r

• C \
•. • I• , , ' . ,

.A

,n .
. , CJ

. .

ANGULAR MEASURE •
.. .
II 9.1 INTRODUCTION : , '<
. .
I I
Basic field operations performed by a surveyor -involve linear and angular measurements. ..·•.. ,·
• • • • l

Points on the ground or on a map are related to each other through a horizontal distance and a h.oru_·~-lltJiii
(or ·direction). ,.
... Horizontal
•
angular measurements are made .
between survey lines to determine the angle betwQ .
.,. A horizontal angle is .the difference between two measured directions.
. . . .
. Measurement of horizontal angle is required in traverse surveying and other types pf .surveying. .
. . . -- ~-
... A survey line can only be plotted if its length and direction both are known.
...
. • • . . " , ..
So, it is necessary to measure linear measurement (length) and angular measurement (directlon or
, ...
• angle) of a stiryey line.
' .
9.2 THE INSTRUMENTS USED FOR ANGULAR. MEASUREMENT :
Chain surveying· can be· used when the area· to be surveyed is comparatively small and is fairly
But ·when the area is large, undulating and crowded with many details, triangulation (which is the •
• of chain· survey) is not possible. •• • .
' . .
In such cases, •it becomes essential to use some sort of instrument which enables angles or dirediGII
survey lines
.
to be measured. . . .
, ..
The instruments commonly used for the measurement of directions and horizontal ~gles are : • •
(a) Instrument used for the direct measurement of directions of survey lines.
(i) A compass
(b) Instruments used for the measurement of horizontal angles betwe·en .
survey 11nes.
(i) A box-sextant ,
(ii) A theodolite
• (iii) A total station
 C

9.2

_ (GTU Dec. 2008)

~VERSING :
t be
C)lin surveying can be used when the area 0 surveyed is
D
ly smaJI and is fairly flat.
, CCJIIIP8"8tive
.h
..., when the area is large, undulating and crowded wit many
,,.. I . . • C
, _,ils, triangu atton 1s not possible. E
t d,
ng is adope
.. such an area, th~ method of traversi
I~
of a numbe r· connec•ted
.. rraversing, the framework consists• ro
11111
(F' 9 1)
iPC5- 1g.•
•. s .
a chain or a tape and the d'rrect1on A
lengths are measured by .
8
,..., ng instruments . .
-ur ed by angle measun Fig. 9.1 Traverse
) . . pass.
.. one of the. methods, the angle (direcfion measunng mstrument used is the com
, .. _ • • ths of the
a-- - in compass surv eying direction s Of survey Ii nes are determmed with a compass and the leng
.
n. • · ·
iDeS are measured with a tape or a chia
SJW -'.

rsin g.
, 1bis.J:~ss is known as compass ~ve
•
' ti ,<. •

.. PRl~IPLE OF COMPASS SURVEYING : ..

lines. (Fig. 9.1)
com pas s surv eyin g is trav ersing; which involves a series of connected
• 1be principle of ) of the lines
the line s are mea sure d by prismatic compas~ and the distances (lengths
• 1be magnetic bearings of
(i.e. AB, BC, CD, DE, EA) are mea
sured by chain
ation of a network of triangles.
• Such swvey does not require the form
bffsets from the main survey Jines.
lllferior·:de~ls are located by taking. il.
s may be tak~n for locating these deta
• Sometimes subsidiary lines or tie line ded with many details.
su~ eying is reco mm end ed whe n the area is large, undulating and crow
• Compass '
to the presence ·of
.
g is not reco mm end ed for areas where local attraction is suspected due
• Compass surveyin veying current, and so on.
iron ore deposits, electric cables con
magnetic substan

II TYPES OF COMPASS :
ces 'like steel stru

y
ctures,
.
r., .: le, and a line of
ll instrum ent essentially consisting o_f µiagnetic needle, a graduated circ
" Acompass is a sma
•
ight.
a line with reference
not mea sure ang le betw een two lines directly but can measure angle of
" 1be compass can of a line
netic meridian at the instrum ent station point is called magnetic bearing
to mag
two Jines.
ulated by g~tting .bearings of these
• 1be angle between two lines is then calc
two forms of compass available :
1'ere are
(1) The prismatic compass
(2) The surveyor's compass
9.3
_________________ Basic CivU Enfinthl ..
_ _ _ _ _.........,;____..;.....,........,___,;.___,_.....,.._ _ _ _ _ _ -..:.._·--•1111

9.S.1 The Prismati~ Compass : (Fig. 9.2) ·r-, 1

••
1
(GTU Dec. 2008, June 2012, ·summer '7)
1 201
9.S.1.1 The prismatic comp~ss is a magnetic compass which consists of following parts.

