PHYSICS-Xil

9. For coulomb force to be operative the least size of (a) 1.64 X 10'^^ N, 2.4 x 10"^^N
atom will be
-12 -15
(fc) 1.64x10'“^ N, 1.5xlO^N
-10 -8
(a) 10 m (b) 10 m (c) 10 id) 10 (c) 1.56 X 10“^® N, 2.4 X 10“^^N
m m

10. Two charges of equal magnitudes and at a (d) 1.5x10^ N, 2.4xlO“^^N

distance r exert a force F on each other. If the charges
15. A proton moving at constant velocity enters the
are halved and distance between them is doubled, then
region between two charged plates, as shown below.
the new force acting on eacli charge is A
F F
(«)t (c) 4 F
8 16
B

Based on Forces between Multiple Charges :

P
The Superposition Principle
D
11. Four charges are + (1 + 2q
arranged at the comers of a A B

square ABCD as shown in the E

O
figure. The force on the charge
Which of the paths shown correctly indicates the
kept at the centre O is
proton's trajectory after leaving the region between the
(i7) zero D C charged plates ?
{b) along the diagonal BD -2q + 4
(fl) A (&) B (c) C (d) D
(c) along the diagonal AC
16. The electric field required to keep a water drop
{d) perpendicular to side AR of mass'm' just to remain suspended, when charged
12. Four charged particles are placed at the vertices with one electron, is
of square as shown in the figure. An electron that is em
■(a) ms (b) (c) emg id) —
free to move is placed at the B
e 8
a
exact centre of the square. In A' B
which direction will the 17. A charge of magnitude 3e and mass 2 m is
electron move ?
moving in an electric field £. The acceleration
(a) It will move toward A imparted to the charge is
(b) It will move toward B 2Ee 3Ee 2m 3 m
D C (fl) (b) (c) (d)
(c) It will move toward C P
a 3 m 2m 3Ee 2Ee

(d) It will move toward D 18. A particle of mass m and charge q is placed at
13. Four charges as shown a
rest in a uniform electric field £ and then released, the
Q kinetic energy attained by the particle after moving
in figure are placed at the ^ a
comers of a square of side distance y, will be
length a. What is the ratio of n a
(a) (b)qEy {c)qE\j id)qEx/
(Q/ q) if net force on Q is zero ? 19. A charged particle of mass m and charge q
1 Q
(fl) (b) -2V2
a
initially at rest is released in an electric field of
2V2 magnitude £. Its kinetic energy after time t will be
2E^t^ c2„2.2
(^)4
V2
(«)
t q t
(b)
mq 2m

Based on Relation between Electric Field, (c)

Eq^m (rf)
Eqm
21
Electric Charge and Electric Force
14. A charged cloud system produces an electric 20. A small object with charge q and weight mg is
field in the air near the earth's surface. A particle of attached to one end of a string of length ®'L' attached
charge -2xlO“^Cis acted on by a downward electro to a stationary support. The system is placed in a
static force of 3x 10“^ N when placed in this field. The uniform horizontal electric field '£', as shown in the
gravitational and electrostatic force, respectively, accompanying figure. In the presence of the field, the
exerted on a proton placed in this field are string makes a constant angle 6 with the vertical.
 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD 1.89

(a) electric force {b) electric field intensity

k (c) pressure (rf) electric charge
L
26. Four metal conductors having different shapes:
1. a sphere 2. cylinder
3. pear 4. lightning conductor
mg
are mounted on insulating stands and charged. The
one which is best suited to retain the charges for a
The sign and magnitude of q will be [CBSE SP 22] longer time is
(a) I {b)2 (c)3 (d)4
(fl) positive with magnitude 7tig / E
(^) positive with magnitude {mg / E)tan0 Based on Dipole Moment, Dipole Field
(c) negative with magnitude 7tig/ Etan0 and Torque on a Dipole

low
-10
(rf) positive with magnitude £tan0/ mg 27. Two equal and opposite charges of 2 x 10 C

are placed at a distance of 1 cm forming a dipole and

Based on Electric Fields of Point Charges
are placed in an electric field of 2xlO^N/C. The
21. Deuteron and alpha particle in air are at maximum torque on dipole is
separation 1 A. The magnitude of electric field
(fl) 2V2xlO“^ Nm (b) 8x10^ Nm

ee
intensity on a-particle due to deuteron is
(fl) 5.76x10” N/C (b) 144x10^* N/C
rF (c)4xlQ-^ Nm (rf)4xl0"^ Nm

Fr
(c) 2828x10” N/C (d) zero
Based on Electric Field Lines
22. For a point charge, the graph between electric
field £ versus distance r is given by 28. Out of the following is not a property of field
for
lines
(«) (b) E4
ou
(a) Field lines are continuous curves without any
ks
breaks

(b) Two field lines cannot cross each other

oo

(c) Field lines start at positive charges and end at

Y
B

(0 E negative charges
(d) They form closed loops
re

29. Electric field lines contract lengthwise, it shows

(a) repulsion between same charges
ou
ad

(1j) attraction between opposite charges

23. Two charges + 5 pC and +10 pCare placed 20 cm
Y

(c) no relation between force and contraction

apart. The electric field at the midpoint between the
two charges is (d) electric field lines do not move on straight path
nd
Re

(fl) 45 X10^ N / C towards + 5pC Based on Gauss's Theorem

Fi

(b) 13.5 X10^ N / C towards + 5pC 30. Which quantity is a vector quantity among the
(c) 45 X10*’ N / C towards + lOpC following ?
(a) Electric flux (b) Electric charge
(d) 13.5 X10^ N / C towards + lOpC
(c) Electric field (ri) Electric potential
24. Two small charged spheres A and B have
31. Gauss's law is valid for
cliarges 10 pC and 40 pC respectively, and are held at a
separation of 90 cm from each other. At what distance (a) Any closed surface
from A, electric intensity would be zero ? {b) Only regular closed surfaces
(rt) 22.5 cm (b) 18 cm (c) 36 cm (d) 30 cm (c) Any open surface
(d) Only irregular open surfaces.
Based on Continuous Charge Distributions
32. Which statement is true for Gauss law ?
25. If o= surface charge density, e- electric
(fl) All the charges whether inside or outside the
permittivity, the dimensions of — are same as Gaussian surface contribute to the electric flux.
c
 PHYSICS-XII

(f>) Electric fiux depends upon the geometry of the 39. Above an infinitely large plane carrying
Gaussian surface, charge density a, the electric field points up and is
CT
(c) Gauss theorem can be applied to non-uniform equal to . What is the magnitude and direction of
electric field, 2e
0

(tf) The electric field over the Gaussian surface the electric field below the plane ?
remains continuous and uniform at every (fl) a / 28g, down (b) a/2£g,up
point. [CBSH SP 221
(c) a/ Eg, down (d) o/£g,up
33. Four charges +8C, -3C, +5C and -IOC are kept 40. Two parallel large thin metal sheets have equal
inside a closed surface. What will be the outgoing flux surface densities 26.4x 10~^^C/m^ of opposite signs.
through the surface ? The electric field between these sheets is
-16
(fl) 26 Vm (b) 0 Vm (c) 10 Vm {d) 8 Vm (fl) 1.5 N/C (b) 1.5 X10 N/C
34. The electric charges are distributed in a small (c) 3 X10'^^^ N/C (d) 3 N/C [CBSE SP 22]
volume. The flux of the electric field through a 41. A conducting sphere of radius R=20cm is
spherical surface of radius 10 cm surrounding the total
given a charge Q = 16 gC. What is E at its centre ?
charge is 20 Vm. The flux over a concentric sphere of
radius 20 cm will be (rt) 3.6xlO^N/C (b) 1.8xlO^N/C
{(?) 20 Vm (b) 25 Vm (c) 40 Vm (tf) 200 Vm (c) Zero (d) 0.9xl0^N/C
35. A soap bubble (or a neutral balloon) is given 42. A spherical shell of radius R has a charge + q
negative charge, its radius will units. The electric field due to the shell at a point
(fl) increase (b) decrease
(fl) inside is zero and varies as r~^ outside it
(c) remain unchanged (d) fluctuate
(b) inside is constant and varies as r outside it
36. A cylinder of radius rand length / is placed in a (c) inside is zero and varies as r~^ outside it
uniform electric field parallel £ to the axis of the
cylinder. The total flux for the surface of the cylinder is (d) inside is constant and varies as r~^ outside it
given by ICBSE SP 22] 43. A point charge is kept at the centre of a metallic
(fl) zero (c) Enr^ (d) lEnr'^ insulated spherical shell. Then :
{a) electric field outside the sphere is zero
Based on Applications of Gauss's Theorem
(b) electiic field inside the sphere is zero
37. Charge on a conducting metal sphere is present
(c) net induced charge on the sphere is zero
(fl) on the surface of sphere
(b) inside the sphere (d) electric potential inside the sphere is zero.
(c) outside the sphere 44. What is the net charge on a conducting sphere
of radius 10 cm ? Given that the electric field 15 cm
(d) both inside and outside of sphere
from the centre of the sphere is equal to 3 x 10^ N/C and
38. According to Gauss law, electric field of an is directed inward.
infinitely long straight wire is proportional to {fl)-7.5xlO“^C (b)-7.5xlO'^C
1
{a)r (b) 4
r‘
M4
r
(d)-
r
(c) 7.5 X10'^ C (d) 7.5xlO"^C

Answers and Explanations

1. (f?) Only+2and -2i/charges will exert attractive 3. (c) The comb run through dry hair gets charged.
force. The charged comb polarises the atoms of the paper.
Hence the small bits of paper get attracted by the
2. (m) The point charge +Q induces equal and
charged comb.
opposite charges on opposite ends of the spherical 4. (d) Quantisation of charge means the charge on a
conductor. The net charge on the conductor is zero.
body is an integral multiple of ±e.
5. (i:) Let be the number of electrons inside the
+4 -4 © body. Then
+Q
q=n^e +n^e
 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD

-2 X 10"^ = -n X 1.6 X10"^^ +2.5 x 10^^ x 1.6 x 10"^^

S ■

e 17. (/’) Acceleration,

Force 3ex E 3Ee
= 3.75x10^^ a =
Mass 2m 2m

6. (n) Tlie mass of the negatively charged body 18. (1)) Increase in K.E. of the charged particle
increases due to gain of electrons.
= Work down on the particle by
7. (<7) As the forces are attractive, and q2 have the electric field

opposite charges. So q^q^ <0. = qExy = qE\j.

