General to specific

ENGLISH REVIEWER - starts from a general topic and it elaborated

and explains in specific examples
GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS;
Using Appropriate Grammatical Signals or also, for exampie, as an example, in addition,
Expressions to Each Pattern of Idea in addition to, for instance, examples of these,
Development first, second, third, next, on one hand, and on
the other hand.
PATTERNS OF IDEA DEVELOPMENT
1. General to Specific Cause and Effect
2. Cause and Effect - It shows the reason and result
3. Claim and Counterclaim GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS
4. Problem-Solution Cause: if, for, since, due to, because, owing to,
5. Persuasion because of, one cause, and resulting from

Unity Effect: so, thus, hence, then, therefore, as a

- Development of ideas stated in the Topic result, in effect, as consequence, consequently,
Sentence leads to, one of the effects is, and that is why
Coherence
- Good order and relationship of ideas Claim and Counterclaim
A CLAIM is a debatable position on a topic
IDEA DEVELOPMENT that should be supported by evidence and
- Organizing ideas logically and clearly with reasoning. (Them main stand of the issue)
the use of grammatical signals A COUNTERCLAIM addresses a different
- is essential in writing. This is done by position on the issue and then refutes that
organizing ideas in a logical and clear manner position with evidence and reasoning.
that suits the writer’s purpose. (Opposite stand of the issue)
GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS
GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS however, nevertheless, on one hand, on the
- Writing devices (transitional devices, other hand, admittedly, some people say, some
connectors, determiners, repetitions) for may say, of course, nevertheless, and but not
coherence only that
- are writing devices such as transitional
devices, connectors, determiners, and Problem-Solution
repetitions that are used to maintain text - A problem refers to the unsatisfactory
coherence. situation that causes troubles or difficulties.
- A solution on the other hand, refers to the
PATTERN OF IDEA DEVELOPMENT ways in solving or minimizing the problem.
- Structure of writing on how ideas are GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS
presented because, cause, since, as a result, in order to,
- refers to the structure of writing on how the and so that, as a solution, and one way
ideas are being presented.
Persuasion Examples of secondary sources
- intends to convince the readers to do or include:
believe in something. Based on opinions and journal articles that comment on or analyses
emotions. research
GRAMMATICAL • textbooks
SIGNALS/EXPRESSIONS; • dictionaries and encyclopedias
come, free, need, must, must not, necessary, • books that interpret, analyze
latest, hurry, join, help, best, better, great, • political commentary
proven, trusted, create, come along, urgent, • biographies
amazing experience, avail now, I believe, I • dissertations
urge, don't miss, can do it, and one of a kind • newspaper editorial/ columns
• criticism of literature, art works or music
EXPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN
OUTLINE USING NOTES FROM OUTLINE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES - Is a tool used in improving and organizing
written ideas about a topic into a logical order.
PRIMARY SOURCES Writers use outlines when writing their papers
- Primary sources are firsthand information to know which topic to cover and in what
taken from original evidences such as reports order.
on discoveries and events and interviews from
persons in authority. 1. SENTENCE OUTLINE
- It is a type of outline that presents the thesis
SECONDARY SOURCES statement, major topics, subtopics, and
- Secondary sources are secondhand supporting details in sentence form.
information taken from the primary sources.
- Other than that, it also follows a hierarchical
Examples of primary sources include: structure composed of sentences and headings
• diaries, letter correspondence, around the subject.
• original documents e.g. birth certificates,
trial records These characters are used in this order: (follow
• interviews, speeches, oral histories this order)
• laws, regulations, constitutions * Roman Numerals
• government documents, statistical data, * Capitalized Letters
research reports * Arabic Numerals
• journal article reporting new research or * Lowercase Letters
findings
• creative art works, literature 2. TOPIC OUTLINE
• opinion pieces - It is a type of outline which presents the
major topics, subtopics, and supporting details
in the form of words and phrases.
Contents of an Outline Definition Analyze - It is making complex topic into
Thesis Statement basic ideas. For example, breaking down a
- A thesis statement is a one-sentence cake into its ingredients.
statement that expresses the main idea of an Infer - It is the act of using observation and
essay. background to reach a logical conclusion.

