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Child Care Notes

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REY ANNE DESTUA
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5 views3 pages

Child Care Notes

Uploaded by

REY ANNE DESTUA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Growth and Development

 affected by genetic, environmental and prenatal factors.


WHAT IS A CHILD?
 Below age of majority or below 18 years
 “a human being below the age of 18”-United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
GROWTH
 Increase in size and mass
 Either by multiplication or by enlargement of component cells
 Quantitave/Measurable
DEVELOPMENT
 Maturation or differentiation
 Qualitative changes
 Includes growth
PATTERN OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Cephaloocaudal- Cephal (Brain) Caudal (Tail)
 Development from upper part of head to lower parts of body
 Brain regulation such as breathing
 Head develops more rapidly than the rest of the body during embryonic stage
 Direction of growth and development
 Child gains control the head first, then the arms then the legs.
PROXIMODISTAL
 From center to midline to periphery direction.
 From the central axis to the extremities of the body
 Spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body
 Fingers and toe muscles are the last to develop
MASS TO SPECIFIC
 Movement involves the whole body at first
 Gross motor skills come first before fine motor skills

HOW LIFE STARTS


FERTILIZATION
 Conception, impregnation
 Fecundation (union of the egg cell and sperm cell)
 Accomplished through sexual intercourse and artificial insemination
 Outer third of the fallopian tube (ampulla)
EGG CELL
 released only once a month
 capable of fertilization for only 24 hours (48 hours at the most)
 surrounded by a ring of polysaccharide fluid (zona pellucida) and a circle of cells (corona
radiata)
SPERM CELL
 functional for only 48-72 hours
 an ejaculation of semen averages 2.5mL of fluid (50-200 million spermatozoa/ml or 400
million sperm per ejaculation
 reaches the cervix within 80 seconds; outer third of fallopian tube within 5 minutes
 releases hyaluronidase (proteolytic enzyme) that dissolves the layer of cells protecting the
ovum
ZYGOTE
 the fertilized egg contains 46 chromosomes
 ➢ XX (female child)
 ➢ XY (male child)
IMPLANTATION
 process by which the ovum or fertilized egg is embedded in th uterine wall
 occurs approx. 8-10 days after fertilization
 zygote is now an embryo
AMNIOTIC MEMBRANES
Chorionic membrane
 outermost fetal membrane
 offers support to the sac
 containing the amniotic fluid
Amniotic membrane
 amnion
 second membrane
Amniotic Fluid
 normal ranges from 800-1200 ml at term slightly alkaline (pH 7.2)
Functions:
 Shields against pressure or external blows
 Protects from changes in temperature
 Aids in muscular development
 Allows fetus freedom to move
 Protects umbilical cord from pressure, protecting the fetal oxygen supply
PLACENTA
 Pancake
 serves as fetal lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract and as a separate endocrine
organ throughout pregnancy
 supplies oxygen, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and water
 about 400-600g (1 lb) at term
UMBILICAL CORD
 formed from the fetal membrane (amnion and chorion)
 made of gelatinous mucopolysaccharide called Wharton's jelly (prevents pressure to
the vein and arteries
 contains one vein and two arteries transports oxygen and nutrients to the fetus from
the placenta and to return waste products from the fetus to the placenta

GROWTH PERIOD
 Ovum: 0 - 14 days
 Embryo: 14 days - 9 weeks
 Fetus: 9 weeks - birth
 Premature infant: 27 - 37 weeks
 Birth: Average of 280 days
 Full term infant: 38 – 42 weeks

GENES
 genotype refers to all of the genes that a person has inherited
 phenotype can include physical traits, such as height and color or the eyes, as well as
non physical traits such as shyness and extroversion.

GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
 number of chromosomes may divide unevenly, causing the organism to have more or
less than the normal 23 chromosomes.
 When one of these abnormal cells joins with a normal cell, the resulting zygote will
have an uneven number of chromosomes.

KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
is caused by an extra X chromosome and is characterized by a lack of
development of the secondary sex characteristics and as well as
learning disabilities

TURNER’S SYNDROME
 Named for Henry Turner, 1938
 one of these chromosomes is absent or abnormal
 It affects only females and can result in short
stature, a "webbed" neck and a lack of
secondary sex characteristics.
DOWN SYNDROME

 trisomy 21
 the child has three chromosomes at the site of
the 21st
 chromosomes instead of the normal two
 round face, slanted eyes and a thick tongue
 single transverse palmar crease (STPC)
 heart defects and hearing problems
 intellectual impairment

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