8-O') Pvac=^.ne,=^^‘ 19. (b) F ~ ma = Eq or a =
m
9. (n) The distance must be greater than the nuclear
size (alO'^^m). For r<10“^^m, the much stronger V = u + at ==0 +
Eq . t
nuclear force makes the coulombic force ineffective. m

low
‘1^
10. (d) Original force, F = I 2 1
K.E. = —mu = —m ' ■y -
2 2 nr 2m
‘1 <7
2 2 _
1
New force. f'=it F.
{2rf 16 20. (1;) ,—

I
TsinG =
11. (b) At the centre O, the forces due to the

ee
charges at A and C cancel out. The forces due to the T cos 0 = mg
rF
Fr
T
charges at Band Dadd up along BD. The total force j k T cos G
qE
is along BD. tan 0 = 0
mg (I
12. (rf) Net force on the electron will be zero along
the diagonal AC. It will move towards
attraction by the proton.
D due to
q =
for
1 £
mg tan0
T sin 0
ou
▼ '"8

13. (/)) Net force on charge Q = 0

ks
As the object is deflected towards the direction of £,
its charge q is positive.
oo

+ k
QQ -19

■■ V 21. (t) Charge on a deutron =+e = 1,6 x 10 c

Y

a
B

^I^kqQ ,,QQ £ = ^—■4

re

or 47C8n r 0
a~
-19
1.6x10
■^ = 2^/2. =9xl0^x
ou
ad

or
(1x10^^°)“
Y

Q = 1.44x10”NC"\
Q and q must have opposite signs, so = -2y/2.
4 1
22. (1?) For a point charge, £ oc
nd

_ F^ 3xlQ-^N
Re

14. (/7) £=- = 1.5xl0^NC'^

q 2xlO“^C .●. £-rgraph is a rectangular hyperbola.
Fi

Electrostatic force on a proton 23. (n) At the midpoint, the fields of the two charges
= eE = 1.6 X 10“^^ X 1.5 X 10^ = 2.4 x 10“'^N are in opposite directions. The resultant field is
directed from larger charge to smaller charge.
Gravitational force on a proton 1 9(10-5)x 10"^
E = = 9x10
= mg = 1.67xl0“^^kgx 9.8 ms“^ 4jie 0 (10xl0“2)2
= 1.64xlO~^^N
= 4.5xlO^NC"\
15. (if) The electric field acts downwards. The
proton will be deflected along trajectory D. 24. (if)

16. (b) Force exerted by electric field Eb

10 |iC 40 nC
= Weight of water drop
A P B
t? £ = mg or £=^. X 0.90-X
e
7.92 PHYSICS-XII

At point P, F = F
36. (i?) As shown in tlie figure.
-6 -6
1 10x10 1 40x10 2
or
= -nr E
■}
4n:e
0 -Y“ 4716q (0.90-a:)^
1 4
or
X ^ (0.90-Y)^ 4i = 0
or 0.90-y = 2y

or X = 0.30 m = 30 cm.
(j
25. (/’) The relation between £, a and e is £ = , 2 E
e 4> = + itr £

26. (rt) The charge spreads uniformly on the sphere. Total electric flux =-7cr^E + 7ur^£ + 0 =0
The surface charge density {o = ql A) will be minimum
on its surface. Hence the sphere is best suited to retain 37. {n) Inside the sphere, £ = 0 ^ q=0
the charges for a longer time. Entire charge is present on the surface.
27. id) T = p£ = qxluK E
max
38. (rf) Electric field of an infinitely long straight wire,
= 2x10
-10
xlxlO'^x2xlO^Nm £ =
X
£qc-.
z.e..
= 4xl0“^Nm. 27uegr r

28. {(i) Electric field lines may not always form 39. (zt) Tlie plane is positively charged. Its field
closed loops. o/2eq must point downwards at a point below it.
+ <7
29. (b) Lengthwise contraction of the field lines
- a
40. (ii)
shows attraction between opposite charges.
^nel ~ ^+o ^-CT
30. (c) Only electric field is a vector quantity.
+

+
£
a a a
31. (/7) Gauss's law is valid for any closed surface. +

2e 0 2e
0 ^0
32. (c) The electric field over the Gaussian surface
+

+
£-a
remains continuous and uniform at every point. All 26.4x10
-12
+

other statements are not valid for Gauss law. -12 +

8.85x10
33. [b) Total charge, r/ = +8-3 + 5-10 =0
+

c: 3 NC'\
= 0 Vm. 41. (c) Electric field at any point inside the
^0
conducting sphere is zero.
34. (rt) The flux through a closed surface depends 1
42. (r) £inside = 0 and E
only on the enclosed charge and is independent of size 'outside
47ieg
and shape of the surface.
43. (1j) Electric field at every point inside the sphere
35. (rt) If a is the surface tension and r the radius of .
IS zero.

soap bubble, then

P
excess
4(j 44. {b) £=— ■4
4Tcen r 0
[r>R]
r

When the bubble is charged, q = -AtiEq. Er^ [Inward field]

4a
Pexcess = P-
electrostatic
+ 3xl0^x(0.15)^ = -7.5xlO"^C
r
9x10^
After electrification, surface tension decreases.

■ Type B : Case Study Based Questions

PARAGRAPH 1 Coulomb's lav/

This law is a quantitative statement of about the force between two point charges. When the linear sizes of
charged bodies are much smaller than the distance between them, their sizes may be ignored and the
charge bodies are called point charges. After retiring from his active services as a military engineer in 1776,
 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD

Coulomb (a French physicist) discovered a torsion balance to measure a

small quantity of force and used it for determination of forces of
attraction or repulsion between small charged spheres. He thus arrived
in 1785 at the inverse square law relation, now known as Coulomb's law. Pi
+‘?i
He found that the force between two point charges varied inversely with
the square of the distance between the charges and was directly r

proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charges and acted ●4

along the line joining the two charges. Coulomb's law is an electrical <7jXi^2

analogue of Newton's law of Universal Gravitation in mechanics. r

QUESTIONS (Answer any four of the following questions)

low
1. Identify the wrong statement in the following, 3. Each of two point diarges is doubled and their
Coulomb's law correctly describes the electric force that distance is halved. Force of interaction becomes n times,
where n is
(a) binds the electrons of an atom to its nucleus
(b) binds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of (a) 4 ib)l (c) 18 id) 16
an atom 4. Tlie minimum value of force acting between two
point charges placed 1 m apart from one another is

ee
(c) binds atoms together to form molecules
ke^
(ri) binds atoms and molecules to form solids.
rF (fl) ke^
ke

Fr
(b) ke
2. Two charges 3xlO“^C and 5xlO'*C are placed at a
distance 10 cm from each other. The value of electrostatic
5. A and Bare two identical spherical charged bodies
which repel each other with force f, kept at a finite distance.
for
force acting between them is
A third uncharged sphere of the same size is brought in
(a) 13.5 X10” N {b) 40x10"N contact with sphere B and removed. It is then kept at
ou
(c) ISOxlO^N (d) 13.5xl0'°N midpoint of A and B. Find the magnitude of force on C
ks

(fl)F/2 {b)F/8 {c)F (rf) Zero

oo

PARAGRAPH 2 Electric dipole

Y
B

The electric field due to a charge configuration with total charge zero is not zero, but for distances large
re

compared to the size of the configuration, its field falls off faster than 1/ typical of the field due to a
single charge. An electric dipole is the simplest example of this fact. An electric dipole is a pair of equal and
ou
ad

opposite charges + q and -q separated by some distance 2a. Its Hydrogen

Y

dipole moment vector p has magnitude 2qa and is in the Oxygen /

- i I

direction of the dipole axis from -qto+q. The electric field of

nd
Re

the pair of charges can be found out from Coulomb's law and / \
Fi

the superposition principle. The magnitude and the direction of Negative I !