Mirror

Eye vane
Sun glass

Object vane
.,
• I• I'• ,Prism

Lifting pin '· '/ I

Glass cover
. ,,., Prism cap
Break-pin
• I

Focusing •
Stud J l \..''•

Fig. 9.2 The Prismatic Compass

;
(1) Cylindrical Metal Box : Cylindrical metal box is having diameter of 8 to 17 cm. • · :,
• It protects the compass and• forms entire casing or body.. of the· compass. .',
• It protects compass from dust, rain etc. -";
(2) Pivot : Pivot is provided at 'the center of the compass and ·supports freely suspended magnetic needle
over it. ·•;
(3) Lifting ·Pin and Lifting Lever : A lifting pin is pro~ided just below .the_ sight vane. •
• When the sight vane is folded, it presses the lifting pin. • '
• The lifting pin with the help of lifting lever then lifts the magnetic needle out of pivot priint to prevent
damage to the pivot head. •
(4) Magnetic Needle : Magnetic needle is the heart of the instrument.
• This needle ·measures angle of a line from magnetic meridian as the needle always remains pointed
towards north and south pole at two ends of the needle when freely suspended on any support.
(S) • Graduated Circle or Ring : This is an aluminium graduated ring marked with 00 to 3600
to measure
all possible bearings of lines, and attached with the magnetic needle.
• The ring is graduated to half a degree.
(6) Prism : Prism is used to read graduations on ring and to take exact r~ading by compass.
• It is placed exactly opposite to object vane .
• The prism hole is protected by prism cap to protect it from dust and moisture.
(7) Object Vane : Object vane is diametrically opposite to the prism and eye vane.
• The object vane is carrying a horse hair or black thin wire to sight object in line with eye sight.
(8) Eye Vane : Eye vane is a fine slit provided with the eye hole at bottom to bisect the object from the
slit and to take. reading simultaneously from the eye hole.
• This eye vane is provided with prism and can. be lifted up and down by the stud to bisect the objects
~hl~~~cl. .
(9) Glass Cover : It covers the instrument box from the top such that needle and graduated ring is seen
from the top.
 Jteasurement 9.4
' • . ,
un Glasses •• These are used when some
• 1urni b' . _
(10) . • . nous o ~ects are to be bisected. . •
These are placed in fro t f th different colours to
' eye slit .~~d in bunch 9f three or four shades ,of
cnve sharp picture of th:·;b.~ecte only. .. ,.•
,,.
• •
1) Reflecting Mirror : It is used to get imag e of an object located above or below the instrument level
(l while bisection. .

, It is placed on the object vane. •

• • . •
lZ) Sprin g Brake or Brake Pin . Ti0 d before taking. a reading and to
( brin it to rest uickl th . • ~p the oscilJation of the needle
contact
withg the edge .at~ached to the ins~de of the box is brought in
j the ~ng ebYhght spnng b~ake
0
. . .• gently pressing mward the brake pm.
• .
,;.tJ working of the Pris~atic Compass :
, 1t · •
1111.Pn
1
the needle of• the compass 1s suspended freely , always pomts towards the north
dian).
compass are with respect to north (magnetic meri
- " ~
th
_ 'lberefo~, all e ~gle s ~~asured with prismatic wise direction is
reference to magnetic meridian in clock
-'fhe horizon~ angl~. ,m~de by a• ~~rvey line with • • • .
called the beanng of a hne."
in the ball
o~ a light tripod -which is having· vertical spindle
,,, While using the compass, it is usually. mounted ~ . •· . •
and socket arrangement to which the' compass is· screw
~rary adjustments). •.• •.. •
,,, Its working involves following three steps (Tem
(1) Centring (2) Levelling and (3) Focussing
pass : (GTU June 2009)
,s.tJ Temporary Adjustments_ of ·a Prism~tic Com for measuring
.. The following procedure should be iidopted
after fixing the prism~tic. compass on the· tripod
. ,. , •
the bearing of a line.
where the
(1) Centring : Centring is the operatjon in
which compass is kept exactly over the station from
. .. ) •
bearing is to be determined
rside of the _compass
• • • 1 The centring is
checked by dropping a small pebble from, the unde
cted
the centring is correct, if not then the centring is corre
•

• If the pebble falls on the top of the peg then

£ : . ... '

