UNIT_II SOLVED QB_R

2-mark questions
1. What are Table format Files? List its features.

able format files are structured data files where data is organized into rows and
columns. They are often used for storing and exchanging data. Features of table
format files include:
 Tabular structure with rows and columns.
 Data organized in a structured format.
 Common file formats include CSV, TSV, Excel, and more.

2. How can you read a CSV file in R? Give Example

You can read a CSV file in R using the read.csv() function. Here's an example:
data <- read.csv("data.csv")

3. What is the purpose of write.table command? Give an example.

The write.table() command in R is used to write data frames or matrices to

external files, such as text or CSV files. Here's an example:
data <- data.frame(Name = c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"), Age = c(25, 30, 22))
write.table(data, "data.txt", sep = "\t", row.names = FALSE)

4. How to read Web based files? Give example

You can read web-based files in R using functions like read.table(), read.csv(),
or by downloading the file with libraries like download.file() and then reading it.
Here's an example using read.csv():
url <- "https://example.com/data.csv"
data <- read.csv(url)

5. How to save plots and graphics directly to file? Give example

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You can save plots and graphics to a file in R using the pdf(), png(), jpeg(), or
other graphical device functions. Here's an example using pdf():
pdf("plot.pdf")
plot(1:10, 1:10)
dev.off() # Save the plot to plot.pdf and close the device

6. Differentiate dput() and dget() functions in R

 dput(): This function is used to serialize an R object into a character

representation. It is often used to store and share R objects in a human-
readable format.
 dget(): This function is used to deserialize an R object from its character
representation created with dput(). It reconstructs the R object from the
character string.

7. Differentiate global and local environment in R

 Global Environment: It is the main workspace in R where you interact with

objects. It's the top-level environment where you create and modify
variables, functions, and data.
 Local Environment: These are temporary environments created when
functions are executed. They contain local variables specific to that
function's scope and do not affect the global environment.

8. What the "search path" in R refers to.? How can you view the current
search path in R?

The "search path" in R is the order in which R looks for objects, variables, and
functions. You can view the current search path using the search() function:
search()

9. What is purpose of switch () function in R? Give example

The switch() function is used to select one of several alternatives based on a

numeric or character index. It's often used for conditional branching. Here's an
example:

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choice <- 2
result <- switch(choice, "Option 1", "Option 2", "Option 3")

10.What is use of apply function in R? Give example

The apply() function in R is used to apply a function to the rows or columns of a

matrix or data frame. It is a convenient way to perform operations on rows or
columns. Here's an example:
mat <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2)
row_sums <- apply(mat, 1, sum) # Calculate row sums

11.Differentiate break and next statements in R

 break: The break statement is used to exit a loop prematurely. When

encountered, it terminates the current loop, and control passes to the code
following the loop.
 next: The next statement is used within a loop, typically a for or while
loop. When encountered, it skips the current iteration of the loop and
continues with the next iteration

12.What is repeat statement in R? Give an example.

The repeat statement is used to create an infinite loop, which continues

indefinitely until it is explicitly terminated using break. It is not commonly used
but can be useful in specific situations where you want to continuously run code
until a certain condition is met. Here's an example:

count <- 1
repeat {
if (count > 5) {
break # Terminate the loop when count is greater than 5
}
cat("Count:", count, "\n")
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 count <- count + 1
}

13.What do you mean by lazy evaluation? Give an example.

Lazy evaluation means that an expression is not evaluated or computed until its
value is actually needed. In R, this allows for efficient memory usage and can
improve performance in some cases. Here's an example:

x <- 1:10
y <- x * 2 # At this point, the multiplication is not performed, and y is a promise.
print(y) # When you print or use y, the multiplication is evaluated.

14.How to check for Missing Arguments of function in R? Give example

You can check for missing arguments in a function using the missing() function.
Here's an example:

my_function <- function(x, y) {

if (missing(x) || missing(y)) {
stop("Both x and y are required arguments.")
}
# Rest of the function's code
}

my_function(1) # This will throw an error because y is missing.

15.Write an R code snippet that demonstrates the use of a tryCatch block to

handle an exception.

A tryCatch block allows you to handle exceptions or errors in R. Here's an

example:
result <- tryCatch({
x <- 10 / 0 # This will throw a division by zero error
x
}, error = function(e) {
cat("An error occurred:", conditionMessage(e), "\n")
0 # Return a default value
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})

16.How can you measure the execution time of a specific piece of code in R?

you can measure the execution time of a code block in R using the system.time()
function. Wrap the code you want to time with this function.

17.Give an example of timing a code block using the system.time function.

start_time <- system.time({

for (i in 1:1000000) {
sqrt(i)
}
})
end_time <- system.time()
elapsed_time <- end_time - start_time

18.How do you unmount packages in R? Give an example.