P
1
side
the dipole field depend not only on the distance r but also on \
>

\
/ Positive
the angle between the position vector r and the dipole moment side

_ - 7

p . In some molecules, like H2O, the centres of -^e charges and /

I
I
I
\
of +ve charges do not coincide. So they have permanent dipole
moment. Such molecules are called polar molecules. Hydrogen

QUESTIONS (Answer any four of the following questions)

6. What will be the value of electric field at the centre (i?) Equal to the electric field due to one charge at centre
of the electric dipole ? (c) Twice the electric field due to one charge at centre
(a) Zero (d) Half the value of electric field due to one charge at
centre
L94 PHYStCS-XII

7. If r is the distance of a point from the centre of a 9. An electric dipole of moment p is placed in a
short dipole, then the electric field intensity due to the
short dipole remains proportional to uniform electric field E. Tlie maximui^i torque
{a)r^ (b) (c) r-2 (rf) experienced by the dipole is

8. An electric dipole coincides on Z-axis and its {a)pE {b)plE {c)EJp {d)p.E
midpoint is on origin of the coordinate system. The 10. The frequency of oscillation of an electric dipole
electric field at an axial point at a distance z from origin is having dipole moment p and rotational inertia I,
£. and electric field at an equatorial point at a distance y
oscillating in a uniform electric field E, is given by
from origin is E^. Here z = 1/» a, so 1-^ is equal to
l£,l ia)iV2K)^I/pE {h){\lliz)4pEI I
(a) I {b)4 (c)3 id) 2 (c) (2::) Vp£/ f {d){2n)^H pE
PARAGRAPH 3 Gauss's theorem

The term electric flux implies some kind of flow. Flux is the property of any vector field. Electric flux is a
property of Electric field. It is equal to the product of the given area and the normal component of the
electric field through it. Gauss's theorem gives a relationship between the total flux passing through any
closed surface S and the charge q enclosed within the surface. It states that the total flux through a closed
surface is 1 / Cq times the net charge enclosed by the surface.
Mathematically, (j)^ = E .dS = —■ , Cq = permittivity of free space
s ^0

Gauss's theorem is quite useful in calculating the -electric field in problems

where it is possible to choose a closed surface such that the electric field E has
a normal component which is either zero or has a single fixed value at every
point on the surface. Symmetry considerations in many problems make the
application of Gauss's theorem much easier. The closed surface we choose (having symmetry consideration
in view) to solve a given problem is called Gaussian surface. Gauss's theorem is based on inverse square
dependence on distance contained in Coulomb's law. Any violation of Gauss's theorem will reflect a
deviation from the inverse square law.

QUESTIONS (Answer any four of the following questions)

11. What is the SI unit of electric flux ? 14. The electric flux for Gaussian surface A that

N N encloses the charged particles in free space is

(")c
xm
2 (&)Nxm^ (c)^xC
m
id) m
Gaussian
surface A

12. If < I £ . dS = 0, inside a surface, that means there is

(fl) no net charge present inside the surface Gaussian

(1)} uniform electric field inside the surface surface B

(c) discontinuous field lines inside the surface

(Given c/j=-14nC, ij^=~56nC)
(d) some charge present inside the surface
(b) lO^CN'^m"^
-1
(a) 10^ Nm^
13. For a given surface the Gauss's law is stated as (d) 6.32x10^
(c) 6.32x10^ Nm^C
-1

E .dS =0. From this we can conclude that

15. Charge q is first kept in a sphere of radius 5 cm and
(a) E is necessarily zero on the surface then it is kept in a cube of side 5 cm. The outgoing flux
(b) E is perpendicular to the surface at every point (fl) will be more in case of sphere
(&) will be more in case of cube
(c) the total flux through the surface is zero
(c) will be same in both cases
(d) the flux is only going out of the surface
(d) cannot be determined
 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD

Answers \"

1. (b) Coulomb's law applies to only charged particles. 2p

8. (d) For z » a,
Coulomb’s electrostatic force is not responsible for 4ner,z^
0

binding protons and neutrons inside a nucleus. P

9xl0^x3xl0"^x5xl0^
For y » a, I£,l =
2. (a) F =
(10xl0"^f
For z = y » a, —^ = 2.
= 13.5x10“ N. I£,l
1 ?1^2 9. (a) X max = pEsin90° = pE.
3.(rf)
4jreQ
10. (/j) Restoring torque for small 0,
T =-pEsinG =-p£0 [sin0-0]

low
r = = 16F «=16.
4^0* {r/2f or /a = -p£0
4. (f?) The value of force will be minimum between pE
a = - 0 i.e., a oc 0
/
two electrons placed one metre apart.
kex e to 1 pE
F = =kc'.
27t 2n I

ee
5.(c) <?
rF 11. (f?) SI unit of electric flux

Fr
0 A
r 0 =unit of Ex unit of S =NC”^ X m
2 _Nm^
B C

Original force of repulsion, F=k^ for

12. ((7) Inside a closed surface, E =0
ou
(1
B q/2 Pa ‘7/2 E .dS =-i-=0 => ^=0
ks
^0
O0 0 r/2 r/2 0 No net charge is present inside the closed surface.
oo

A C B
c
13. (c) Integral £ . dS gives flux through a surface.
Y

Net force on C,
B

So option (c) is correct.

M
re

14. (rt)
_ ‘/net _(-14 + 78.85-56)xl0~^
-12
*=0 8.85x10
ou
ad

= ef5^[2-l] = F. 8.85x10"^
-12
= 1000 Nm-C"'.
Y

8.85x10
6.(c) At the centre of an electric dipole, electric field
15. (c) The flux through a closed surface depends
is twice the electric field due to each charge.
nd

only on the enclosed charge and is independent of size

Re

7. (d) At far away points of a dipole, £ cc 4r. and shape of the surface.
Fi

■ Type C : Assertions and Reasons

DIRECTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason [R].
Mark the correct choice as :

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
{b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion,
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. (d) If both assertion and reason are false.

1. Assertion If the bob of a simple pendulum is kept in Reason. If bob is charged and kept in horizontal
a horizontal electric field, its period of oscillation will electric field, then the time period will be decreased.
remain same. [AIIMS 12]
1.96 PHYSICS-XII

2. Assertion Acceleration of charged particle in 5. Assertion. The coulomb force is the dominating
non-uniform electric field does not depend on velocity of force in the universe.

charged particle. Reason. The coulomb force is weaker than the

Reason. Charge is an invariant quantity. Tliat is the gravitational force. ]A[IMS 03)

amount of charge on particle does not depend on frame of 6. Assertion. The tyres of aircrafts are made slightly
reference. [AIIMS 17] conducting.
3. Assertion Net electric field inside a conductor is Reason. If a conductor is connected to the ground, the
zero. extra charge induced on the conductor will flow to the
ground.
Reason. Total positive charge equals to total negative
7. Assertion. In a non-uniform electric field, a dipole
charge in a charged conductor. [AIIMS 18J
will have translatory as well as rotatory motion.
4. Assertion All the charge in a conductor gets
distributed on whole of its outer surface.
Reason. In a non-uniform electric field, a dipole
experiences a force as well as a torque. [CBSE SP 21]
Reason. In a dynamic system, charges try to keep their
potential energy minimum.

Answers V

1. (c) When the uncharged bob is placed in an 3. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
electric field, its time period does not change. Assertion is 4. {a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is
true.
the correct explanation of the assertion.
For the charged bob, time period increases in an 5. (d) Gravitational force is the dominating force in
electric field because of the increase in restoring force. nature due to its attractive nature. Coulomb force is 10^
Reason is false. times stronger than gravitational force.
6. (a) Any charge developed on the tyres due to
-»

qE
2. (a) a = friction will flow to the ground due to conducting nature
m
of tyres. Tliis avoids electrical sparking.
As E changes, a also changes but it does not depend 7. (rt) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is
on velocity of the charged particle. the correct explanation of assertion.

