Saad Qureshi

Compressible Aerodynamics

Formula Sheet

Speed of Sound

𝑎 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇

𝑐𝑝
𝛾= = 1.4 unless otherwise stated
𝑐𝑣

𝐽
𝑅 = 287.05 𝑘𝑔.𝐾 for air

Mach Number

𝑉
𝑀=
𝑎

Isentropic Relations

𝑇0 𝛾−1 2
=1+ 𝑀
𝑇 2

𝛾
𝑃0 𝛾 − 1 2 𝛾−1
= (1 + 𝑀 )
𝑃 2

1
𝜌0 𝛾 − 1 2 𝛾−1
= (1 + 𝑀 )
𝜌 2

Characteristic Point Relations

𝑇∗ 2
=
𝑇0 𝛾 + 1

𝛾
𝑃∗ 2 𝛾−1
=( )
𝑃0 𝛾+1

1
 Saad Qureshi

1
𝜌∗ 2 𝛾−1
=( )
𝜌0 𝛾+1

Normal Shock Relations

𝛾−1 2
1+
𝑀2 = √ 2 𝑀1
𝛾−1
𝛾𝑀12 − 2

𝜌2 (𝛾 + 1)𝑀12
=
𝜌1 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀12

𝑃2 2𝛾
= 1+ (𝑀2 − 1)
𝑃1 𝛾+1 1

𝑇2 𝑃2 𝜌1 2𝛾 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀12
= = [1 + (𝑀12 − 1)] [ ]
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝜌2 𝛾+1 (𝛾 + 1)𝑀12

1-D Flow with Heat Addition

𝑃2 1 + 𝛾𝑀12
=
𝑃1 1 + 𝛾𝑀22

2
𝑇2 1 + 𝛾𝑀12 𝑀2 2
=( ) ( )
𝑇1 1 + 𝛾𝑀22 𝑀1

𝜌2 1 + 𝛾𝑀22 𝑀1 2
=( )( )
𝜌1 1 + 𝛾𝑀12 𝑀2

𝛾
𝛾 − 1 2 𝛾−1
𝑃02 1 + 𝛾𝑀12 1 + 2 𝑀2
= [ ]
𝑃01 1 + 𝛾𝑀22 1 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀2
2 1

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 Saad Qureshi

2 𝛾−1 2
𝑇02 1 + 𝛾𝑀12 𝑀2 2 1 + 2 𝑀2
=( ) ( ) [ ]
𝑇01 1 + 𝛾𝑀22 𝑀1 𝛾−1
1 + 2 𝑀12

1-D Flow with Heat Addition

𝑀2
𝑥2
4𝑓𝑑𝑥 1 𝛾+1 𝑀2
∫ = [− ( 2 ) − ( ) ln ( )]
𝐷 𝛾𝑀 2 𝛾−1 2
𝑥1 1+ ( 2 )𝑀
𝑀1

𝑇2 𝑇0 ⁄𝑇1 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀12
= =
𝑇1 𝑇0 ⁄𝑇2 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀22

1
𝑃2 𝑀1 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀12 2
= ( )[ ]
𝑃1 𝑀2 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀22

1
−
𝜌2 𝑀1 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀12 2
= ( )[ ]
𝜌1 𝑀2 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀22

(𝛾+1)/[2(𝛾−1)]
𝑃02 𝑀1 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀22
= ( )[ ]
𝑃01 𝑀2 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀12

Mach Wave

1
𝜇 = sin−1 ( )
𝑀

Oblique Shock Relations

𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

𝜌2 (𝛾 + 1)𝑀𝑛21
=
𝜌1 2 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀𝑛21

3
 Saad Qureshi

𝑃2 2𝛾
=1+ (𝑀2 − 1)
𝑃1 𝛾 + 1 𝑛1

𝑇2 𝑃2 𝜌1
=
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝜌2

2
𝑀𝑛21 + [𝛾 − 1]
𝑀𝑛22 =
2𝛾
[(𝛾 − 1) 𝑀𝑛21 − 1]

𝑀𝑛2
𝑀2 =
sin(𝛽 − 𝜃)

𝑀12 sin2 𝛽 − 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 [ ]
𝑀12 (𝛾 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽) + 2

Prandtl – Meyer Expansion Waves

𝜃2 = 𝑣(𝑀2 ) − 𝑣(𝑀1 )

𝛾+1 𝛾−1 2
𝑣(𝑀) = √ tan−1 √ (𝑀 − 1) − tan−1 √𝑀2 − 1
𝛾−1 𝛾+1

𝛾−1
𝑇1 1 + 2 𝑀22
=( )
𝑇2 𝛾−1 2
1+ 𝑀1
2

𝛾
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑃1 1 + 2 𝑀22
=( )
𝑃2 𝛾−1
1 + 2 𝑀12

Nozzle Equations

𝛾+1
𝐴 2 1 2 𝛾 − 1 2 𝛾−1
( ∗) = ( 2 ) [ (1 + 𝑀 )]
𝐴 𝑀 𝛾+1 2

4
 Saad Qureshi

Diffuser Equations

𝐴𝑡2 𝑃01
=
𝐴𝑡1 𝑃02

𝑃𝑑
( 0 ) |𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑃0
𝜂𝐷 =
𝑃0
( 2 ) |𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝑀𝑒
𝑃01