_•. ", • ,
by adjusting the legs of the tripod. ring
with the aim to freely swing the graduated circular
(2) Levelling : Levelling of the comp~s is done
~f the prismatic compass . ass
will help to achieve a proper level of the comp
• The ball and socket arrangement on the tripod
il on _glass _cover. -
• This can be checked by rolling round penc ring are
in, its _slide till the graduations on the aluminium
(3) . Foc ~ing : The prism is moved up or down
seen clear, sharp and perfect focus
the_ vision of the observer.
• The position of the prism will depend upon
t.S.~.4 Observing the bearing of a line : N
whic h the magn etic beari_ng is
.. Consider a line AB of Object
8
to be observed
the Object vane
.. Let the ranging rod be fixed at B in line AB and
4 ' " " - Graduated ring
compass is centred on A
Outer box
.. Turn the compass in the direction of line AB
ng
.. When B is bisected by the v~rtical hair i.e. when rangi
rod at B comes in line with the slit of eye vane
and
t vane , the readi ~g, u~de r
the Vertical hair ~f the objec I

the Vertical hair through prism is taken,_ whic h gives

. Line of sight
the bearing of line AB (Fig. 9.3)'
Fig. 9.3
The enlarged portion gives actual pattern of graduattons 'I
I •

lllarked on ring. •

J
 ..

9.S Basie Civil & , ~

9.S.l The Surveyor's Compass. : (Fig. 9.4) • (GTIJ~

.
·•"{',•,,~,
,
I I

• I f

• I

•[

.Eye vane

Bearing

Lifting lever
.,.'
IJ

.Fig. 9.4 Surveyor's Compass. r,

-+ It is similar to a prismati~ compass ex~~pt that it has a only plain~eye ·slit instead of eye slit wi~ prism
~ye hole ••
-+ This compass is having pointed ~agnetic needle in place of broad ~onn needle as in case of prismatic COllllDlllll
~.S.2.1 Working of Surveyor's Compass :
-+ (1) Centring (2) Levelli~g (3) Observing _the bearing of a line.:. . . ..,.
First two operations are sir¢lar to that of prismatic compass but the method of taking observation differs
that. • :•, •

(3) Observing the bearing of a line.

In this type of compass, the reading is taken from the top of glass and under the tip of north end of
magnetic needle directly. No prism _ is provided here. • • .. •.
Construction and bearing system of the ~urveyor's compass differ~ from the prismatic compass :
 6
Measurement
-- -- -- -- =9 .
/af
-~ ~-atic--
~- -~betwe ~. .:; ;; ... --
•
,1 en Prism Compass d S
l)itrerence urveyor's Compass :
,.,.., . an
(G TU June 2009, April 2010, Janu. 2011, Winter 20
Prismatic Compass ~--.;,
Surveyor's Compass
~ 'fhe graduated ring
) is attached to the magnetic .
(I .• (1) .The graduated ri~g and needle are free to move
nee<fle. •
independently with respect to each other.
~rad uated ri~g rem~ins stationary while box with (2) Graduated ring rotates with rotation of box, eye
prism and obJect _vane rotates as the ring attached vane and object vane as the ring is attached with
with needle 1s not attached with the the box of the compass and only needle remains
boX,
·stationary.
fflgradua
Prism is p~o_vi~ed to take reading and thus, the
ted nng 1s marked with_ the figures of mirror
(3) The graduated ring is graduated with ejected figures
and no p~~m is provided to take reading.
image. (as the value~ are reflected and irrected
through prism) 1 fl,-.
.. . '
(4) Graduations are marke1 d 00 and 3600 in clockwise (4)' Graduations are marked 0° to 90° in each
dtrection. \ quadrant· ·•

(5) 00 is marke d at South , 1800 at North, ' 90° at West

. (5) In this compass, East and West is inter-changed.
and 2700 is marked at East. -
(6) Tripod may or may not be provided. (6) . The instrument cannot be used without a tripod.
(1) It measures or gives WCB of a line. (7) It measures or gives QB of a line.
.. ' - (GTU Summer· 2019)
~lilfrO,:MERIDIANI : ' ~
to some reference line or direction
• .. Bearing of aline is always measured clockwise with respect
.. Titjs fixed reference line is known as meridian.
.. There are three types of ril~ridians : ( .
(1) Magn etic Meridian : (GTU Summer 2013, Winter 2013)
tised and balanced properly without
• The direction shown by a freely suspended needle which is magne
I

an.
influenced by any other factors is known as magnetic meridi
the line with the magnetic meridian.
Magnetic Bearing of a line is the horizontal angle formed by
(GTU .Winter 2013)
(2) True Meridian :
and south
• True meridian is the line which passes through the true north
by either observing the bearing of the
• The direction of true meridian at any point can be determined
sun at 12 noon or by sun·'s shadow.
the true meridian is known as the true
True Bearing : The horizontal angle which the line makes with
•
bearing or azimuth.
where true meridi or magnetic meridian
an
(3) Arbitrary Meridian : In case of small works or in places
is taken as a reference direc~on called
cannot be determined, then, any direction of a prominent object
as arbitrary meridian.
arbitrary meridian is called arbitrary
Arbitrary Bearing :. The horizontal angle made by a line with the
bearing. •
(GTU Summer 2019)
.~-7 TYPES OF BEARINGS :
a_ reference line (meridian).
... The bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes with
... Depending upon the meridian, there are four types of bearin~s.
(GTU June 2009)
{l) True Bearing ; .
m~ridian and the· survey line (Fig. 9_5)
... The true bearing of a line is the horizontal angle between the true
~ection.
... The true bearing is measured· from the ~e north in the clockwise

