MP3002/MP4012 Mechanics of

Deformable Solids
Tutorial 11: Vibration Isolation and
Transient Vibrations
 Question 1
• A 1570-kg automobile is supported on four-coil
springs, each with a spring modulus of 25 N/mm. In
traveling over an elevated expressway, a vertical
vibratory (bouncing) motion is excited. Each span of
the expressway way is 25m in length and sags 15 mm
at midspan. Determine the maximum vertical
excursion of the automobile traveling at 100 km/h
over the expressway. Damping is neglected.
• [Steidel, Problem 4.6, page 109]

2
 Solution to Question 1
• Applying Newton’s second law:
mx =
−k ( x − y ) ⇒ mx + kx =
ky
• Both the base excitation and response are harmonic
y =Y sin ωt and x =X sin ωt What are amplitude of
• Solving for amplitude yields base excitation and
driving frequency?
kY
X= x x(t )
k − mω 2 m
t

k c
x(t ) y (t ) = Y sin ω t
y
0.015m (2Y )
y (t ) = Y sin ω t t

25m 3
 … Solution to Question 1
• The amplitude of base excitation is
Y = 15mm/2=7.5mm
• The driving frequency is measured from linear speed
L L
V= =
T 2π ω
x x(t )
 
V m
⇒ω = 2π   t
L
 km 1000m hr 1  k
=ω 2π  100 × × × 
c
y (t ) = Y sin ω t
 hr 3600s km 25m  y
0.015m (2Y )
= 6.98rad/s t

25m

4
 … Solution to Question 1
• Given the following information:
Total stiffness: k = 4×25N/mm = 100 ×103 N/m
Total mass: m = 1570 kg
Base excitation amplitude: Y=0.0075 m
Driving frequency: ω=6.98 rad/s
• Substituting numerical values into following
kY 100 × 103 N/m × 0.0075m
=X =
k − mω 2 100 × 103 N/m − 1570kg × ( 6.98rad/s )2
= 31.9mm x
m
x(t ) 2X
t
• Maximum excursion is
k c
2 X = 2 × 31.9mm=63.8mm
y
t 5
 Question 2
• A 350-kg gasoline engine driven air compressor
operates at 800 power strokes per minute. When
mounted on rubber pads, the transmitted force is
reduced to one fourth of the value without rubber
pads.
• What was the static deflection of the rubber pads?
• [Steidel, Problem 4.8, page 109]
Fsinωt Fsinωt

Bad solution Good solution

Machine Machine

Isolators
Ground
Ground
 Solution to Question 2 f(t)=F0sinωt
• The force transmitted to the ground is m
FT = kX
k x(t)
• Vibration amplitude X is solved as
F0
X= from mx + kx = F0 sin ω t fT(t)=kx(t)
k − mω 2

• Hence, =
F =
kX
kF0
⇒
FT
=
k
T
k − mω 2 F0 k − mω 2
FT FT
>1 <1
F0 F0
• Given m=350kg, f=850 cpm/60s,
and FT F0 = − 1 4 FT
F0
• Determine the stiffness k and
static deflection ∆ under mg −1 4
0
0
ω ωn
 Solution to Question 2
• Over the frequency regime, the reduced force
transmission ratio is negative F
F
>1
F
F
<1 T T

0 0
FT k 1
= = −
F0 k − mω 2 4 FT
⇒ 4k =−k + mω 2 F0

5k = mω 2 −1 4
• Hence, the stiffness is 0
0
ω ωn
2
 800 
k= mω 2 5= 350kg ×  2π ×  / 5= 491.3kN/m
 60 
mg
• According to Hooke’s law
m
mg 350mg × 9.81m/s 2
=
∆ = = 0.007m ∆
k 491.3kN/m (Ans) k
 Question 3
• A high-speed diesel engine is mounted on four
rubber pads such that deflection is 5mm. If the
engine and coupling has a mass of 300kg, above
what speed must the motor run for 95% isolation
from force transmission?
• [Steidel, Problem 4.18, page 112]

9
 … Solution to Question 3
• Harmonic force is applied on the engine
block and it is tranmitted to the ground f(t)=F0sinωt

through the engine mount rubber m

fT (t ) = kx(t ) k x(t)
• Vibration of the engine block on engine
mount is governed by fT(t)=kx(t)
mx + kx = F0 sin ω t
F0
• Amplitude for the forced vibration is X =
k − mω 2
• Hence, the transmitted force is kF0
FT =
k − mω 2
• Force transmission ratio is thus FT k
==
F0 k − mω 2
10
 … Solution to Question 3
• To achieve 95% isolation from the force excitation,
the force transmission should be 5%
FT k Negative sign is to account that the
−0.05 == = 2 transmitted force is opposite to excitation
F0 k − mω force with driving freq. > resonant freq.