Major Topics The RES Method

- Major topics refer to the major R - Read two different sources about a topic
phrases/sentences which are formed from the and jot down important ideas.
thesis statement. E - Edit notes and put together similar
concepts.
Sub Topics S - Synthesize by combining notes with what
- Subtopics refer to the minor you already know about the topic.
phrases/sentences which are formed from the
major topics. Organize your sources
Step 1: Organize your notes in a way that
Supporting Details allows you to see the relationships between
- Supporting details are phrases/sentences sources.
which provide additional information to clarify You can get relevant information from print
or prove the main idea. These details help you and/or digital sources.
explain further the ideas presented by the
major topics and subtopics. Outline your structure
Step 2: With a clear overview of the main
SYNTHESIZE ESSENTIAL connections and differences between the
INFORMATION FOUND IN VARIOUS sources you've read, decide how you'll group
SOURCES them together and the order in which you'll
discuss them.
What is Synthesizing?
- The prefix "syn" in synthesis means together. Write Paragraphs with topic sentences
Hence, synthesizing is pulling together Step 3: Topic sentence usually appears at the
different ideas to come up with a new, bigger start of the paragraph. It signals what the
idea. It is an on-going process where old and whole paragraph is about; every sentence in
new knowledge, experiences, opinions add up, the paragraph should be clearly related to it.
blend, and fit together to create new fit
understanding. Revise, edit and proof read
- Idea 1 + Idea 2 + Own Idea = New Idea Step 4: Like any other piece of academic
writing, synthesizing literature involves
Key words: redrafting, revising, editing and proofreading.
Summarize - It is the process of shortening In writing your synthesis, verbs can be of help
long text. It is writing the main points in your in quoting sources.
own words.
Paraphrase - It is one way of putting the given The heart of synthesizing information is
text into personal words but retaining its pulling TOGETHER different ideas to come
length. up with a new, bigger idea.
WRITING EFFECTIVE PARAGRAPHS Writing Principles in writing a paragraph

Paragraph Unity
- series of related sentences that presents a unit - Unity means that all sentences in the
of thought. It presents one main idea, usually paragraph talk about one central idea. This
presented in one sentence called the TOPIC means that the writer will deal only with one
SENTENCE. topic. It is important because it guides the
- A paragraph is a group of sentences writer with his or her idea.
organized to discuss a topic. In fact, the main
rule of paragraph writing is to focus on one Coherence
idea or topic. To be able to write an effective - Coherence refers to the connection of ideas in
paragraph, one must have the essential the paragraph in general. The idea in the topic
parts. sentence, as well as in the supporting sentences
and concluding sentence, is connected to
Parts of a paragraph each other using transitional devices.
Topic Sentence
- A topic sentence presents the topic of the Development
paragraph. It will serve as a guide for the - Development refers to the principle when a
writer to keep his or her writing under control. paragraph describes, elaborates, explains, and
This is why a topic sentence is called the supports its topic sentence. A paragraph is
"controlling idea" of a paragraph. considered adequately developed if after
reading it, the reader is left with no questions.
Supporting Sentences
- The Supporting sentences serve as the body Different Patterns of Paragraph Development
of your paragraph. This is where you elaborate
your topic by including specific details or Narration
evidence. All the sentences in the body must - The paragraph tells a story or recounts a
relate to the topic sentence. These sentences series of events. It arranges the events from
should be organized accordingly using beginning to end. Can be based onpersonal
transitional devices. experience or on knowledge gained from
reading or observation.
Concluding Sentence
- A concluding sentence restates what the topic Description
of the paragraph is all about. It comes after all - it is characterized by using more adjectives or
the details have been included in the body of vivid sensory description. It creates a mental
the paragraph. The box below contains the list picture of the idea or the topic by describing
of transitional devices used in concluding how it sounds, smells, tastes, feels, and/or
sentences. looks. Often recommended to use transitional
words and phrases that indicate location.
Process 2. Explanation - explains a particular subject or
- Usually used to explain a process on how to topic through ideas that support it. It is a kind
do something. Uses transitional devices of of factual text that explains how or why things
enumeration (e.g., first, second, third) and time are. It elaborates on how or why something
(e.g., then, next, finally). Purpose is to help occurs or give information on how to do
your readers understand the steps in a process something.
or procedure, or to give instructions.
3. Expository – are also informational texts
Exemplification that present factual data on a topic through
- Uses a series of examples to support the topic description, sequence, comparison and contrast,
sentence. This further explain the topic, the use cause and effect, and problem-solution.
of specific examples must be presented.
4. Procedural text - lists a sequence of actions
Comparison/Contrast or steps needed to make or do something.
- A paragraph demonstrate comparison and/or Some examples include recipes, science
contrast or examines how given subjects are experiments, assembly manuals, or
either similar or different. instructions for playing games. This should not
be confused with explanations on processes,
Definition because procedural texts are more directive
- Gives a complete working definition of a and imperative. They instruct readers on how
term, concept or idea. It tells both what the to go about processes.
term is and what it is not. Defines the
boundaries of a term, so the reader cam 5. Recount - retells past events which may
understand it better. either be personal or factual.

Classification Personal recount - retells past events that the

- Presents a topic and classifies it into writer was personally involved in. Diary
component parts,types, kinds or categories. entries and short personal memoirs are
Distinguishes its parts by presenting the examples of personal recounts
characteristics of each.
Factual recount - retells events that also
Cause and Effect happened in real life but may not be about the
- Explain the reason why something happened writer himself/herself. News reports and
or explains the effects of something. witness statements are examples of factual
recounting.
DEVELOPING PARAGRAPHS THAT
ILLUSTRATE TEXT TYPES 6.Persuasive text - intends to convince the
readers/listeners to believe, perform a certain
1. Narrative – tells a story which can be action or change mind. Examples of persuasive
fiction (made-up story) or non-fiction (real text types include advertisements, editorials,
events). Shorts stories and other traditional debate speeches, arguments, and persuasive
tales are examples of fiction, while biographies essays and speeches.
are examples of narrative non-fiction.