Text Based Exercises

^YPE A : Very Short Answer Qu estions (i mark each)

1. What is the cause of charging a body ? 7. Is the force acting between two point electric
2. A glass rod is rubbed with silk. What type of charges and q2 kept at some distance in air,
charges do they acquire ? attractive or repulsive when ;
(') 'll 'll > 0 (ii) 'll <l2 < ^ ■ (CBSE 03, 07]
3. Why does an ebonite rod get negatively charged on
rubbing with wool ? 8. What happens to the mass of a body when it is
4. Consider three charged bodies P, Qand R. If Pand positively charged ?
Q repel each other and P attracts R, what is the 9. Usually it is the negative charge that is transferred
nature of the force between Q and R ? when two bodies are rubbed together. Give reason.
5. A positively charged glass rod is brought near an 10. Name any two basic properties of electric charges,
uncharged pith ball pendulum. What happens to n. What do you understand by quantisation of
the pith ball ? electric charges ?
6. When a polythene piece is rubbed with wool, it 12. What is the cause of quantisation of electric
acquires negative charge. Is there transfer of mass charge ?
from wool to polythene ? 13. What do you mean by additivity of electric charge ?
 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 2.103

OTQs : Objective Type Questions

^YPE A : Multiple Choice Questions

Based on Electric Potential due to a Point Charge, 8. In the case of a charged metallic sphere,
Group of Point Charges, Electric Dipole and potential (V) changes with respect to distance (r) from
the centre as
Charged Spherical Shell
1. The amount of work done in moving a unit («) {b)
positive charge (without acceleration) from infinity to

low
a point in an electric field against the electrostatic
force is

(fl) electric field (b) electric potential

(c) electric flux (b) electrostatic p.e.
2. The electric potential due to a point charge -q at

ee
a point at distance r from it is
rF (rf)

Fr
kq kq
(&)-
r

(c)
kq
(b)
kq
r
for t
ou
3. The electric potential at the-13
surface of an atomic
ks
nucleus (Z = 50) of radius 9.0 x 10 cm is

(fl)9xl0^ volt (b)8xl0^ volt

oo

(c) 80 volt (d) 9 volt

Y

9. The potential on the hollow sphere of radius 1 m

B

4. At a point A, there is an electric field of 500 V/m is 1000 V, then potential at |m from the centre of the
re

and potential difference of 3000 V. The distance

sphere is
between the point charge and A is
(b) 500 V
ou

(fl) 1000 V
ad

(fl) 6 m (b) 36 m
(c) 250 V (d) zero V
Y

(b) 12 m (d) 144 m

10. Three charges +2q,-q and -q lie at vertices of a
5. The electric potential on the axis of an electric
dipole at a distance 'r' from it's centre is V. Then the triangle. The values of E and V at centroid of triangle
nd
Re

will be [CBSE SP 22]

potential at a point at the same distance on its
(a) E 0 and V 0 (b) £=0 and V^ = 0
Fi

equatorial line will be [CBSE SP 23]

(fl)2V (b) -V (c) E 0 and V = 0 (d) E=0ar\dV^0

(c) VI2 (d) zero 11. A solid spherical conductor has charge + Q and
6. A spherical drop of mercury having a potential radius R. It is surrounded by a solid spherical shell
of 2.5 V is obtained as a result of merging 125 droplets.
The potential of a constituent droplet would be
(fl) 1.0 V (b) 0.5 V
(c) 0.2 V (d) 0.1 V
7. Electric field and electric potential inside a
charged spherical shell are
(rt) £=0, V=0 (b) £=0, V?^0
(c) E=^0,V=0 {d) E^0,V=^0
r

^ 2.104 PHYSICS-XII

with charge Q, inner radius 2 R, and outer radius 3/?. 17. An electron initially at rest, is accelerated
Which of the following statements is true ? [CBSE SP 22] through a potential difference of 200 volt, so that it
(fl) The electric potential has a maximum acquires a velocity 8.4 x 10^ m/s. The value of e/m of
magnitude at C and the electric field has a electron will be
maximum magnitude at A (fl) 1.76x10” C/kg (b) 2.76x10” C/kg
(b) The electric potential has a maximum (c) 0.76x10^^ C/kg (d) none of these.
magnitude at D and the electric field has a
maximum magnitude at R 18. The velocity v acquired by an electron starting
(c) The electric potential at A is zero and the electric
from rest and moving through potential difference V is
shown by which of the following graphs ?
field has a maximum magnitude at D.
(«) ib)
{d) Both the electric potential and electric field
achieve a maximum magnitude at B.
Bosed on Relation between Electric Field and
Electric Potential and on Equipotential Surfaces
V V
12. Electric potential at any point is
{c) id)
V = -5x + 3y + ^/^5z,
then the magnitude of the electric field is
(a) 3V2 (b) 4^2 (c) 5^I2 id) 7

13. The angle between the electric lines of force and 1/

the equipotential surface is
(«)0“
19. A positive point charge +q is placed at the origin.
(b) 45°
There is an electric field
(c) 90° (d) 180° (NEETJuly 22]
14. In a certain region, a uniform electric field exists
along X-direction. The equipotential surfaces associated
with this field will be
that accelerates the point charge along the x-axis.
(<?) equidistant planes parallel to VZ-plane Determine the energy of the charge when it reaches the
(b) equidistant planes parallel to XY-plane position X =2 d.
(c) equidistant planes parallel to X2-plane (a) 6 qdE0 ib) 12 q
(d) coaxial cylinders of increasing radii around the
X-axis (c) 12 qdE,0 (d)24qdE^0
15. Which of the following is NOT the property of 20. Three charges 1 pQ 2 pC 3 pC are kept at
equipotential surface ? [CBSE SP 22] vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 1 m. If they are
(fl) They do not cross each other. brought nearer, so that they now form an equilateral
(b) The rate of change of potential with distance on triangle of side 0.5 m, then work done is
them is zero, (<7)11J (C)O.OIJ (d)O.llJ
(c) For a uniform electric field they are concentric 21. Two charges q^ and q2 are placed 30 cm apart, as
spheres.
shown in the figure. A third charge q^ is moved
(d) They can be imaginary spheres. along the arc of a circle of radius 40 cm from C to D.
^3
Based on Electric P.E., P.E. of Point Charges and c
P.E. of a dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
16. Mass of a proton is 1840 times that of an
electron. It is accelerated through a potential difference u

of 1 kV, what is the kinetic energy of proton ? o

1
(fl) 1 keV ib)
1840 keV
^2

(c) 1840 keV (rf)1kV A 30 cm B D

 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 2.105

The change in the potential energy of the system is 26. A free electron and a free proton are placed
k, where k is between two oppositely charged parallel plates. Both
47T£
0 are closer to the positive plate than the negative plate.
(a) 8q^ {b) (c) 6q^ (d) 6q^ + + ■i- + + + 4- + + +|

22. A dipole is placed in a uniform electric field. Its © 0

potential energy will be minimum when the angle
between its axis and field is
(fl) zero ]
(b) Ti

id)2n Which of the following statements is true ?

I. The force on the proton is greater than the force
23. A dipole is placed parallel to the electric field. If on the electron.
W is the work done in rotating the dipole by 60®; then

low
work done in rotating it by 180® is II. The potential energy of the proton is greater
than that of the electron.
(fl)2W (fe)3W
III. The potential energy of the proton and the
W electron is the same.
(c)4W
(i7) I only (b) II only

ee
24. An electric dipole of moment p is placed parallel
(c) III and I only (d) II and I orUy (CBSE SP 22]
to the uniform electric field. The amount of work done
rF
Fr
in rotating the dipole by 90° is (CBSE SP 22] Based on Capacitance of Conductors
(a)2pE ib) pE 27. The potential to which a conductor is raised,
(c) pE/2 (d) zero depends on for
ou
25. The electric potential ^ as a function of distance (fl) the amount of charge
X is shown in the below figure.
ks
[CBSE SP 23] (b) geometry and size of the conductor
(c) both (fl) and (b)
oo

(d) only on (a)

Y
B

28. The earth has volume V and surface area A, then

re

capacitance would be
A V
(fl)47tSo — (b) 4k£q —
ou
ad

0 2 4 6 X
V A
Y

The graph of the magnitude of electric field V A

intensity E as a function of x is
(c) 12ti£q —
A
(d)127l£Q —
V
nd

{a) (b) 29. 8 drops of Hg are combined to form a bigger

Re

+E single drop. The capacitance of a single small drop and

Fi

+E
that of the single big drop will be in the ratio of
0 *■ 0
(«} 1 : 2 {b)l:8
2 4 6 2 4
X
(c)8:l (d) none of these
-E -E
30. Two charged spherical conductors of radius Kj
and R2 are connected by a wire. Then the ratio of
(c) surface charge densities of the spheres (Oj / 02) is
R
1
+£ +£ («) ib)
R
1
6 6
0 0
2 4l r}1
(C) (d)
-£ -£ [NEET21]
2J06 PHYSICS-Xll

Based on Capacitance of Capacitors 38. The equivalent capacitance of the combination

31. The distance between the two plates of a shown in tlie figure is
parallel plate capacitor is doubled and the area of each
plate is halved. If C is its initial capacitance, its final
capacitance is equal to c
{a)2C I
C
c
(c)4C (^)- {a)3C ib)2C
[NEET Sept. 22]
C 3C
32. Capacitors are used in electrical circuits where
[NEET 21]
appliances need more
(fl) current (&) voltage 39. Equivalent capacitance between A and B is
(c) watt (d) resistance

Based on Grouping of Capacitors

33. Across each of two capacitors of capacitance 1 pF
and 4 pF, a potential difference of 10 V is applied.
Then positive plate of one is connected to the negative
plate of the other, and negative plate of one is connected 4 pF

to the positive plate of the other. AO-

if -OB
After contact, 4pF 4pF
(a) charge on each is zero
(fl) 8 pF (b) 6 pF
(&) charge on each is same but non-zero 10
(c) charge on each is different but non-zero (c) 268 pF {d)
38 pF
(d) none of these
40. Four capacitors are connected in a circuit as
34. Tliree capacitors 2 pF, 3 pF and 6 pF are joined in shown in figure. Tlie effective capacitance in between
series with each other. The equivalent capacitance is P and Q will be
(fl)l/2pF (i;)lpF 2pF 12 pF
(c)2pF (d) 11 pF [CBSE SP 22,