,\
. J
'
9.7 Basic Civil Enfinttri,,r

(2) Magnetic Bearing :

. '
True meridian
The magnetic -~~ng of a line is the horizontal angl~ ,which Magnetic Met1c1an
the line makes with the magnetic north. Magnetic bearing
(3) Grid Bearing : True bearing
The grid bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which the
line makes with the grid meri~ian.
(4) Arbitrary Bearing :
..
The •arbitrary bearing of a line is ffi:e horizontal angle which
the line makes with the arbitrary meridian. •
1 ... I •

@ M~Ai~~~M~NT OF BEAfu~GS
-
' '
2/
The bearing are measured in the following two systems.·
'Fig. 9.5 Bearinp,

(1) Whole Circle Bearing System. (W.C.B) . ,'.

(2) Quadrantal Bearing system. (Q.B)

. r
•• I • "
(1) Whole Circle Bearing System (WCB) : (GTU March,June 2009, Winter 2014, Summer 2016, -
The bearing of a line measured with respect to magnetic 0° ,.
meridian in clockwise direction is called magnetic bearing N
and its value varies between ·oo to 3600. , ,, 'A' . .
.... '

The q~adrants start from North and progress in a clockwi~e- D

direction as the first quardrant •is 00 to 900 in clock wise · IV
direction, 2nd 900 .to 1800, 3rd 1800 to 2700, and upto 36()0
is 4th· one.
According to the Fig. 9.6, A, B, C & D stations fall in I,
II, III and IV quardrant respectively
r
The whole circle bearing of a line is angle of that line from Ill
the given north direction in clockwise direction.
B
Thus, WCB of line OA = 01 = 45° s
line OB = 0i = 150° 180°

Hne OC = 03 = 210° Fig. 9.6 WCB System

line OD = 04 = 3400
The prismatic compass measures the bearings of lines in the whole circle system.
(2) Quadrantal Bearing System (QB)·: (GTU June 2009, Winter 2014, Summer 201')
... In this system, the bearings of survey lines are measured
N
with respect to north line or south line which ever is
I IVNW D A I NE
the nearest to the given survey line and either in clockwise
direction or in anticlockwise direction.
... As shown in Fig. 9.7. The pt quadrant is called NE
quadrant in quandrantal be~ng system, Ilnd q_uadrant ~s
SE, III"' as SW and IVth quandrant as NW quadrant.
The bearings of lines which fall in pt and IVth quadrant
are measured with respect to north line as north is nearer
than south line, and bearings of lines fall in llnd & III"'
B II SE
quadrants are measured from south line as south is the
nearer line • s
The surveyor's compass measur~s the bearings of lines Fig. 9.7 Quadrantal Bearin1 System
in the quadrantal system.

I
( '
'
 /IJf Measurement 9.10
Ail" '-,
• .
) Jleduced Bearing (RB) : • . (GTU, March 2009, Summer lOh..__.
. ''
() th ht O 'Jbe · ed into quadrantal bearing, it is termed as 'reduced beanng -,
,,. When e w e circ e anng of a line is convert
'
,,. 'fhus, the reduced bearing_ is similar to the quadrantal bearing
ed for proper designation.
,,. Its valu_es lies· between 00 to 900, but the quadrants sho~ld be mention
The following table should be remembered for conversion of WCB to RB.
• Table 9.1
WCB, of any line . Quadrant in which it lies Rule for conversion Quadr ant
( 1) 00 to 900 ,, I l{B = WCB N-E
(2) 900 to 1800 II RB = 1800 - WCB S-E
(3) 1800 to 270° m RB = WCB - 1800 S-W
(4) 2700 to 360° IV RB= 36()0 - WCB N-W

~EXA MPLE S ON CONV ERSIO N OF BEARING :

EXAMPLE 9.1 : Convert the following WCB into Reduced Bearings. .

(iv) 335°
1

''~".. '•" • (i) 49<> (ii) 24od' J •• (iii) 133°

' J

SOLUTION: N

(I) As s~own i~ Fig. 9.8(a). . .

