Chapter 1: Overview of Technology

>What is Technology?
- Application of science to solve problems
- Includes making, using, and knowing tools, machines, techniques, crafts, and systems

> Importance of Technology

- Education: Advanced testing options in schools
- Communication: Improved personal and business communication
- Security: Devices and software to secure data and homes
- Supplies: Access to fresh water and food
- Space: Learning about the galaxy
- Various Uses**: Platforms like Moodle, GPS, WhatsApp, and technologies like cloud,
tracking systems, e-commerce, etc.

>Reasons for the Importance of Technology

- Improves communication and efficiency
- Protects against attacks
- Essential for employee productivity
- Provides unlimited knowledge (e.g., Google)
- Increases employee engagement and business capacity
- Expands markets and facilitates cryptocurrency

>Classification of Technology
- New Technology: Innovations like Robotic Process Automation (RPA), Internet of Things
(IoT), and intelligent apps like ChatGPT
- Emerging Technology: In pre-commercialization, examples include cancer vaccines,
nanotechnology, and stem-cell therapy
- High Technology: Advanced tech like virtual reality and AI
- Medium Technology: Between advanced and low tech, e.g., recommendation systems
- Low Technology: Basic needs, e.g., manual tech used by low-expertise workers
- Tacit Technology: Knowledge from personal experience, hard to codify, e.g., learning a
recipe
- Codified Technology: Easily transferable, precise, e.g., engineering drawings

>Science and Technology Relationship

- Engineers: Use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve problems
- Science: Study of the natural world
- Technology: Modifies the natural world to meet human needs

> Nature of Technology

- Pure Science: Expands knowledge, used in education, motivated by curiosity
- Applied Science: Applies pure science to practical problems, used in all industries,
motivated by practical application and innovation
Chapter 2: Types of Technology

>Types of Technologies (6 Categories)

1. Energy and Power Technology

- Forms of Energy: Mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, light/radiant
- Forms of Power: Mechanical power, electrical power, fluid power
- Energy Resources: Nonrenewable (coal, oil, natural gas, uranium), renewable (solar,
wind, water, geothermal)

2. Medical Technology
- Prevention: Early detection tools
- Diagnosis: In vitro diagnostics
- Monitoring: Checking disease status
- Treatment: Overcoming injuries and diseases
- Care: Accelerates recovery
- Examples: Smart inhalers, robotic surgery, wireless brain sensors, 3D printing, artificial
organs, health wearables, precision medicine, virtual reality, telehealth, CRISPR

3. Construction Technology
- Tools and Techniques: Building Information Monitoring (BIM), AI, modular construction,
robotics, self-healing concrete, 3D printing, augmented reality, drones
-Benefits: Improved productivity, safety, and training, addressing labor shortages

4. Manufacturing Technology
- Conversion Processes: Raw materials to products
- Types of Production Systems: Low (Job Shop), medium (Batch), high (Mass)
- Technologies: CAD, CAM, CNC, DNC, PLC, NC, material removal, material forming,
additive processes

5. Transportation Technology
- Types: Hyperloops, underground tunneling, aerospace technology, autonomous vehicles,
last-mile robots, electric vehicles

6. Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

- Functions: Processing data, communication, sharing ideas
- Components: Cloud computing, software, hardware, digital transactions, digital data,
internet access
- Significance: Cost savings, opportunities, and conveniences for businesses; challenges
and problems
Chapter 3: Biotechnology

>Definition and Scope

- Biotechnology: Use of living organisms or their systems to develop or make products
- Interdisciplinary field involving biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, and more

>Timeline of Biotechnology

-Traditional Biotechnology (Before 20th Century)

● Fermentation (6000 BC): Used in brewing beer and making bread.

● Selective Breeding (8000-3000 BC): Domestication and improvement of crops and
animals.
● Cheese and Yogurt Production (2000 BC): Use of microbial cultures.
● Antibiotics (1928): Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming.

-Modern Biotechnology (20th Century - Present)

● Recombinant DNA Technology (1973): Developed by Cohen and Boyer.

● Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (1980s): First GM crops developed.
● Human Genome Project (1990-2003): Mapping of the human genome.
● CRISPR-Cas9 (2012): Revolutionary gene-editing technology.
● mRNA Vaccines (2020): Rapid development for COVID-19.

>Color Classification of Biotechnology

● Red Biotechnology: Medical applications (e.g., gene therapy, pharmaceuticals)

● Green Biotechnology: Agricultural applications (e.g., GMOs, pest-resistant crops)
● White Biotechnology: Industrial applications (e.g., biofuels, biodegradable plastics)
● Blue Biotechnology: Marine and aquatic applications (e.g., algae-based biofuels,
marine-derived pharmaceuticals)
● Grey Biotechnology: Environmental applications (e.g., bioremediation, pollution
control)
● Yellow Biotechnology: Food production (e.g., fermentation, food additives)
>Applications of Biotechnology

1. Healthcare and Medicine

- Genetic testing
- Gene therapy
- Pharmaceuticals
- Vaccines

2. Agriculture
- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
- Pest-resistant crops
- Enhanced nutritional content

3. Industrial Biotechnology (White)

- Biofuels
- Biodegradable plastics
- Enzyme production

4. Environmental Biotechnology
- Bioremediation
- Waste treatment
- Pollution control

Benefits of Biotechnology
- Improved health and medical treatments
- Increased agricultural productivity
- Environmental protection and sustainability
- Industrial advancements and efficiency

Challenges of Biotechnology
- Ethical concerns (e.g., genetic modification)
- Regulatory issues
- Public perception and acceptance
- Potential risks and unintended consequences
Chapter 4: Internet Technology

> What is the Internet?