35. The effective capacitances of two capacitors are po 2pF oQ

3 pF and 16 pF, when they are connected in series and 2pF

parallel respectively. The capacitances of two

capacitors are
{a) 10 pF {b) 5 pF
(fl) 10pF,6pF (1j) 8 pF,8 pF
(c)2pF (rf) 7.5 pF
(c) 12 pF, 4 pF (rf) 1.2 pF, 1.8 pF
[NEET Sept. 22] 41. Equivalent capacitance of the given combi
nation of five capacitors is
36. Flow many 1 pF capacitors must be connected in
4pF
parallel to store a charge of 1 C with a potential of
110 V across the capacitors ?
8pF 4pF
(fl) 990 (&) 900 B C

(c) 9090 (d) 909 /I D

4pF
37. Three capacitors of capacitances 1 pF, 2 pF and
3 pF are connected in series and a p.d. of 11V is applied 4)iF
across the combination. Then, the p.d. across the plates
of 1 pF capacitor is (a) 4 pF (b) 10 pF

(fl)2V {&)4V (c)lV (d)6V (c)8pF (d) 120 pF

 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 2.107

42. For the given circuit the equivalent capacitance 48. If there are n capacitors in parallel connected to
between P and Q is V volt source, then the energy stored is equal to
{a)CV {b)-nCV^'
2
P Q
{€) CV^ {d)—CV^
o- -O

C
2n [AIEEE 02]
C C C C c

49. A capacitor of 20 pF is charged up to 500 V is

(fl)6C (f;)4C connected in parallel witli another capacitor of 10 |iF
3C 6C
which is charged up to 200 V. The common potential is
id) (a) 500 V (b) 300 V
11
(c) 400 V (d) 200 V
43. In tlie circuit shown in the figure, the potential

low
difference across the 4.5 jiF capacitor is 50. Two insulated metallic spheres of 3 |iF and 5 pF
3jiF
capacitances are charged to 300 V and 500 V respec
4.5 ^iF tively. The energy loss, when they are connected by a
wire, is
(fl) 0.012 J (b) 0.0375 J
6 jiF

ee
rF (c) 0.0218 J (d) 3.75 J

Fr
51. A capacitor is charged by connecting a battery
12 volt across its plates. It stores energy U. Now the battery is
disconnected and another identical capacitor is
(rt) 8/3 volt
(c) 6 volt
(b) 4 volt
(d) 8 volt
for
connected across it, then the energy stored by both
capacitors of the system will be [CBSE PMT 2000]
ou
U
(n)U
(^)j
ks
Based on Energ/ Stored in Capacitors and Loss of
Energy on Redistribution of Charges
oo

44. A capacitor of capacitance C has charge Q and (c)2U

(d)|u
Y
B

stored energy is W. If the charge is increased to 2 Q, the

stored energy will be 52. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is
re

W w
connected to a battery and is charged to a potential
difference V. Another capacitor of capacitance 2 C is
ou

similarly charged to a potential difference 2 V. The

ad

(c)2W (d) 4W charging battery is then disconnected and the

Y

capacitors are connected in parallel to each other in

45. A 4 pF capacitor is charged to 400 V. If its plates
such a way that the positive terminal of one is
are joined through a resistance of 2 k£T, then heat connected to the negative terminal of the other.
nd
Re

produced in the resistance is

The final energy of the configuration is
(b) 0.32 J
Fi

(fl) 0.16 J
(c) 0.64 J (d)1.28J ICBSE 1994, 95] (<7) zero

46. If P.D. across a capacitor is changed from 15 V to 25

30 V, work done is W. What will be the work done CV^ (d)-cy^
2
when P.D. is changed from 30 V to 60 V ?
(fl) W (&)4W 53. Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y, have the
(c)3W (ri)2W same area of plates and same separation between
plates. X has air and Y with dielectric of constant 2,
47. If the potential of a capacitor having capacity 8 |iF
between its plates. They are connected in series to a
is increased from 10 V to 20 V, then increase in its battery of 12 V. The ratio of electrostatic energy stored
energy will be in X and Y is

(fl) 4xl0“^J (b) 12xlO“^J (rt) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4

(c) 4xl0‘^J (d)12xlO"^J (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 [CBSE SP 22]
s 2.108

Based on Capacitors filled with Dielectrics

54. A parallel plate air capacitor is charged and then
isolated. When a dielectric material is inserted between
PHYSICS-XII

doubled and the interspace between the plates is filled

with wax. If the capacity is increased to 6 pF, the
dielectric constant of wax is

the plates of the capacitor, then which of the following (^7)2 (&)3
does not change ? (c)4 (d)6
(fl) Electric field between the plates 61. If a dielectric plate of thickness t is placed
(b) Potential difference across the plates between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor of plate
(c) Charge on the plates distance d, the capacitance becomes half of the original
value. The dielectric constant of the plate will be
(d) Energy stored in the capacitor
2t 2t
55. When a dielectric material is introduced («) {b)
2d + t 2d~t
between the plates of a charged condenser, then t t
electric field between the plates {c) (d)
d + t d-t
(fl) decreases (b) remains constant
(c) increases
62. The plates in a parallel plate capacitor are
(d) first (c) and then (a)
separated by a distance d with air as the medium
56. If the distance between the plates of parallel between the plates. In order to increase the capacity by
plate capacitor is halved and the dielectric constant is 66% a dielectric slab of dielectric constant 5 is
doubled, then its capacity will introduced between the plates. What is the thickness of
(a) increase by 16 times the dielectric slab ?

(b) increase by 4 times / \ d /} \ d , . 5d

{a) - (b) - (c) — id)d
4 2 8
(c) increase by 2 times
{d) remain the same 63. A parallel plate air capacitor has a capacitance
C. When it is half filled with a dielectric of dielectric
57. A parallel plate condenser with oil between the
plates (dielectric constant of oil k = 2) has a capacitance constant 5, the percentage increase in the capacitance
will be
C. If the oil is removed, then capacitance of the
capacitor becomes (fl) 400% (b) 66.6%
C (c) 33.3%
(fl)^y2C (b) (d) 200%
V2 64. If the circumference of a sphere is 2 m, then
C
(c)2C capacitance of sphere in water would be
(u) 2700 pF (b) 2760 pF
58. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery (c) 2780 pF (d) 2800 pF
to a potential difference of 'V" volts. After the charging
battery is disconnected, a dielectric slab with dielectric 65. An uncharged capacitor with a solid dielectric is
connected to a similar air capacitor charged to a
constant 'k ' is inserted between its plates. The
potential difference across the plates of the capacitor potential of V'g.If the common potential after sharing of
will become charges becomes V, then the dielectric constant of the
[CBSE SP 22] dielectric must be
(a) zero (b)V/2 V, y
(c)V/k (d) kV (b)iT
V y
0

59. A copper plate of thickness b is placed inside a

parallel plate capacitor of plate distance d and area A as (V^Q-n
(C) id)
V y0
shown in figure. — fr ^

The capacitance of capacitor is 66. Two capacitors of capacitance C are connected

As 0 Ae 0 in series. If one of them is filled with dielectric
substance k, what is the effective capacitance ?
Ae 0 kC
(C) id) CO {«) (b) C(K + 1)
d-b b (1 + K)
2kC
60. An air filled parallel plate condenser has a ic) (d) none of these
capacity of 2 pF. The separation of the plates is 1-rK
 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 2.109-

67. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and 70. A capacitor of capacitance 1 pF is filled with two
separation d is filled with dielectric as shown in the dielectrics of dielectric constants 4 and 6. What is the
new capacitance ?
K
I
d

<2
k,=
1 4 Kj= 6 d

figure. The dielectric constants are and K2* Net

capacitance is (a) 10 pF (b) 5 pF
£qA f Kj + K2''

low
(c)4pF (d)7pF
(«) (b)^ a
{ ^1^2 )
Based on Collecting Action of a Hollow Sphere
K1K2 2£qA f Kj H-Kj 71. Given two hollow spherical
(d)-jd conductors A and 6 as shown in the
a
^Kj+K2, KjK2
figure.

ee
68. A parallel plate capacitor has capacitance C. If it rF Points M and N can be connected
is equally filled with parallel layers of materials of by conductor wire.