You can detach or "unmount" packages in R using the detach() function. Here's
an example:

detach(package:ggplot2, unload = TRUE) # Unmount the ggplot2 package and

remove it from the search path

19.How the :: operator help to prevent masking when calling functions from
specific packages?

The :: operator allows you to specify which package's function you want to use,
preventing function masking or conflicts. It ensures that the function is called
from the specified package. For example:

base::mean(x) # Calls the mean function from the base package

stats::mean(x) # Calls the mean function from the stats package

20.Why is data visualization important in data analysis with R?

Data visualization is important in data analysis with R for several reasons:
 It allows you to understand the data's patterns, trends, and outliers.
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  Visualizations make complex data more understandable.
 They help in communicating findings and results effectively.
 Visualizations assist in making data-driven decisions.

21.Differentiate boxplot and scatter plot

 Boxplot: A boxplot is a graphical representa on of the distribu on of data, showing the median,
quar les, and poten al outliers. It provides a summary of the data's central tendency and spread.
Boxplots are useful for comparing mul ple datasets and iden fying outliers.
 Sca er Plot: A sca er plot displays individual data points as dots on a two-dimensional graph. It is
used to visualize the rela onship between two variables. Sca er plots are excellent for detec ng
pa erns, trends, and rela onships in data points.

4 or 6 marks ques ons

1. How do you read external data files into R? Explain any three types of files
with necessary commands to read their characters into R, with example.
you can read external data files into R using func ons like read.table(),
read.csv(), and readLines(). Here are examples for three file types:
data <- read.csv("data.csv")
text <- readLines("text.txt")
library(readxl)
data <- read_excel("data.xlsx")
2. What do you mean by argument matching to func on in R programming?
Explain any three of them.
Argument matching in R refers to how func on arguments are matched with their
corresponding parameter names in the func on defini on. Three types of argument
matching are:
 Exact Matching: Arguments are matched in the order they are defined in the func on.
This is the default behavior.
 Par al Matching: Arguments are matched par ally based on unique prefixes of
parameter names.
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  Posi onal Matching: Arguments are matched by posi on, ignoring parameter names.

3. Explain if …. else and ifelse statements with syntax and example.

if...else statement:
Syntax:
if (condi on) {
# Code to execute if the condi on is TRUE
} else {
# Code to execute if the condi on is FALSE
}
Example:
x <- 5
if (x > 0) {
result <- "Posi ve"
} else {
result <- "Non-posi ve"
}
ifelse() func on:
Syntax:
ifelse(test, yes, no)
Example:
x <- c(2, -3, 5, -1)
result <- ifelse(x > 0, "Posi ve", "Non-posi ve")

4. What do you mean by nes ng and stacking in R? Explain with an example.

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Nes ng: Nes ng in R refers to placing one data structure or func on inside
another. For example, placing a vector inside a list.
Example:
nested_list <- list(names = c("Alice", "Bob"), ages = c(25, 30))
Stacking: Stacking in R typically refers to combining mul ple data frames or
matrices into a single data frame or matrix. This can be achieved using func ons
like rbind() for rows and cbind() for columns.
Example:
df1 <- data.frame(Name = c("Alice", "Bob"), Age = c(25, 30))
df2 <- data.frame(Name = c("Charlie", "David"), Age = c(22, 28))
stacked_df <- rbind(df1, df2)

5. Explain for loop with its varie es in R with syntax and example.
A for loop in R is used to iterate over a sequence (e.g., vector, list) and execute a
block of code for each element. Varie es of for loops include:
 Basic for loop:
Syntax:
for (variable in sequence) {
# Code to execute for each element of the sequence
}
Example:
for (i in 1:5) {
print(i)
}
for loop with seq_along():
Syntax:
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for (i in seq_along(sequence)) {
# Code to execute for each element of the sequence
}
Example:
names <- c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie")
for (i in seq_along(names)) {
print(names[i])
}
for loop with seq_len():
Syntax:
for (i in seq_len(n)) {
# Code to execute for each element from 1 to n
}
Example:
n <- 3
for (i in seq_len(n)) {
print(i)
}
6. Explain while loop in R with syntax and example.
A while loop in R is used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a
specified condi on is TRUE.
Syntax:
while (condi on) {
# Code to execute while the condi on is TRUE
}

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Example:
n <- 5
while (n > 0) {
cat("Countdown: ", n, "\n")
n <- n - 1
}
7. What is apply func on? Explain variety of apply func ons with an example.
The apply func on in R is used to apply a func on to the rows or columns of a
matrix or data frame. It is a convenient way to perform opera ons on rows or
columns of data. There are several varia ons of the apply func on, including
apply(), lapply(), and sapply(). Here's an example using apply() to calculate row
sums:
Syntax:
 apply(X, MARGIN, FUN, ...): X is the data, MARGIN specifies rows (1) or
columns (2), and FUN is the func on to apply.
Example:
mat <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2)
row_sums <- apply(mat, 1, sum) # Calculate row sums