- Interconnected network of computers
- Network of networks using Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
- Global system serving billions of users

> Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet

- Advantages
- Education and technology
- Social networking
- Entertainment
- Online services
- Disadvantages
- Threats to personal information
- Spamming
- Cybercrime
- Virus attacks

> Intranet
- Private network within an organization
- Secure internal information system
- Used for sharing company information and resources
- Benefits: Communication, collaboration, time-saving, cost-effective, productivity, immediate
updates

>Extranet

● Extension of an intranet
● Allows controlled access to external users (e.g., partners, vendors)
● Facilitates collaboration and communication between organizations
● Benefits: Enhanced business relationships, efficient communication, secure data
sharing, extended business reach

> Internet Technologies

- Group of technologies for accessing information and communication over the web
(browsers, FTP, email, ISPs, etc.)

>World Wide Web (WWW)

- System to access the internet
- Contains texts, graphics, audio, video, and hyperlinks for navigation
>Evolution of Web Technologies
- Web 0.0: Development phase
- Web 1.0: Static web (read-only)
- Web 2.0: Participatory web (social media, blogs, wikis)
- Web 3.0: Semantic web (intelligent data processing, IoT integration)
- Web 4.0: Mobile web, real-time interactions, smart devices
- Web 5.0: Open, linked, intelligent web (emotional web)

> Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT)

- Healthcare: Real-time data, smarter devices, superior analytics
- Smart Cities: Traffic management, parking, video surveillance
- Agriculture: Satellite imagery, drones, predictive analytics
- Industrial Automation: Smart equipment, inventory trackers, predictive maintenance
- Disaster Management: Early warning systems, sensors for natural disaster detection

>Challenges in Internet Technologies

- Data privacy, identifying fraud, online stalking
- Child and adult safety online
- Cybersecurity
- Addiction to social media and its impact on mental health
- Misinformation and fake news
Chapter 5: Process and Design Technology

>What is Process Technology?

- Technology used in manufacturing to produce products
- Involves equipment, software, and procedures

>Stages of Process Technology

1. Design: Creating a blueprint for the product
2. Development: Prototyping and testing
3. Implementation: Setting up production systems
4. Maintenance: Ensuring smooth operation and making improvements

>Design Technology
- Focuses on creating functional and aesthetic products
- Involves research, ideation, prototyping, and testing

> Importance of Design Technology

- Enhances user experience
- Improves product functionality and aesthetics
- Drives innovation

>Relationship Between Process and Design Technology

- Both are crucial for creating high-quality products
- Design technology informs the process technology requirements
- Effective process technology ensures the successful realization of design concepts
CHAPTER 6: TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

>Definition: The Technology Life Cycle describes the time and cost of developing a
technology, the timeline for recovering costs, and the modes of making the technology yield
a profit proportionate to the costs and risks involved.

>Stages of Technology Life Cycle

Stages in the Technology Life Cycle

3 Stages:

1. Embryonic: Initial development and innovation.

2. Growth: Rapid market penetration and acceptance.
3. Maturity: Market saturation and slowing growth.

4 Stages:

1. Innovation: Creation and initial development.

2. Syndication: Demonstration and commercialization.
3. Diffusion: Rapid market acceptance and growth.
4. Maturity: Market saturation and slowing growth.

6 Stages:

1. Technology Development Phase: R&D and prototype creation.

2. Application Launch Phase: Initial market introduction.
3. Application Growth Phase: Rapid market penetration.
4. Mature-Technology Phase: Market saturation.
5. Technology Substitution Phase: New technologies emerge.
6. Technology Obsolescence Phase: Decline and replacement.

>Phases and S-Curve: The life cycle phases include R&D, Ascent, Maturity, and Decline.

>Market Interaction:

The document discusses Market Pull and Technology Push approaches, explaining how
market needs and technological advancements drive innovation.
>Diffusion of Technology:

● Definition: Technological diffusion is the process by which the market for a new
technology changes over time, leading to new products and production processes.
● Adoption Speed: The adoption rate can vary based on cost, accessibility, and
familiarity with technological change.
● Impact: The spread of new technologies across different users, uses, and
geographic regions is crucial for long-term growth.
● Adoption Categories: Employees adopting new technologies can be categorized as
Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggards, each with
distinct characteristics and adoption behaviors.
CHAPTER 7: Effects of Technology

>Before Technology: Communication involved writing letters, waiting for replies, and
fostering creativity and poetic expression.