Fr
dielectric constants Kj and K2, its capacity becomes C|.
The ratio of C,1 to C is
Initially (before the connection
of points M and N) conductor B is
(fl) Kj + K2 (b)
KjK2
+ K2
for
neutral, while charge appeared on conductor A is q.
After connecting the spheres, the potential of sphere B
ou
2k,k
r"2 will be
ks
id)
K1K2 Kj + K2
oo

87t£Q(r+ R) 47ce„R
69. Two dielectrics of dielectric constants and K2 0
Y
B

are filled in the gap of parallel plate capacitor as shown ic)

9
(d) zero
4jc8Q(r+ R)
re

72. A hollow charged metal sphere has a radius r. If

the potential difference between its surface and a point
ou
ad

d
at distance 3r from the centre is V, then the electric
Y

intensity at distance 3r from the centre is

(a) V/6r (fc) V/4r
nd
Re

in the figure. The capacitor has plate each of area A and (c)VI3r {d)Vl2r
separation d. The capacitance of the capacitor is 73. The insulation property of air breaks down at
Fi

, /

(«)
SqA(k^+K2)
ib)
8q A Kj+K2 £=3x10^ V/m. The maximum charge that can be
2d 2d
k^<2 given to a sphere of diameter 5 m is approximately (in
coulomb)
£0 A
(c)-e-
K1K2 KjK2 (fl) 2 X10”^ {b) 2 X10”^
d
{K^ + K^J d K.1 + Kt.1 J
(c) 2 X10
-4
(d) 2 X10“^

Answers and Explanations

1. (b) By definition, 3. (b) Electric potential at the surface of an atomic
W=V. nucleus,
-19
1 50x1.6x10
fc(-9) _ .±1 =9xl0^x = 8xlO^V.
2. id)V = -15
r r 47t£o r 9x10
 :ii6» PHYSICS-XII

4.{fl) £ = 7^4
47tEQ r
and V =
1
4ne„0 r
9 At A, £=0, 1^=0

At B, P_feQ cfQ = Maximum

V 30Q0V
= 6m. (2R)^
£ "SOOV/m
y = = Maximum
5. {d) The potential at any point on the equatorial R 2R
line of a dipole is zero.
At C, £=_^Q__JQ_ = 0
6. (d) Potential of big drop (2R)2 (2R)^
X Potential of a small drop
y = A2-A2 =0
25 = (125)^^^xy = 25y 2R 2R
or y = 0.1 V.
At D, net charge = 0
7. (£>) Inside a charged spherical shell, electric field £=0,V = 0.
is zero and potential at any point is constant.
8. (1?) Potential at any point inside the sphere is 12. (c/) y = -5x+Zy + VTSz
constant and is equal to that on the surface.
1 ? £ =-(-5f+3/ + Vl5fc)
y = A A A

47te«0 R
= 5i-3/-Vl5fc
At outside points.
y =
1 ? 1
y QC-.
I £ I = 75^ + (-3)2 + (-V15)2 = 7.
i.e..
47ts«0 r r
13. (fl) Electric field lines are always perpendicular
Hence option (b) is correct.
to the equipotential surface.
14. (a) Planes perpendicular to X-direction i.e.,
9. (fl) The potential at any point inside the charged
planes parallel to YZ-plane will be equipotential surfaces.
hollow metallic sphere is same as that on its surface.
15. (c) For a uniform electric field, equipotential
10. (c) Net electric field at centroid G, £ ?* 0
surfaces are parallel planes perpendicular to the
electric field lines. All other options are the properties
of equipotential surfaces.
16. (fl) K.E. of the proton=Work done on the proton
=gAy = exlkV=lkeV.
17. (fl) K.E. gained by an electron when accelerated
through a potential difference of V volts is

eV=^nw^
Net potential at G,
e _v^ _ (8.4x10^)^
y =
k(2q) kg kg m~2V~ 2x200 = 1.76 X 10^1 Ckg-* .
r r r

18. (b) K.E. gained by the electron,

11. (d) Both the electric potential and electric field
assume maximum values at point R =eV

Thus the graph between v and V must be a

parabola. Only option (1j) is correct.
f
19. (c) £W = £„2^+3^
d d^)
Potential at a: = 2d will be
2d/'
X X
y = £0 + dx
0
d d^
 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 2.111

Id
o -..312-^^
j X Being closer to the positive plate, P.E. of proton is
= £
0 d 2 d
2
3
positive due to repulsion and that of electron is
0 Jo negative due to attraction.

_ r4d^ (P.E.)p>(P.E.),
= 12d£
0
\d d}
0
Energy of the point charge at x = 2d is
Thus the potential on a conductor depends on the
U = qV =^\lqdE^.
amount of charge, geometry and size of the conductor.
20. (d) Initial P.E. of the three charges,
U:I =
1 ^2% 28. (c)V = jTiK^ and A = 4kR^
4ne r
3V
0
Y- = —

low
-12 -12 -12 A 3 A
1x2x10 + 2x3x10 +1x3x10
= 9x10^
1
C = 4ner.R - 4ne 0
3V^_127t£oV
0
A) A
=99xlO"^J
Final P.E. of the three charges, 29. (») —I tiR^ =8x—Trr^ 3

ee
-12 -12 -12
1x2x10 + 2 X 3x 10 +1x3x10
U./ =9x10^
rF
or R=2r

Fr
0.5
C(small drop) _ 47i£(jr _ r _ 1 _ ^ . 2
99x10"^ C(bigdrop) 4jrepR 2r 2
= 198xl0"^J for
0.5 30. (fj) After the two conductors are cormected by a
W = Uj-U-= (198-99)x 10“^ =99x 10'^ J
ou
wire.

, ^1 = ^2
ks
=0.099 J « 0.1 J.
oo

21. (fl) AU=U^-U,. R1

Y
B

1
or -^k = ^1^2 I^2% , ?1^3 5i = ^
4ne 47t£ 03 0.1 0.4
re

0 OL ^2 ^
I ^1^2 I^2% , ^1^3 4iiR^
1^ ^1
o
ou

4k£q _ 03 0.5 0.4

ad

02 47tRj^ ‘^2
Y

or

‘h'Kl Kj'
nd

k=8q^.
Re

or
£«A
0
22. (fl)P.E. of a dipole is minimum when its axis (or 31. (d) C =
Fi

d
dipole moment) is parallel to the electric field.
C =
£n(A/2) _ 1 EpA _ C
U = -p£cos0“=-p£. 2d 4 d "4
23. (c) =p£(cos0=’-cos60°)=|p£=W 32. (fl) Capacitor is a device to store charge. It is
used in appliances where more current is needed.
W2 = p£(cos0°-cosl80°) =2p£ = 4W.
33. (c)Charge on each capacitor becomes zero when
24. (6)Here 0^ =0° and 02 =90° two capacitors of equal capacitances are charged and
W = p£(cos0°-cos90®) = p£(l -0) = pE. then connected to opposite terminals. But capacitances
of the two capacitors are given to be different.
25. (fl)Refer to the solution of Problem 4 on page 2.81.
34.(b)^=^ + ^ + ^=i2 + i3 + l=l
1 1
6
26. {b) fp = Fg, because F = qE, and q and £ are same c, q1 C2 C3
for both proton and electron. q=ipF.
 PHYSICS-Xil

35.{c)‘Cp=q + C2=16^F 40. (b) The equivalent circuit is

qq 2nF
=3^F 12 nF
q-.q
or qq=3{q + q)=3xl6=48^iF Po-
C,
2|jF OQ
q(i6-q)=48 2^iF

On solving, q = 12 jiF, Cj = 4 |iF. Q

36. (c) Q = Q: + Q2 + Q3 + -Q,rtiCxV C'=2 |iF + 2nF = 4 laF
Q 1C 10^
n =

CV IpFxllOV 110
= 9090. C' and Cj are in series with effective capacitance.
C'xC1 4x12 48
37. (d) C" = _
— = 3pF
C' + C1 4 + 12 16
ImF 2^F 3hF
+ ? I j-*? I 1-^ +4 1-4 Effective capacitance between P and Q,
V-1 V2 ^3
C = C"+C2=3 + 2 =5pF.
41. (fl) The equivalent circuit is a balanced Wheat
stone bridge.
B

11 V 4^F 4^F

A
o-
8 ^F^———o
V = -^ + -l + -l=llV
c
"1 q q 4nF 4nF
D
(1 1 1\
U 2 3 4 pF _ 4 pF
4 pF 4 pF
4^ = llxA=6pC
11 ^ The 8 pF capacitor is ineffective.
4x4
T/ __1_6fC = 6 V. r
'-ABC
=
= 2pF
4 + 4
' q I^F
4x4
38. (b) The capacitor on the right hand side gets
r -
^ADC = 2pF
4 + 4
shorted.
C + C
B
C
ABC ADC = 2+2=4pF.
42. (c)
o-
C o o ■OB
A B
P
Q
B o
C C B D E F
C c c c c
Now the two capacitors are connected in parallel.
=C + C = 2 C.
eq Tire capadtors across DE and EF are short
39. (fl) The two sets of 4 pF and 4 pF form series circuited. So the equivalent circuit is
C
combinations with equivalent capacitance,
4x’4 2(4F
C' = =2pF P=B C
4 +4
;
4pF c A = D = F C
The equivalent drcuit
then takes the form as shown,
3C C
2mF
q^ =2+4+2 =8pF. /lo- ■OB po-
 I

ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 2A13

1
C„ 3C C 3C
50. (b) Energy loss = —. (^1-^2)'
eif 2 Cj + C2' ●
3C 1 3xl0~^5xl0~^
C
^ 4
(500 -300)^
2 (3 + 5)10“^
43. (cf) Effective capacitance of 3 fiF and 6 |iF
15xl0-^x(200)^ J = 0.0375 J.
capacitors connected in parallel, 16
C'=3 + 6=9pF
51. (6) Initial energy stored in one capacitor.
Now C' and 4.5 pF capacitors are in series.
U =
C = 3pF 2C
^ 9 + 4.5
When the battery is disconnected, charge q remains

low
Charge through the circuit, the same ie., q= constant. The capacitors form a
<? = q^V=3xl2=36 pC parallel combination.
r =C+C=2C
P.D. across 4.5 pF capacitor, eq

Y-^ - = 8 volt. Final energy stored by the combination.

