitative data.
 Usability indicators could be qualitative or quantitative.

Feedback May include but not limited to:

 Surveys
Survey may refer to:
Quantitative research
 Survey methodology, a method for collecting quantitative information
about items in a population
 Paid computer, a method that companies use to collect consumer
opinions about a product by paying consumers for participating in the computer
games
Geography
 Surveying, the technique and science of measuring positions and
distances on Earth
 Aerial survey, a method of collecting information using aerial photography
 Cadastral survey, used to document land ownership, by the production of
documents, diagrams, plats, and maps
 Dominion Land Survey, the method used to divide most of Western
Canada into one-square-mile sections for agricultural and other purposes
 Public Land Survey System, a method used in the United States to survey
and identify land parcels
 Survey township, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side,
used by the U.S. Public Land Survey System

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Earth sciences
 Geological survey, an investigation of the subsurface of the ground to
create a geological map or model
 Geophysical survey, the systematic collection of geophysical data for
spatial studies
 Soil survey, the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given
area
 Hydrographic survey, the gathering of information about navigable waters
for the purposes of safe navigation of vessels
 Cave survey, the three-dimensional mapping of underground caverns; the
resulting map is also referred to as a survey
Construction and mining
 Construction surveying, the locating of structures relative to a reference
line, used in the construction of buildings, roads, mines, and tunnels
 Deviation survey, used in the oil industry to measure a borehole's
departure from the vertical
Archaeology
 Archaeological field survey, the collection of information by archaeologists
prior to excavation
Astronomy
 Astronomical survey, imaging or mapping regions of the sky
 Durchmusterung, a German word for a systematic survey of objects or
data, generally used in astronomy
 Redshift survey, an astronomical survey of a section of the sky to
calculate the distance of objects from Earth
Academia
 Survey article, a scholarly publication to summarize an area of research

 Questionnaires

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  A questionnaire is a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain
statistically useful information about a given topic.[1] When properly
constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires become a vital
instrument by which statements can be made about specific groups or
people or entire populations.
 Questionnaires are frequently used in quantitative marketing
research and social research. They are a valuable method of collecting a
wide range of information from a large number of individuals, often
referred to as respondents. Adequate questionnaire construction is
critical to the success of a survey. Inappropriate questions, incorrect
ordering of questions, incorrect scaling, or bad questionnaire format can
make the survey valueless, as it may not accurately reflect the views and
opinions of the participants. A useful method for checking a questionnaire
and making sure it is accurately capturing the intended information is to
pretest among a smaller subset of target respondents.

 interviews and meetings

o An interview is a conversation between two or more people
where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or statements
from the interviewee. Although interviews are a standard part of journalism
and media reporting, the focus of this piece is on how interviews can be used
as a tool for psychological research.
o A meeting is a gathering of two or more people that has been convened for
the purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal interaction, such as
sharing information or reaching agreement. Meetings may occur face to face
or virtually, as mediated by communications technology, such as atelephone
conference call, a skyped conference call or a videoconference.

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 Self-Check LO-3 Written Test

 What are the items to be considered (used) in OHS?

 What are the concept of the of environmental consideration?

Note: Satisfactory rating - 15 points Unsatisfactory -

below 15 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Short Answer Questions

1. A) Safety of cabeling to equipment

B) Electrical Testing of equipments

C) Equipment meets ergonomic requirements

2. A) Energy conservation

B) Recycling and self disposal of products

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