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AW1 Time Standards

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12 views

AW1 Time Standards

Uploaded by

ryy799v989
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Time standards

dr inż. Stefan Jankowski


[email protected]
Content

• Definitions
• Measurement
• Periods / intervals
• Time scales / time standards
• Standard Times
• GPS time
Definition of Time
what clocks measure
• (attr. to physicists Albert Einstein, Donald Ivey, and others)
what prevents everything from happening at once
• (physicist John Wheeler and others)
a linear continuum of instants
• (philosopher Adolf Grünbaum)
a certain period during which something is done
• (Medical Dictionary)
a continuum that lacks spatial dimensions
• (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
dimension in which events can be ordered from the past through the
present into the future, and also the measure of durations of events and
the intervals between them
• (Wikipedia)
Time flow measurement

From…

Between…

Changing…
Time periods
• Sun / year
Interval of time between the same position of the Earth on
the solar orbit (e.g. perihelium)
• Moon / month
Interval of time between the same phase of the Moon (e.g.
new Moon).
• Earth / day
Interval of time, in which the Earth turn around its axis
related to a celestial body.
Year
Year

The full rotation (revolution) on solar orbit takes 365.2422 days,


therefore:
• Regular year lasts 365 and every 4 years leap year lasts 366 days
• The leap year fulfils one of the following conditions:
1. is divisible by 4, but not is divisible by 100, or
2. is divisible by 400

An example:
Year 2000:
1. 2000/4 = 500 (the rest = 0) and 2000/100=20 (the rest = 0)
the condition is not fulfilled
2. 2000/400 = 5 (the rest = 0) => the condition is fulfilled
year 2000 is the leap year
Month
Averyge period in which Moon phases change
equals 29.5 days,
which gives 12*29.5 = 354
While the orbital period of the Earth is 365.2422 days
The lacking almost 2 weeks are compensated by extension of the months.
Therefore, nowadays duration of the months equal 30 or 31 days except February
which lasts 28 days (29 during leap years)
Solar day - apparent
Solar day - mean

The difference between mean and apparent solar time is known as the equation of time
Mean solar day

• This is usually expressed as a correction, never exceeding 16


minutes, that is added to or subtracted from apparent solar time to
determine mean solar time.
Mean solar day

• The previous time standard with mean solar day – GMT


• Now UT = GMT
• UT1 – UT corrected for the pole movement (ab. 0.035 s)
• UT2 – UT1 additionally corrected for seasonal variation of rotation
speed of the Earth
• The unit of time, the second, was at one time considered to be the
fraction 1/86 400 of the mean solar day (24h*60min*60sec).
Sidereal day
• 1 turn for 1 year => 360/365 days  1  4 minutes

distant star
Sideral day

1
Time measurement

However measurements showed that irregularities in the rotation of


the Earth made this an unsatisfactory definition.

• Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 30 listopada 2006 r. w


sprawie legalnych jednostek miar
• sekunda — czas równy 9 192 631 770 okresom promieniowania
odpowiadającego przejściu między dwoma nadsubtelnymi poziomami stanu
podstawowego atomu cezu 133
• SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI) [8th edition,
2006; updated in 2014]
• The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the
ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
TAI – International Atomic Time

IERS – International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service


(before: Intenational Earth Rotation Service)
– the institution responsible for atomic scale
On 01/01/1950 TAI was fixed to agree with UT1:
TAI – UT1 = 0 [s]
TAI constantly deviate from UTA due to variation of the Earth rotation,
in 2015:
TAI – UT1 = 36 [s]
Positive leap TAI - UTC

UTC – Universal Time Coordinated second


30/06/1985 23

31/12/1987 24

• Compromise – seconds are a constants interval of 31/12/1989 25

time (si seconds) but the scale is coordinated to 31/12/1990 26


agree with UT1 using leap seconds 30/06/1992 27
• It is a weighted average of approximately 420 30/06/1993 28
atomic clocks arround the world:
30/06/1994 29

UTC = TAI – n [s] 31/12/1995 30

30/06/1997 31

• The n number is a whole number of leap seconds 31/12/1998 32


which changes to keep deviation between UTC and 31/12/2005 33
UT1 within 0.9 [s] (IERS)
31/12/2008 34

|UTC – UT1| < 0.9 [s] 30/06/2012 35

30/06/2015 36

31/12/2016 37
UTC – Universal Time Coordinated
Start Date Time DUT1 Correction
2017-11-30 0000 UTC +0.2 s
• DUT1 – predicted 2017-06-29 0000 UTC +0.3 s
difference between UTC 2017-03-30 0000 UTC +0.4 s
and UT1 2017-01-26 0000 UTC +0.5 s
(0.1 s precission) 2017-01-01 0000 UTC +0.6 s
2016-11-17 0000 UTC -0.4 s
2016-09-01 0000 UTC -0.3 s
2016-05-19 0000 UTC -0.2 s
2016-03-24 0000 UTC -0.1 s
2016-01-31 0000 UTC 0.0 s
2015-11-26 0000 UTC +0.1 s
2015-09-11 0000 UTC +0.2 s
2015-07-01 0000 UTC +0.3 s
2015-05-28 0000 UTC - 0.7 s
2015-03-19 0000 UTC - 0.6 s
2014-12-25 0000 UTC - 0.5 s
2014-09-25 0000 UTC - 0.4 s
Standard Times
Standard times

ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals vol. 2


GPS time

• GPS has its own time scale


• It differs from UTC by an almost whole number of
seconds:
𝐺𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑈𝑇𝐶 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑠 − 𝐶𝑡
where:
n – whole numer of seconds
Ct – correction which equals a few nanoseconds
GPS time

• GPS time doesn’t use leap seconds to agree with


UT1, like UTC does
• On 05.01.1980, when the system has been
launched, the GPS time was synchronised with UTC,
and difference to TAI equaled 19 seconds

http://leapsecond.com/java/gpsclock.htm
The end

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