The line falls in I quadrant. Therefore nearer pole is north pole
and angle is measured from ;North towards E as 49°.
-·· •
• #
• •

• RB = N 49° E. w·. ---- -+- --~ E

(ii) ~hOW~ in Fig. 9.8(b), ( i line of:WCB fall$ UNJrd 240"
quadrant where south is the nearer pole/line. !11~o f 4

a line should be measured from south and'· t~w ~... .

• • •·
:. . Reduced Bearing • • WCB - l SOO · --:- -,.,~ ...... ·
·.,. ·::
1sno . ,.1r..-:i.11. s
i 24no •j.
~··. -·•''f"
•

Fig. 9.8(a)
1
.- v- - u·
- 60" from south '·: N

-
-
S £flD
U\I
w ;,···'•I!...:..-.tr
/ : •..•
c. ...... ,
••
t;.
!,.'.ii..~·..
•••, ~ .
I
.. •
•. •
.•
, . . .....
.
• •• , ... •

• .._.· - ~ . ~ ,,, • . '' ·II:'''. ..'..

• fii) As shown in Fig. 9.8(c). ,I. . • ~· •. •. •\,:

WCB of line is 133°, thulit falls in 1~ .Q·.. ,. •.-1·,~utb ~·-
W~.....---,t ---+ --+- -~
pole is the nearer pole. .. • • • ·•• •
4 k 1.-•· - . f' ··· ~• .
,"
; ':'
..-.-·;
•. t r, ·
N
.·'<, ..•· •.
-
.
I"-"
•
.
'
•.,
,/,I

I.
••.
I!•- .
• -~·. ',, -~ ,t..,,.~t1.,•·
If,!-':.~"'--~~.....
' 'tJ·,
. it.i
~--- .. ..!.,..,- . _.
•
•

··,
•, ·• -
.•.,. 1t,;a·1 · y1.,
, ·l
.~...:_
•••,
' ., ;
..... ,1e.,.111,,
~' • ~•-~·1
.. s
.. .
1

,
...

••.
'~

.• •.
. ....... . .:.....
I;
. Fig._ 9.8(b)
,. '
·~,
• -..-:..•. , "._
•,

~-- --~ --t- ;-......-!··~t. .,.. . ...,- - ~.:;"'!'i\

'

W - ~ ~ . ingle of a tlrie' should be measured from south towards

east. .
• I

JtB·a ~-:- 133° = 4?0

From south towards east = S 47° E
s t
•Fig. 9.S(c) I
I
..
I'
r' I
I
 aw , .www 7

,,,, "" Measurement

"
,A.,
•
9.10

BEARING :
. 9,10 FORE BE ~~I NG AND BACK
d. •:.i· • • • ,, • (FB) of that
The bearing of a line measured . in the fiorwar u1rect1on of survey is called the 'fote bearing'
,,,,. . ... ---- • , .
bne. -
·
measured in the directi on opposite ress of survey is
1be bearing of a lineing' {BB) f the . (backward) to the direction of the prog
,,. called the 'back bear 0 line. __ _..• (GT U Win ter 2013 )

,,,,. for example, in Fig. ~ . 9 ( a ) ~ ...

FB ·of A~ = 81,, , (from A to B)
BB of AB -:- 8r·- ··-(f rom B to A)
in Fig. 9.9(b~- . _ _ _ _ -· --- --·
FB of BA .= 81
- - 4 • ···
____ _

BB of BA - 82
· BB of line BA
N •' A

B
82 (Back Bearing)

N· BB of line AB
• ~o~e

A
• • • I
FB of line BA
FB of line AB
(b)
(a) I
. . '
Fig. 9.9 Fore and Back Bearings
Remember the following :
. Remeber the following
een the FB and BB should be exactly 1800
In the WCB system, the difference betw
(1)
• ·relation.
BB = FB ± 180°
+ sign is applied when FB is < 1800
, .
- sign is applied when FB is > 1~00
ally equal but the
quad rant al bear ing (i.e. reduced bearing) system· the FB and BB are nu~eric
(2) In the
•
quadrants are just opposite.
E, then its BB is S 600 W.
For example, if !fie FB of AB is N 600
wing lines if FB are given as under :
EXAMPLE ~ : Calculate BB of follo

BB of line AB =
. .
FB
.
AB = 265° PQ = 1600 MN = 350°
of line AB
.\
- 1800 (FB > 1800)

= 265° - 1800 = 85°

BB of line MN 350° - 1800 = 1700 (as FB > 1800)

. BB of line PQ = FB of line PQ + 180°

.
= 160° + 1800 = 3400 (as FB < 1800)
Important Note : bisecting object ( od)
at A and bearing of line is. measured by
For the given Jin~ AB if compass is fixed of line AB or BB of line BA.
. f at
ed as
B, then the measured bearing is designat
9.11 · Basic Civil Engineering