8. How do you define and call, user defined func ons in R? Explain with an
example.
You can define a user-defined func on in R using the func on() keyword. Here's
an example:
# Define a func on
my_func on <- func on(x, y) {
result <- x + y
return(result)
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}

# Call the func on

sum_result <- my_func on(3, 4)
9. How do you set default arguments to a user defined func on? Explain with
an example.
You can set default arguments in a user-defined func on by assigning default
values within the func on defini on. Here's an example:
# Define a func on with default arguments
greet <- func on(name = "Guest") {
cat("Hello, ", name, "!\n")
}

# Call the func on with and without specifying the argument

greet("Alice") # Outputs: Hello, Alice!
greet() # Outputs: Hello, Guest!
10.Explain three kinds of specialized user defined func ons in R, with example.
Three kinds of specialized user-defined func ons in R include:
 Recursive Func ons: These func ons call themselves to solve a problem by
breaking it down into smaller sub-problems. Example: Factorial func on.
 Vectorized Func ons: Func ons that operate on en re vectors or data
frames without needing explicit loops. Example: sqrt().
 Closure Func ons: Func ons that return other func ons. Example: A
func on that generates a linear equa on based on coefficients.

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11.What is excep on handling? How do you catch errors with try Statements?
Explain with example.
Excep on handling is a programming technique to gracefully handle errors or
excep ons that may occur during the execu on of a program. In R, you can
catch errors using try() statements.
Example:
result <- try(log("abc"), silent = TRUE)
if (inherits(result, "try-error")) {
cat("An error occurred: ", condi onMessage(result), "\n")
} else {
cat("Result: ", result, "\n")
}
12.What is “masking" in R? Explain two most common masking situa ons in R,
with example.
Masking in R occurs when a func on or object with the same name as an
exis ng one is loaded or defined, causing conflicts. Two common masking
situa ons are:
 Func on Masking: When a new func on with the same name as an
exis ng func on is defined, it masks the original func on.
Example:
# Define a custom mean func on
mean <- func on(x) {
sum(x) / length(x)
}

# Now, the custom mean func on masks the base R mean func on
data <- c(1, 2, 3)
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result <- mean(data) # Calls the custom mean func on
 Variable Masking: When a variable with the same name as a func on is
defined, it masks the func on.
Example:
# Define a variable named "mean"
mean <- 42

# A emp ng to use the "mean" func on

data <- c(1, 2, 3)
result <- mean(data) # Throws an error due to variable masking
13.How do you draw barplot and pie chart in R? Explain with example.
Barplots: Barplots are created using the barplot() func on in R. Here's an
example:
data <- data.frame(Category = c("A", "B", "C"), Value = c(10, 20, 15))
barplot(data$Value, names.arg = data$Category, main = "Barplot Example")
Pie Charts: Pie charts are created using the pie() func on. Here's an example:
values <- c(30, 50, 20)
labels <- c("Category 1", "Category 2", "Category 3")
pie(values, labels = labels, main = "Pie Chart Example")
14.Explain histograms in R with an example
Histograms are created using the hist() func on in R. They are used to visualize
the distribu on of numeric data. Here's an example:
data <- c(23, 28, 30, 32, 35, 35, 37, 39, 40, 45, 47, 49, 50)
hist(data, main = "Histogram Example", xlab = "Values", ylab = "Frequency")
15.Explain boxplot in R with an example.

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Boxplots are created using the boxplot() func on in R. They display the
distribu on of a dataset by showing the median, quar les, and poten al
outliers. Here's an example:
data <- c(23, 28, 30, 32, 35, 35, 37, 39, 40, 45, 47, 49, 50)
boxplot(data, main = "Boxplot Example")

16.What is sca erplot? Explain single plot and matrix of plots, with an
example.
A sca erplot is used to visualize the rela onship between two numeric
variables. It displays data points as dots on a two-dimensional graph. Here are
two types of sca erplots:
 Single Sca er Plot: A single sca er plot visualizes the rela onship between
two variables.
Example:
x <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
y <- c(3, 6, 4, 9, 7)
plot(x, y, main = "Sca er Plot Example", xlab = "X-axis", ylab = "Y-axis")
Matrix of Sca er Plots: A matrix of sca er plots displays the rela onships
between mul ple pairs of variables. It is useful for visualizing correla ons in a
dataset.
Example:
data <- data.frame(
x1 = rnorm(100),
x2 = rnorm(100),
x3 = rnorm(100)
)
pairs(data, main = "Matrix of Sca er Plots")

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