C 4.5 pF

ee
.,2
^ 9 1
rF U' = = -U.
Q' 2C 2x2C 2

Fr
eq
44. (d) W =
2C
52. (b) Here Q^=CV,
W' =
2C 2C
= 4 W. for
Q2=2Cx2V=4CV
As the two capacitors are connected with opposite
ou
45. (b) Heat produced in the 2 kD resistor polarity, the common potential is
ks
= Energy stored in the charged capacitor _4CV-CV = v
oo

2
ix4xl0“^x(400)^J =0.32 J. C1 + C2 C + 2C
Y

Equivalent capacitance,
B

46. (b)W=^a/2 => W«:y2 C' = C + 2C=3C

re

\2 Final energy of the configuration is

W2 J AP2 r x2
60-30 30
= 4
ou
ad

% 130-15 15 U'=-C'V'^ = -x3Cx V^=-CV^.

2 2 2
Y

or
W2 =4W^ =4W. 0
53. (c) = d '
47. (b)AU = U^-U^ =^C(V}-V^)
nd
Re

_2SqA
= 1x8x10“^ (20^-10^) = 2q
Fi

= 4xl0‘^x300J = 12xl0~*J. For capacitors connected in series.

48. {b) Energy is additive for a parallel combination u
Q' u
Q'
of capacitors. X ~
2C^'
X
Y ~
2Cy
U = nx Energy stored in one capacitor.
= nxlcV^=lnCV^. = 2:1.
Uy
49. (c) v = 54. (c) When the battery is disconnected, the charge
q + C2
on the capacitor plates remains the same.
20 pFx500 V+10pFx200 V
55. (a) Due to polarisation of the dielectric, an
20 pF + 10 pF electric field is induced in the opposite direction of the
12000
-V=400V. applied field. The net field between the capacitor
30 plates decreases.
2.114 PHYSICS-XII

Sr,0 A
63. (6) Original capacitance,
K
56. (b) C = K =K i.e., C oc —
0 ^ d
Sr,A
_ ‘*0
2k 4k
C cc or C’ cc
dll d
c Area = A
or — =4 or C' = 4C
C ♦

c c
d/2 C,
57.(^)C,=-=-
d/2
4
58. (c) The charge Q on the capacitor plates remains
same. The surface charges induced on the dielectric
slab reduce the electric field to a new value,
When the capacitor is half-filled with a dielectric, it
E'=^ becomes a series combination of two capacitances Cj
K
and Cj ●
This reduces the potential difference to a new value, r =
&r,A
0
. £« A
Ed V ‘“i =2 0 =2C0
V' = E'd = dll d
K K
Sr,0 A s„A
0
= K = 5x2 = 10C0
59. (c) Electric field inside the copper plate is zero. It dll d
exists only in the region of thickness d-~b.
Sr,A
0
Equivalent capacitance.
C =
d-b C = qq _2qxioq_5q0
Sr,0 A Cj + C2 2Co + 10q0 3

60. (rf) For air filled capacitor, Cq = ^ =2pF

Increase in capacitance
For wax filled capacitor.
SrxA K - 2x6 2x6 -c0 200
C = K
0
= — Cn = 6 pF or K= -_3 xl00 = =66.6%.
Id 1 ^ ^ C0 2 C0 3

Sr, A 64. (d) lnR=lm

61. (c) Without dielectric, Cq =-^ Cq = 47tSQi? = 4s 0
With dielectric,
Capacitance in water,
Sr,0 A
_ ^0 - 1 ^0 -12
C = C = kCq =80x4x8.85x10 F = 2800 pF.
d-t + ^ l id
65. (c) Common potential,
K

t
2d = d-t + - 0-f cy.0 cv.0 V.0
y = _
K
_

t f q +q kC+C C(1 + k) 1+k

or d+t= — or K =
K d+t V,0 0
K = -1 =
V y
Sr,A
62.(i,)C„=-^ 66. (fl) We now have two capacitors of capacitances
C and kC connected in series.
With a dielectric slab of k = 5,
CxkC kC
&„A
0
C
C = C+kC 1+k
t
d-t +
5 67. (c) The arrangement is equivalent to series
t 4f combination of two capacitors of plate area A and
C0 _
d — t + —5 100 5 separation dll.
or
C d 166 d 1=J_ 1 1 d
J_ +J_
166x —=66d
4t c = c/q 2sq/II^Ki K
2J
5 d/2 d/2

66dx5 d lSr,A
0 K^Kz
t = or C=
166x4 2 d K,I +K.,2J
V
 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 2.115 A

71. (b) After the connection, the charge on inner

68. (rf) For original capacitor, C = -^ a
sphere transfers to outer sphere. Then the potential on
From the above problem, we have the outer sphere is

r
Vg=—L.

Cj _ 2KjK2 72. (fl) Given = y

C Kj + K2 4k£qU 3rj
1 1
69. (fl) The arrangement is equivalent to a parallel or ~^ = ,,
V or
combination of two capacitors, each wjth plate area 4t18
0
3r 47teQ r 2
All and separation d.
i 1=^ 1=X.

low
47tEQ (3r)^ 4::£g r 9r 2 9r 6r
(A/2)k^1 £q(A/2)k2 _ EqA
d d Id
(K1 + K2). 73. (b) £ = —.4=9x10^x4
47I£a r r
0

70. (b) From the above problem.

or
Er^
3 X 10^ X (2.^ c =2.08 X 1Q"^C
C ^ 9x10^ 9x10^

ee
(Ki+K2) = -^(Ki+K2)
0
C =
q should be less than 2.08 x 10“^C.
Id
rF
Fr
i(4 + 6) = 5pF. So option (b) is correct.

^YPE B : Case Study Based Questions

for
ou
ks
PARAGRAPH 1 Electric Potential
oo

\
An electric potential is defined as the amount work required to move a unit positive charge from a reference
Y
B

point to a specific point in an electric field without producing an acceleration. Usually, the reference point
the potential is taken as zero. The potential energy for a
re

is taken as the earth or a point at infinity where

positive increases when it moves against an electric field and decreases when it moves with the electric
unit charge, we can define the electric potential as the
ou

field. Like we define electric field as the force per

ad

potential energy per unit charge. So electric potential can be expressed in units of joule per coulomb or
Y

volt. The electric potential near an isolated positive charge is positive

because work has to be done by an external agent to push a positive fcQi ^2 ^^3
nd

charge in, from infinity. The electric potential near an isolated negative
— + — + —
Re

'■2 '■3
charge is negative because the positive test charge is attracted by
Fi

negative charge. The electric potential due to a charge q at its own

location is not defined—it is infinite. Because of arbitrary choice of the
reference point, the electric potential at a point is arbitrary to within an
additive constant. But it is immaterial because it is the potential
difference between two points which is physically significant.

QUESTIONS (Answer any four of the following questions)

1, Which of the following is not true ? (c) The electric dipole potential varies as 1/ r at large
distance
(fl) For a point charge, the electrostatic potential
varies as 1/ r
(d) For a point charge, the electrostatic field varies as
l/r2
(£j) For a dipole, the potential depends on the position
vector and dipole moment vector
 2.116 PHYSICS-XII

2. The variation of electrostatic potential V and the 4. n small metal drops of same size are charged to V
electrostatic field E with distance r from a point charge volt each. If they coalesce to form a single large drop, then
q is correctly shown by graphs : its potential will be
(«) V
(fc) W-
n
(b) Vn
t T (c)
tu
(d)
li.' 5. A hollow conducting sphere is placed in an electric
field produced by a point charge placed at Pas shown in
the figure. Let be the potentials at points A, B
{C) (rf) and C respectively.