9.11 COMJ:>UTATION OF ANGLES :

Observing the bearings of the lines of a closed tr~verse; it is possible to calculat~ the included angles, which can be
used for plotting the traverse. · . ··. . · ·
At the station where two survey lines meet, two angles are formed - an exterior angle and an interior angle.
The interior angle or included angle is generally the smaller angle (< 180>).
C E

D
D
B A

• I
A
I
\
'
.
C
..•·'
(a) Interior angles < 180° (b) Interior angle >180° (at B)
Fig. 9.10 Interior angles
As shown in Fig. 9.l0(a) all angles A, B, C and Dare less than 180°. As shown in Fig. 9.l0(b) where the interior
angle at station B is more than 180°. •
. '

9.11.1 Procedure to calculate included angles.

While calculating the interior or included angles, it is strongly recdmmended that a rough sketch of the traverse
must be drawn for the purpose of calculating the interior angles or bearing from included angles.· '•·._, ·
.-, r .

A sketch always gives a better idea for calculations. -· ,, '

' .
·At any survey statiori generally FB of one line and BB of another line are measured.
-+ Then difference of these two bearings will give you ~ither an interior angle or an exterior angle depending
upon the station position. Refer Fig. 9.l0(b)
Included LA :
. .
-+ • Atstation A, FB of AB and BB of EA were measured. E
Difference of these two bearings will give you interior _
angle A.
/
LA = FB of AB .:..: BB of EA .

B
Fig. 9.11 (a)

Included LB : -M
A
At station B, FB of BC and BB of AB were measured.
Difference of these two bearing~ will give you exterior .
angle B.
Exterior angle B = BB of AB - FB of BC