• Given the m=300kg, static spring deflection ∆=5mm

• Determine the operating frequency f FT > 1 FT < 1
F0 F0
– For solving we need to determine
the spring constant from Hooke’s law FT
F0

− 1 20 ω ωn
0
0
11
 … Solution to Question 3
• From the transmission ratio:
1
−=
k
⇒ 21k = mω 2
mg
20 k − mω 2
m
• we find the operating frequency k
∆

ω 1 k
=
f = 21
2π 2π m
• Though not given, the stiffness of rubber pads can be
calculated following the Hooke’s law
mg 300kg × 9.81m/s2
=
k = = 588.6 kN/m
∆ 5mm
• Hence, 1 21 × 588.6 kN/m
f = 32.32Hz (Ans)
2π 300kg
12
 Question 4: Drop test
• As derived in the lecture note example,
the mass travel with x upon contact with m
ground:
k
−(mg / k ) cos ωnt + (v0 / ωn ) sin ωnt + mg / k
x(t ) =

• Acceleration can be obtained by twice

time differentiation h

m m
x(t ) k
k
h

13
• The velocity is
x (t ) (mg / k )ωn sin ωnt + v0 cos ωnt

• The acceleration is
x(t ) (mg / k )ωn2 cos ωnt − v0ωn sin ωnt

= g cos ωnt − ωn 2 gh sin ωnt =
because ωn2
k=
m and v0 2 gh

• Further re-expression yields

k k g
2h because ω=
2
= =
g
= g cos ωnt − g sin ωnt ∆ st
n
m mg
∆ st
• Re-express the sum of sine and cosine 2h
g 1+
as a sine function: ∆ st g
β
2h
x=
 −g 1+ sin (ωnt − β ) 2h
∆ st g
∆ st

14
• Re-expressing the acceleration at its maximum gives

xmax 2h
= +1
−g ∆ st

• The maximum acceleration experienced during the drop-test

increases with the height of drop.
4

3 
xmax 2h

xmax = +1
2 −g ∆ st
−g
1

0
2h
0 5 10 15
∆ st

15
 Question 5
• A mass m1 hangs from a spring k and is
in static equilibrium. A second mass m2 k
drops from a height h and sticks to m2 m2
without rebound, as shown in the h
figure. Determine the subsequent m1
motion and plot the displacement of x
mass m1 over time.

16
 Question 4
• Apply Newton’s 2nd to the combined
masses after the impact
( m1 + m2 )=
x ( m1 + m2 ) g − k ( ∆ + x )
 m2
– Static deflection ∆ is determined from h
the force balance before impact m1
0 m1 g − k ∆
= x
• Hence, the EOM becomes Free body diagram
( m1 + m2 ) x + kx =
m2 g Just after impact
k(∆+x)
• With initial conditions that m2
x (= = 0
t 0) At the moment of impact m1
x (= = x0
t 0) (m1+m2)g

17
 … Question 4
• What is the initial velocity dx(0)/dt of the combined
mass m1+m2? It was gained as a result of the impact
between the mass m2 and the stationery m1.
• The mass m2 falls through a height h and gains in
velocity to v0 just before the impact
1 ( Kinetic energy gained vo h
m2v0 = m2 gh
2 m 2
2 = Potential energy lost) m1
0 m/s
∴ v0 =2 gh x0
• Upon impact between two, momentum is conserved
m2 m2
( m1 + m2 ) x0 =
m2v0 =
⇒ x0 = v0 2 gh
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
18
 … Solution to Question 4
• As derived, EOM is:
( m1 + m2 ) x + kx =
m2 g
• Solution to the EOM is
m2 g k
x = A sin ωn t + B cos ωn t + with ωn =
k m1 + m2
• Substitute initial displacement.
m2 g m2 g
x (0) = 0 = 0 + B + ⇒B=−
k k
• Velocity is :
x = ω A cos ωt − ω B sin ωt + 0
• Substitute with initial velocity
x0m2 2 gh
x0= ω A − 0 + 0 ⇒ A= =
ωn ( m1 + m2 ) ωn
19
 … Solution to Question 4
• Substitute the obtained coefficient A and B into the
solution m 2 gh mg mg
=x 2
sin ωn t − 2
cos ωn t + 2

( m1 + m2 ) ωn k k
• Because k
ωn =
m1 + m2
• The solution becomes
 2 hk g  m g
=x  sin ωnt − cos ωnt + 1 2
 ( m1 + m2 )  k
 2hω 2  m g
=  n
sin ωnt − cos ωnt + 1 2
 g  k
20
 … Solution to Question 4
• Normalize the solution
x  2hω 2 
+ 1  sin (ωnt − β )
g
=
1+  n
with β = tan −1
m2 g k  g  2hωn2
 
• Plotting the equation above yields
2π
x
ωn 2hωn2
+1
m2 g k g 2hωn2
+1
g
1
1 β
β
2hωn2
t g

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