7 XI November 2019

http://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.11147
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue XI, Nov 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

Design of an Air Conditioning System for a 16-

Seater Bus-Automobile
N. Nagendra Kumar1, B. Bhavya Deep2, P. Kumar3, Y. Hari Krishna4
1, 2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India

Abstract: The Heating Ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is arguably the foremost complicated system put in
within the Bus and is answerable for a considerable element of the whole energy use. Maintaining best temperature and air
circulation area unit the idea of a snug indoor atmosphere. This role is compete by HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning) systems. Due to the increase and decrease of the customers regularly to the bus. however, a full HVAC style
involves quite simply the load estimate calculation; the load calculation is that the opening moves of the repetitive HVAC style
procedure. This strategy guideline discusses the knowledge required to style the air distribution system to deliver the correct
quantity of conditioned air to an area. A Complete air conditioning system was designed to control the temperature, relative
humidity, air movement etc. The layout of a 16-seater automobile bus is made by Autodesk REVIT software After taking the
plan, heating and cooling load calculations were taken by the design department. In this project calculations were done by using
the Revit air conditioning software. The same values will be used in the Revit software at human comfort condition to get indoor
temperatures DBT, WBT and MEAN RANGE VALUE.I. Introduction
In the present days, as the population increases the need for the comfort also increases. The human being needs more comfort
because of inferior environment (like light, sound, machine which produce heat). Sound, lightweight and warmth have an effect
on human comfort plenty. They may adversely affect the human comfort positively or negatively. Researchers suggest that,
human body is lower or higher than this temperature of 22’C to 25’C. When the temperature of room is lower or higher than
this temperature, then the human body feels uncomfortable. This is because, the human body is structured in away that, it
should receive a certain amount of light, failure to which it can cause sunburns and other skin conditions. There are many types
of air conditioning systems like window air conditioners, split air conditioners etc, but these AC systems are used in small room
or office where cooling load required is low. When the cooling load required is very high like multiplex building, hospital
etc,central AC systems are used. In central AC’s system the cooled air is directly not distributed to rooms or spaces to be cooled
in order to provide comfort condition. When the cooled air cannot be supplied directly from the air conditioning equipment to
the spaces to be cooled, then the ducts are installed. The duct systems convey the cold air from the air-con instrumentality to the
correct air distribution purpose and conjointly carry the come air from the space back to the air conditioning equipment for
reconditioning and recirculation.
As the duct system for the proper distribution of cold air, costs nearly 20% to 30% of the total cost of the equipment required.
Thus, it is necessary to design the air duct system in such a way that the capital cost of the ducts and the cost of running the fans
is lower.

I. HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING)

Heating, ventilation and air-con (HVAC) system is meant to realize the environmental necessities of the comfort of occupants and a
method. HVAC systems square measure additional employed in differing types of buildings like industrial, commercial, residential
and institutional buildings. The main mission of HVAC system is to satisfy the thermal comfort of occupants by adjusting and
changing the outdoor conditions, the outdoor air is to drawn into the buildings and heated or cooled before it is distributed into the
occupied spaces, then it is exhausted to the ambient air or reused in the system. The selection of HVAC systems in a given building
will depend on the climate, the age of the building, the individual preferences of the owner of the building and a designer of a
project, the project budget, the architectural design of the buildings.
HVAC systems can be classified according to necessary processes and distribution process. The required methods embody the
heating process, the cooling method, and ventilation method. Other processes can be added such as humidification and
dehumidification process. These processes can be achieved by using suitable HVAC equipment such as heating systems, air-
conditioning systems, ventilation fans, and dehumidifiers. The HVAC systems need the distribution system to deliver the required
amount of air with the desired environmental conditions. The distribution system mainly varies according to the refrigerant type and
the delivering method such as air handling equipment, fan coil, air ducts, and water pipes.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 876

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue XI, Nov 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

II. DESIGN
A. Automobile Revit Software
Autodesk Revit is building info modeling code for architects, landscape architects, structural engineers, MEP engineers, designers
and contractors. The original Revit Technology Corporation in 2000, and acquired by Autodesk in 2002. The software system
permits users to style a building and structure and its parts in 3D, annotate the model with 2D drafting elements, and across building
information from the building model’s database. Revit is 4D BIM capable with tools to set up and track numerous stages within the
building’s lifecycle, from concept to construction and later maintenance and demolition.