...
. .
Interior angle B = 360° - Exterior angle
C
Fig. 9.11 (b)
 ca

.-JIii Measurement ~_ _ ...___'~·1~2

~... ... ..:c....._____~ _ .: _
__ _ _ _ _ _ _=
. . . . . . . ...........
~~~--,.
i,t1oded L.C:
and BB of BC D
At station C, FB of CD asured.
two bearings Will .Were me terior N ·, .,·
" J)ifference of these give You ex
angle C.
Exterior angle C =BB of BC - FB of CD•
•
• Intenor angle C =360° _ Exten•or an• gle.
••

.
I I '

Fig. 9.11 (c )
t,tllJded LD :
and BB of-CD re measured·
At station D, FB of DE • wi--ll •we u .mten.or
" Difference of th ese two beanngs give yo
D . \
angIe • .... D
of DE - BB .of CD.
Interior angle D: = FB .
L I
..

Fig. 9.11 (d)

M
asmed.
statioD: E, FB of EA and BB of DE ·were me
• • interior
bearings will give you
Difference of these two
angle E.
.
FB of EA - BB :"Of DE
• Interior angle E =
D
Fig. 9.11 (e ) •

-~.
(included) Angle s :
llL2 Examples on Interior· rse ABCD.
w ing be arings were taken of a ~losed trave
IIAMPu;..9.5 : The follo
Table 9.2
FB BB
Line
45° 00' 225° 00'
AB 30 30'
1230 30' 30
BC
181° 00' . 10 00'
CD 109° OO'
DA 289° 00'
gles of the traverse.
Calculate the interior an ,,...__,-....
IOtunoN : - of FB and BB
easu red FB of each /ine and also write values
ABCD according to m
'

'P-1rs1 Plot the ~v er se . .

tio n. e the 1nten.or angles.
es at each sta table as shown be
. low to calculat
Ref.er p·1g. 9.12 and prepare a

Ca.Jc••U! ct- ---

...__
--
 - m.4iAi&k a~,~~- ------

9.16
!,leasurement

;;-----=
c,1cU1ation or·t·
m enor ang1es : ' ' l
• J
,
I

Exte~or LA = BB of EA - FB of AB
= 300°301 ._ 150015' = 1500151
1
Interior LA = 360000 - 150°15' = 209845' 200°30'
E
Exterior LB = BB of AB - FB of BC
1
= 330015' - 200,30 = 309045'
Interior LB = 36()<>()()' - ·309°451 = 50015'
Interior. LC . = FB of ·co - BB of BC
.' 295045• - 2000301 = 95015•
Interior LD = •FB of DE - ~B ·of ·co
1
= 218°00 - 115°45' = 102°15'
Interior LE = FB of EA - BB of DE Fig. 9.15
1
.. = 120030 - 38°001 = 82°30'
Check : The sum of the interior angles should be equal to (2N - 4) x 90°.
In this case,
(2N - 4) x 90 = 5400 • (N = 5)
. .

Where N = number of lines or angles.

Sum of calculated interior angles • .. .
I

·= LA + LB + LC + LD + LE
•

1 1 1 1
= 209°451 + 50°15 + 95°15 + 102°15 + 82°30
=.5400 (0.K.)

9.12 COMPASS TRAVERSING : . .

.
.. In traversing, when compass is used for making angular measurements, it is known as compass traversing
or compass surveying. .
.. Compass surveying is one of the methods of. surveying in which a magnetic compass is used to determine
the directions of survey lines. ..
.. In this method, the fore and back bearings of the traverse lines are measured , by prismatic compass and
the survey lines of the traverse are measured by a chain or a tape.
.. Prior to the invention of sextant and theodolite, compass was the only means of measuring the directions
and horizontal angles. •
.. The observed bearings are verified and necessary corrections for loca_l attraction are applied.

~ 13 LOCAL ATTRACTION '. (GTU Dec,~• March, Sept. 2809, June 2010, S~2014, Winter 2016)

When the prismatic compass ts centred o~ an~ station, then the freely suspended magnetic needle will point
towards the magnetic meridian (North direction).
... However, when the compass is set up in vicinity of iron or steel structures, or under electric cables c •
high voltage current then the magnetic needle o~ the com~ass will not. point to the magnetic north a:t1~!
deflected from its normal position. ~.e the magnetic needle is under the mfluence of some external attractive
forces.
9.17 B~k CivU Engin1tri,,
1
This deviati_on of the needle from the magnetic north (its original position) under the influence. of rnalnctic
substances ts known as 'Local attraction'. , . .
... The bearings measured from such station points are not correct and they are required to be corrected bef<>rt
plotting the traverse. ,c

9.13.1 Sources of Local Attraction : • (GTU, Somme~ 2014, Winter 20l6)

... The sources of local attraction· are
(i) Natural sources or Artificial sources
, .. I
(ii) Natural sources are naturally available as iron ores, magnetic rocks etc.
(iii) Artificial or man-made sources are proximity of steel structures; rails, iron-pipes, electric lines, llletal
piece· including metallic chruns, arrows, ranging rods, bunch of keys in hand or pocket etc. ~ore,
such .materials should be kept ·away while taking reading with the compass•
.,; ' . t :·• J ,
9.13.2 Detection of local attraction : (G~! _Winter 2016)

..... a line.should 9C taken. .If the difference

To detect the presence of local attraction, the fore and back bearings.of
of the fore and back bearings of the line is excactly 1800, then there is no local attraction.
If the FB and BB of a line do not differ by 1800, then the needle is said to affected by local attraction,
provided there •is no instrumental error.
.
· I
!
I

To compensate the effect of local attraction, the amount of error is found out and is equally distributed
between the fore and. back bearings of the line.
4 •
For example, consider the case when
Observed FB of AB = 80030'
Observed BB of AB = 260°00'
Calculated BB of AB = 80030' + 180'00' =260°30'
1 .
:. Correct_ed BB of AB =2 (260000' + 260030') = 260015'
Hence, corrected FB of AB = 260°15' - 180°00' = 80015'
9.13.3 Method of application of correction : (GTU, Winter 2016)