>Effects on Environment: Technological advances have led to issues like acid rain,
pollution, climate change, and ocean acidification.

>Rate of Change: Technology has rapidly transformed transportation,

communication, industry, marketing, and information access

>Perception of Reality: Changes due to the digital world, simulations, and advanced
technologies.

>Mutual Dependence: Dependence on technology in workplaces, and social

connections.

>Information and Technology Gap: Disparity in internet access between urban and
rural areas1.

>Production of Goods and Services: Efficiency improvements through 3D printing,

IoT, nanotechnology, cloud computing, and augmented reality.

>Community Life: Positive effects on work, health, and communication.

>Work: Improved communication, HR management, innovation, and mobility.

>Health: Technology improves communication, human resource management,

innovation, creativity, and mobility in the workplace. It also enhances medical
procedures and diagnostics.
>Physical Effects:

- Nuclear War: Technology has led to the development of nuclear weapons,

which have caused massive destruction, such as the atomic bombings in
Japan in 1945.

- Cell Phones: They can lead to waste of time and money, negative effects on
students and teenagers, and environmental harm1.

- Global Warming: Technological advancements contribute to global warming

through oil leaks, gas-guzzling vehicles, factory emissions, and deforestation.

- Pollution: Technology has led to dirty streets, industrial smoke, polluted

water, and technological waste2.

>Sociological Effects: Technology can lead to depression, poor sleep habits,

increased bullying, lack of privacy, and addiction.
CHAPTER 8: Business and Technology

>Business Definition: Organizations involved in trading goods/services1.

Technology has revolutionized business operations.

>Business and Technology: Technology has transformed business operations,

creating new products, markets, and jobs. It enhances production, marketing,
communication, and e-business activities.

>Use of Technology in Business: Enhances production, marketing (email, online,

mobile, social media), communication, and e-business (e-commerce, e-banking,
e-ticketing).

>Benefits of Technology: Reduces costs, improves productivity, competitiveness,

quality of service, and reduces wastage.

>Primary Business Processes: Technology enables collaborative product

commerce, supply chain management, and customer relationship management,
improving efficiency and competitiveness2.

>Collaborative Product Commerce (C-Commerce): The next stage of e-business,

is real-time data management, examples include Airbnb and Uber.

>Supply Chain Management (SCM): SCM oversees the flow of goods, services,
and information from production to delivery, ensuring efficiency and
cost-effectiveness3.

>Customer Relationship Management (CRM): CRM strategies focus on acquiring

and retaining customers, creating value for both the company and customers through
technology-driven processes4.

>E-Ticketing: Purchasing tickets online, is easier and cheaper than traditional

methods.
CHAPTER 9: Society, Ethics and Technology

>Impact of Technology on Society:

● Positive Impacts:
○ Development in transport, communication, healthcare, e-business, education,
and agriculture.
● Negative Impacts:
○ Lack of social bonds, higher energy consumption, developmental issues in
children, health effects, and pollution.

>Ethical Issues in Technology:

● Privacy:
○ Accessibility, decisional, and informational privacy.
○ Issues: Violation of privacy, computer monitoring, unauthorized access.
● Cyber Ethics:
○ Moral, legal, and social issues in cyber technology5.
○ Includes web tracking, online privacy, phishing, scams, copyright
infringement, and cyber-squatting.
● Social Media:
○ Data mining, phishing attempts, malware sharing, botnet attacks, stalking,
and harassment.
● Cyber Crime:
○ Email and internet fraud, identity fraud, corporate data theft, cyberextortion6.

>Unethical Employee Activities:

● Misuse of company time, abusive behavior, employee theft, lying to employees,

violating internet policies.

>Software Piracy and Intellectual Property:

● Unauthorized downloading, licensing issues, and theft of intellectual property.

>Adware and Spyware:

● Adware displays ads without consent; spyware captures and sends information
without permission.

>Cyber Security:

● Email monitoring, antivirus products, security codes, backup files, system security
monitors, biometrics.
>Privacy Protection Tips:

● Use strong passwords, log out of public devices, disable geolocation, be cautious
with links, use two-factor authentication, and minimize personal information on social
profiles.
CHAPTER 10 – TECHNOLOGY PLANNING AND TRANSFER

>Technology Planning:

Definition: Process involving time and resources to improve planning

accuracy in management.

Phases: Identify direction, research, analyze options, propose solutions,

implement, review, and adjust.

>Technology Transfer:

Definition: Conveying scientific and technological research results to the

marketplace.

Importance: Promotes innovation, creates revenue, boosts employment, and

benefits national income4.

Categories: Intramural, extramural, public/private, horizontal, vertical,

international, regional, cross-industry, inter-firm, intra-firm.

Models: Bridging agencies, R&D diffusion, problem solver, summary model.

Modes: Passive, semi-active, active.

Routes: Licensing, franchise, joint venture, turnkey project, foreign direct

investment, technical consortium, and joint R&D.

>Technology Trends:

Examples: Digital twin, event-driven architecture, edge computing,

blockchain, augmented reality, 5G, AI, IoT, and data analytics.