B. Some Of The Shortcuts Used In The Software

1) CL [Structural Column]: Adds a vertical load-bearing element to the building model.
2) CM [Place a Component]: Place a component.
3) DR [Door]: Adds a door to the room or building.
4) GR [Grid]: Places column grid lines within the building style.
5) LL [Level]: Places a level in view.
6) RM [Room]: Creates a space delimited by model part and separation lines.
7) RP [Reference Plane]: Creates a reference plane exploitation drawing tools.
8) RT [TAG space; ROOM TAG]: Tags the chosen space.
9) SB [Structural Floors]: Adds structural floors to a building model.
10) WA [Architectural Wall]: Creates an on-bearing wall or a structural wall in the building model.
11) [Window]: Places a window in a very wall or fanlight in a very roof.

C. Manual Steps For Calculating Load Factors

1) Step 1
Finding the location, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, specific humidity and dew point temperature.
2) Step 2
Glass
Radiation: Q = µ×A×∆T
Transmission Q = U×A×∆T
Where, U= coefficient of heat transfer and µ= transparency factor
3) Step 3
Walls
Q = U×A×∆T
4) Step 4
Roof
Q =U×A×∆T
5) Step 5
Ceiling/Floor
Q = U×A×∆T
6) Step 6
Portions
Q = U×A×∆T
7) Step 7
Equipments
Q = w×4.16
8) Step 8
People = BTU/hr person × no. of people
9) Step 9
Infiltration
Q = CFM×1.08(Sensible)×A
Q = CFM×0.68(Latent)×A

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 877

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue XI, Nov 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

10) Step 10
Ventilation
Q = CFM×1.08(Sensible)
Q = CFM×0.68(Latent)
Air Change
Cfm=(V×NACPH)/60
Where, NAPCH = no. of air changes per hour
11) Step 11
Sum of sensible heat = Glass+ Wall+ Roof+ Floor/Ceiling+ Portion+ Equipment+ People+ Infiltration+ Ventilation
12) Step 12
Effective Sensible Heat = Total Sensible Heat×10% of Total Sensible Heat Step
13 Sum of Latent Heat = People+Infiltration+Ventilation
13) Step 14
Effective Latent heat = Total latent heat×5% of Total Latent Heat
14) Step 15
Ton of Refrigeration =(Effective sensible heat + Effective latent heat)/12000
15) Step 16
Effective Sensible Heat Factor = (Effective sensible heat + Effective latent heat)/Effective sensible heat
16) Step 17
ADP = Apparatus Dew Point Temperature
17) Step 18
Sensible Heat at Heat Engine = CFM×1.08A Latent Heat at Heat Engine = CFM×0.68A
18) Step 19
CFM = Effective sensible heatfactor/Apparatus dew point (BF)
Where, BF = By Pass Factor

Fig:1 Defining Space of the Layout

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 878

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue XI, Nov 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

Fig:2Layout of an Outer Unit

Fig:3Capaciy of an HVAC Unit

III. METHODOLOGY
A. Bus layout in revit software
B. Analyzing space
C. Placing equipment

The following system design methodology is used for HVAC design in Automobile:
1) Effective System Zoning: A HVAC system are often controlled via a single-zone strategy or a multi-zone strategy. With a single
zone strategy, all areas served by the system receive the same amount of heating, cooling or air conditioning as defined by the
control logic of the unit. However, different areas can have different energy requirements depending on a number of factors as
outlined in section 2 above. Areas with similar end energy use requirements should be grouped and served from the same
HVAC system. This will ensure the optimum amount of heating, cooling or ventilation is provided to the spaces when required.
2) Single Zone Requirements Driving a Multi-Zone System: The requirements of the areas being served by a unit should be as
similar as possible, to prevent a single area driving the end energy use. For example, if an area on a multi-zone system has a
humidity requirement of 40-50% RH while other areas on the system don’t require humidity control, this area should not be
served by the Evaporator. Smarter volume of air is being conditioned for humidity purposes than is required. This may also
result in unnecessary heating and cooling occurring as the supply air may require cooling to remove moisture from the air and
then require heating to achieve the correct supply-air temperature. This is the foremost energy intensive mode of operation for
AN AHU. It should be applied to the minimum volume of supply air as actually required, according to the real energy service
requirement. All the parameters should be challenged and the reason for their specification questioned.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 879