(a) First method :
The interior an~les of a traverse are calculated from the observed bearings.
Then an angular check is applied. The sum of the interior angles should be equal to (2~) x 90° (n =.
number of sides of the traverse).
If it is not so, the total error is equally distributed among all the angles of the traverse.
Then, starting from the unaffected line, the bearings of all the lines may be corrected by using the corrected
interior angles. •
(b) Second method :
1n· this method, the interior angles are not calculated. From the given table, the unaffected line is first detected.
. . .
Then, commencing from the unaffected line, the bearings of the other affected lines are corrected by finding
the amount of correction at each station. ___ •
Note : If all the lines of a traverse are found to be affected by local attraction, the line with' minimum error
is identified. The FB and BB of this lin~ _are adjusted by distributing the error equally. Then, starting frodl
this adjusted line, the fore and back bearmg of other lines are corrected.
.
 Measurement 9.18
#

,.13.4 Examples on Local ~ttra~ti~~ : , - -• • •- • •

JllrJf""t : ( 'rt

9
tJAMPLE-9- : ·Toe following bearings were. observed with com~~s for the , ..(.
closed traverse ABCDA. (GTU June 2009)
. Table 9.9
Line FB BB
AB 120° -3000
BC 200° 20°
CD 310° 131°
..,,-..
DA. 30° 209° • • ,• .,.
• , '., I , "J ' • •

of the lines.
•

Where do you suspect the local attraction ? Find the included ~gl~s and corrected. bearings '
I 'f, • .
t) • ,,
write values
SOLUTIO,N : First plot the traverse ABCD according to measured FB of ea~h line and also
of FB and BB of lines at each station. · . • . • • •

Find out difference of FB and BB,. for all the lines.

. '. Table 9.10
. 1. . r l
I
I•

Line FB BB Difference Remark

1~· •..,; _;',J AB 120° 300° 180° ST. A.Ban d
BC 200° 20° 180°· Care free
CD 310° 131° 179° from local attraction
r
DA 30° 209° 179° ST. D is• affected

On examination we find .that fore and back bearings of lines ~' and BC differ exactly by 180°. Hence
·.

only.
stations A, B and C are free from local attraction.- Station affected by local attraction is D
Method of elimination of local attraction by
included angles. :
Refer Fig. 9.16 and prepare a table as shown below
to calculate the interior angles.

D
.... ,....

Fig; 9.16
 ~ - - - - - - -..·--lilt'!.'.,"•·""'-----r.:;~ ~19--------- -~---11111 111111..

9.23 Basic Civil En~

Result : Correct bearings of the lines are : -~

Table 9.15
Line FB BB Difference
AB 68° 00' 248° 00' 180°
BC 138° 00' 318° 00' 180°
CD 192° 00' 12° 00' 180°
DE~, 301° 00' 121 ° 00' 180°
EA 14° 30' 194° 30' 180°

9.14 DECLINATIONS : (GTU March, June 2009, Jan.2010, Winter

•' 20u,
The horizontal angle between true north and magnetic north at a place at the time of observation, is called
magnetic declination.

-
Thus the horizontal angle between the magnetic meridian and true meridian is known as 'magn~~~ ~linatioi(
~hen the north end of the magnetic needle is pointed towards the west side of the true m~ri~ian~ ~e J>Osifioa

-
1s termed as 'Declination west'(0W). •
When the north end of the magnetic needle is pointed towards the east side of the true meridian,' the J>Ositioa
is termed 'Declination E~t• (0E). ",' •·.r.,,

MN TN TN MN , "
'.
(Declination West) •· a . (Declination East) • I I,.

(a) (b)
Fig. 9.18 (i) Declination
9.14.1 lsogonic and Agonic Lines : (GTU, June 20U)
- Lines passing through points of equal declination are known as 'isogonic' lines.
- The line passing through points of zero declination is said to be 'agonic' line.

• I

r - + - Agonic line

. - + - l~ogonic line

Fig. 9.18 (ii) lsogonic and agonic lines

'.
 • 9.24
Measurement
~-1.c_u_LA~r=-,o~N~o-=-F--T_R_,;;ue.:;..,;_e_eA_R_I_NG_s___
, -_- - - - - ~ -
-==. : :, .~,_.-~ -.-.,. .;._:, ,-,
TN • MN MN TN •

_.,_ __ Magnetic declination ,..... --Ma gnet ic declination

r-. .~- Magnetic bearing ~ - - Magnetic beartng

"Wo l~-T rue bearing ~.-- -Tr ue bearing
w--~'f-1-E I
i
B
If. : •
B .. . .. .
' . ' • ••
., ..

. . ,1,. 9.19 (b) • ,. .

..... .. Fig. ,.~-:~9 ~r> ..
rds East.
needle is deflected ffom true north by &> t~~a
.,. Refer Fig. 9-19(a). Magnettc north or north of the true
with the. help of the compass is always less than
.,. Theref?F~ 1!1e v~lue of obseryed n;iagn~tic bearing •
bearing w41ch 1s meas• ured from TN.
• ,. t '"11',
•• ,:1,,,;1 ''.
.,. For declination towards East, . • ••

. ~t• ~ar ing of a line = Ma~~tic bearing

+ Magnetic decllnatio~
l true
ved magnetic bearing is always more than actua
.,. If declination is towards west of true north, then obser
bearing of a line as shown in Fig. •9.19(b).
.,. If declination is towards west of TN
netic declination
True Bearing of line = Magnetic Bearing - Mag

9.16 DIP OF A NEEDLE : influence

wtii• needle ~ets disturbed due to the magnetic
.. Th~ horizontal balanced position ·of the mag,
of the earth.
rds ,I,:· •._,fe; •
.. The needle dips on one of its sides towa le.
es ''dtl: hetrizontal is known as dip of the need
.. The angle which the deflected needle mak th~ higher
on by attachiug ,, s•tutll weight called rider to
.. The needle·is brought to its horizontal posi~ e in ·a
ct readings the needle ·should be free to mov
side of the magnetised needle. For ~e corre
.. ..
horizontal plane.

t
• ivo
~-P

Fig._ 9.20