T T
UJ
A
-P
c

B
r -*■

Then

3. What is the elctric potential at ■^q -q

(a)V^>V, (b) Vg >
the centre C of the square ?
kq (^)^A = ^C
(a) zero (b)
a

a V2 C

kq
(c)^
a
(d) none of these -q ■^q

PARAGRAPH 2 Faraday Cage

,.4

A Faraday cage or Faraday shield is an enclosure made of a

conducting material. The fields within a conductor cancel out
with any external fields, so the electric field within the enclosure
is zero. These Faraday cages act as big hollow conductors you can

put things in to shield them from electrical fields. Any electrical I

shocks the cage receives, pass harmlessly around the outside of I

? I

the cage. [CBSE SP 21]

QUESTIONS (Answer any four of the following questions)

6. Which of the following material can be used to 9. An
isolated point charge +q is placed inside the
make a Faraday cage ?
Faraday cage.
(fl) Plastic (b) Glass
(c) Copper
Its surface must have charge equal to
(d) Wood
(d) zero (b) +q
7. Example of a real-world Faraday cage is
(a) car (c) -q (d) +2q
(b) plastic box
(c) lightning rod (d) metal rod 10. A point charge of 2 pC is placed at centre of
Faraday cage in the shape of cube with surface of 9 cm
8. What is the electrical force inside a Faraday cage
when it is struck by lightning ? edge. The number of electric field lines passing through
the cube normally will be
{a) The same as the lightning
(a) 1.9 xlO^ Nm^/C, entering the surface
(b) Half that of the lightning (b) 1.9 xlO^ Nm^/C, leaving the surface
(c) Zero
(c) 2.26 xlO^ Nm^/C, leaving the surface
(d) A quarter of the lightning
(d) 2.26 xlO^ Nm^/C, entering the surface
 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 2.117

PARAGRAPH 3 Capacitor

An arrangement of two conductors separated by an insulating medium can be used to store electric charge
and electric energy. Such a system is called a capacitor. The more charge a capacitor can store, the greater is
its capacitance. Usually, a capacitor consists of two conductors having equal and opposite charge +Q and
-Q. Hence, there is a potential difference 7 between them. By the capacitance of a capacitor, we mean the
ratio of the charge Q to the potential difference V. By the charge Dielectric
on a capacitor we mean only the charge Q on the positive plate.
Total charge of the capacitor is zero. The capacitance of a
capacitor is a constant and depends on geometric factors, such
as the shapes, sizes and relative positions of the two
conductors, and the nature of the medium between them. The
+

unit of capacitance is farad (F), but the more convenient units ]

low
are nF and pF. A commonly used capacitor consists of two long
Plate 1 Plate 2
strips or metal foils, separated by two long strips of dielectrics,
rolled up into a small cylinder. Common dielectric materials are
plastics (such as polyesters and polycarbonates) and aluminium
oxide. Capacitors are widely used in radio, television, computer,

ee
and other electric circuits. rF
Fr
QUESTIONS (Answer any four of the following questions)

11. A parallel plate capacitor C has a charge Q. The

actual charges on its plates are
for
14. Three capacitors of 2.0,3.0 and 6.0 pF are connected
in series to a 10 V source. The charge on the 3.0 pF
ou
(«)aQ (b)QI2,Qn capacitor is
ks
(0 a-Q {d)Ql2,-QI2 (a) 5pC (b) lOpC
12. A parallel plate capacitor is charged. If the plates
oo

(c) 12pC {d) 15pC

are pulled apart,
Y

15. What is the potential difference across 2pF

B

(a) the capacitance increases

capacitor in the circuit shown ?
re

(fc) the potential difference increases

(c) the total charge increases 6V
h
ou

(d) the charge and potential difference remain the

ad

same.
2^F ^ ^3jiF
Y

13. If « capacitors, each of capacitance C, are connected 16 V

in series, then the equivalent capacitance of the com
nd

bination will be
Re

(fl) nC (b) (fl) 12 V (b)4V

Fi

(c) C/n (d) C/t7 (c)6V (d) 18 V

Answers
▼

1. (c) The electric dipole potential at large distance. 1 +q~q+q~q = 0.

3. (rt) V =
1 pcosO 4jre
OL
■Jla
i.e..
47C£
0
r2
4. (d) Volume of the big drop
2. (/;) For a point charge, = n X Volume of a small drop
V<c- and £ tx: -4- 4
r -TtR^ = nx —Ttr
3

3 3
Graphs of figure {b) correctly show the variations V
and E with r. R =
2.118 PHYSiCS-X!l

1 7 12. (h) V= Ed
Potential of a small drop, V-
47re„0 r
As £ remains the same, so V increases as distance
increases.
Potential of the big drop,
V' = 1 _ 1 nq 13. (0 — = — + — + — + n factors = —
4ti6„0 R 4jte„0 n 1/3^ q C C C C

5. (d) Potential is same at every point of the

■■■

conducting sphere. 1 1 1
14. ib) - => C„ =lpF
■■■ K.=^8 = ^C- eq
2 3 6 6 1 eq

6. (c) Copper, because it is a conductor. Charge on each capacitor is

7. (fl) Car, its metallic body becomes an electrostatic (, = Cy = lpFxlOV = 104C.
shielding from lightning.
8. (c) Zero 15. (0 e„^j=16-6=10V
2x3 6 ^
9. (b) + q, on the outer surface due to induction. C
eq
=-uF
2+3 5
2 X 10~^
10. {€) -12 -xlO=12pC
8.85x10 5

=2.26xlO^Nm^/C, leaving the surface. P.D. across 2 pF capacitor,

11. (c) The Q charge on a capacitor indicates that the V,=-!-
q _12pC = 6V.
1
charges on its plates are +Q and -Q. Cl 2pF

ifl'YPE C : Assertions and Reasons

DIRECTIONS

In the following questions {1-11), a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as :

(g) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(6) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion,
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. (d) If both assertion and reason are false.

1. Assertion. Electric potential of earth is taken zero. 5. Assertion. When charges are shared between any
Reason. No electric field exists on earth surface. two bodies, no charge is really lost and some loss of
[AIIMS 2009] energy does occur.
2. Assertion. Work done in moving a charge between Reason. Some energy disappears in the form of heat,
any two points in a uniform electric field is independent sparking etc. [AIIMS 2014]
of the path followed by the charge, between these 6. Assertion. A spherical equipotential surface is not
points. possible for a point charge.
Reason. Electrostatic forces are not conservative.
Reason. A spherical equipotential surface is not
[AIIMS 13]
possible inside a spherical capacitor. [AIIMS 15]
3. Assertion. A metallic shield in the form of a hollow 7. Assertion Lines of force are perpendicular to
shell may be built to block an electric field. conductor surface.

Reason. In a hollow spherical shield, the electric field Reason. Generally electric field is perpendicular to
inside it is zero at every point. [ARMS 12] equipontential surface. [ARMS 16]
4. Assertion. Dielectric polarisation means formation 8. Assertion If a dielectric is placed in external field,
of positive and negative charges inside the dielectric. then field inside dielectric will be less than applied field.
Reason. Free electrons are formed in this process. Reason. Electric field will induce dipole moment
[AIIM 2014] opposite to field direction. [AIIMS 17]
 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 2.119 M

9. Assertion Charge never flows from a condenser of Reason. In polar dielectrics, each molecule has a
higher capacity to the condenser of lower capacity. permanent dipole moment but these are randomly
Reason. Flow of charge between two bodies oriented in the absence of an externally applied electric
field. [AIIMS 18]
connected by a thin wire is determined by the charges on
them. (AUMS 18] 12. Assertion. An electron has a high potential energy
when it is at a location associated with a more negative
10. Assertion The force between the plates of a parallel
plate capacitor is proportional to charge on it. value of potential, and a low potential energy when at a
location associated with a more positive potential.
Reason. Electric force is equal to charge per unit area.
[AIIMS 18] Reason (R). Electrons move from a region of higher
potential to region of lower potential. (CBSE SP 22]
11. Assertion In the absence of an externally applied
electric field, the displacement per unit volume of a polar
dielectric material is always zero.

low
Answers T-7

1. (c) Electric potential of the earth is taken zero 7. (fl) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is
because its capacitance C is very large and so, correct explanation of the assertion.

ee
8. (c) External field induces an electric field in
V = — _> 0 for all finite charges. rF
C the dielectric in the opposite direction which sets up a

Fr
dipole moment in the same direction of external field.
2. (c) Electrostatic forces are conservative. Work done
in moving a charge in a uniform electric field is path 9. (d) Charges always flow from higher potential
independent. Assertion is true but reason is false.
3. (fl) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is 10. (c)
for
to lower potential. Both assertion and reason are false.
F=I-qE =5> F ccq
ou
the correct explanation of the assertion.
ks
4. (rf) Polarisationinduces +ve and -ve charges on the F cannot be equal to charge per unit area.
two opposite faces of the dielectric. No free electrons are .●. Assertion is true but the reason is false.
oo

formed in the process. Both assertion and reason are 11. (fl) Both assertion and reason are true and the
Y
B

false.
reason is correct explanation of the assertion.
5. (<j) Charge is always conserved but some energy is
re

12. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. An

lost in the form of heat. Both assertion and reason are true.
electron moves from a region of low potential to high
6. (d) Both assertion and reason are false. potential.
ou
ad
Y

Text Based Exercises

nd
Re
Fi

^YPE A : Very Short Answer Questions (i mark each)

1. Define electric potential. Is it a scalar or a vector 7. What do you mean by a potential difference of 1 volt ?
quantity ? [Punjab 01; CBSE OD 06] 8. Write the dimensional formula of potential difference.
2. Define the unit of electric potential. [Punjab 02] 9. 5 J of work is done in moving a positive charge of
3. Write down the relation between electric field and 0.5 C between two points. What is the potential
difference between these two points ? [ISCE 95]
electric potential at a point.
10. A charge of 2 C moves between two points main
4. Name the physical quantity whose SI, unit is JC*’. tained at a potential difference of 1 volt. What is the
Is it a scalar or a vector quantity ? [CBSE OD 2010]
energy acquired by the charge ? [CBSE D IOC]
5. Write the SI unit of potential gradient. 11. In a conductor, a point P is at a higher potential
6. Define electric potential difference between two than another point Q. In which direction do the
points. Is it scalar or vector ? [Punjab 01] electrons move ?