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue XI, Nov 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

3) Waste-Heat Recovery: Waste-heat recovery devices recover thermal energy from exhaust air and transfer it to the incoming
fresh-air supply. This can result in a reduction in the energy that would normally be needed to heat or cool air to the
temperature requirements of the system. A properly designed and put in heat recovery device are able to do savings upwards of
100% of the running value of the HVAC system.

IV. TABLE OF SUMMARY

12
34.96
42
0
2
0
15
0
125
150
3
0.07
0.06
16

7.2
6.8
0.4
420
1.5
161

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 880

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue XI, Nov 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

V. RESULT

Considering the Space of a 16 seater automobile bus we get the following results
Peak Cooling Load = 7.2 KW Peak Cooling Sensible Load = 6.8 KW
Peak Cooling Latent Load = 0.4 KW
Peak Cooling Airflow = 420 L/S
Peak Heating Load = 1.5 KW Peak Heating Airflow = 161 L/S

VI. CONCLUSION
There don't seem to be any experimental information concerning the bus air con system within the open literature. In this work, all
the experimental results square measure provided together with external and internal temperatures, temperatures and ratio values at
the recess and outlet of the evaporator. Using the strategy explained during this work, it's doable to see whether or not a specific air
con system meets its style and luxury needs through on-vehicle epitome testing. The main motive of design of an HVAC system
built purely depends on the human comfort values, should be maintained irrespective of location of the project.
All the equipment’s are installed as per the manufacturer’s recommendations to achieve its best efficient performance.
The heat load estimated provides the requirement of cooling for the project, provides a guideline for the selections of machines.
Thus, the Project Report clearly identifies the requirement of the project & Provides an effective way of Air-Conditioning to achieve
Human comfort for the occupants.

REFERENCES
[1] Mike SS Lee, “Self-contained rooftop HVAC unit” US Patent 6,295,826, 2001.
[2] In-Soo Suh, Minyoung Lee, Jedok Kim, Sang Taek Oh, Jong-Phil Won “Design and experimental analysis of an efficient HVAC (heating, ventilation, air-
conditioning) system on an electric bus with dynamic on-road wireless charging Energy” 81, 262-273, 2015.
[3] Stephen M Maciulewicz, “Device identification system for HVAC communication network”US Patent 5,927,398, 1999
[4] Alaa Attar, HoSung Lee, Sean Weera, “Optimal design of automotive thermoelectric air conditioner (TEAC)” Journal of Electronic Materials 43 (6), 2179-
2187, 2014.
[5] Tomoichiro Tamura, Yuuichi Yakumaru, Fumitoshi Nishiwaki, “Experimental study on automotive cooling and heating air conditioning system using CO2 as a
refrigerant” International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (8), 1302-1307, 2005.
[6] S Melih Akyol, Muhsin Kilic, “Dynamic simulation of HVAC system thermal loads in an automobile compartment” International Journal of Vehicle Design 52
(1-4), 177-198, 2009.
[7] Belin Czechowicz, Andreas Hille, Robert C Reimann, “Supply air blower design in bus air conditioning units” US Patent 6,718,787, 2004.
[8] Malakondaiah Naidu, Thomas W Nehl, Suresh Gopalakrishnan, Lukas Würth “Electric compressor drive with integrated electronics for 42 V automotive
HVAC Systems” SAE Technical Paper, 2005.
[9] Debiprasad Panda, V Ramanarayanan “Reduced acoustic noise variable DC-bus-voltage-based sensorless switched reluctance motor drive for HVAC
applications” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 54 (4), 2065-2078, 2007.
[10] He Han, “Numerical Simulation And Optimization Of Thermal Environment In A MiniBus”Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 11, 2002.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 881