MAT1A3E: The Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus

Week 10 and 11
Recap: Antiderivatives
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an
interval I if
F 0 (x) = f (x)
for all x ∈ I.
You will need a good knowledge of differentiation in
order to be able to find antiderivatives.
A quick point about language
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an
interval I if
F 0 (x) = f (x)
for all x ∈ I.
A quick point about language
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an
interval I if
F 0 (x) = f (x)
for all x ∈ I.
The correct use of definite (the) and indefinite
(a/an) articles is important in mathematics.
A quick point about language
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an
interval I if
F 0 (x) = f (x)
for all x ∈ I.
The correct use of definite (the) and indefinite
(a/an) articles is important in mathematics.
Another example: x = 2 is a solution of the
equation x2 = 4. It is not the solution because
x = −2 is also a solution.
Recap: Integrals
Z b n
X 
f (x) dx = lim f (x∗i ).∆x
a n→∞
i=1

Theorem: If f is continuous on [a, b], or if f

has only a finite number of jump discontinuities,
then f is integrable on [a, b]; that is, the definite
integral Z b
f (x) dx exists.
a
Warm up
Q1: Find f (t) if

f 0 (t) = 2 cos t + sec2 t

with −π/2 < t < π/2 and f (π/3) = 4.

Q2: Use geometry to calculate the integral:

Z 6
2x dx
4

Complete these on your own and then look at the

solutions on the next slide.
Solution (Q1): If f 0 (t) = 2 cos t + sec2 t then
f (t) = 2 sin t + tan t + C.
Solution (Q1): If f 0 (t) = 2 cos t + sec2 t then
f (t) = 2 sin t + tan t + C. We have
π π
2 sin + tan + C = 4.
3 3
Solution (Q1): If f 0 (t) = 2 cos t + sec2 t then
f (t) = 2 sin t + tan t + C. We have
π π
2 sin + tan + C = 4.
3 3
√ ! √
3 3
∴ 2 + +C =4
2 1
Solution (Q1): If f 0 (t) = 2 cos t + sec2 t then
f (t) = 2 sin t + tan t + C. We have
π π
2 sin + tan + C = 4.
3 3
√ ! √
3 3
∴ 2 + +C =4
2 1
√
∴ C =4−2 3
√
So, f (t) = 2 sin t + tan t + 4 − 2 3.
 R6
Solution (Q2): To solve 4 2x dx using geometry we
first sketch:
 R6
Solution (Q2): To solve 4 2x dx using geometry we
first sketch:

The region is a triangle on top of a rectangle.

 R6
Solution (Q2): To solve 4 2x dx using geometry we
first sketch:

The region is a triangle on top of a rectangle.

1 1
∴ A = l · w + bh = 8(2) + 2(4) = 20
2 2
Finding antiderivatives can be HARD.

The more you practise, the more experience you will

get and then you will know what to look for when
trying to find general antiderivatives.
Chapter 5.3
 Chapter 5.3
This section is called “The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus”. You can probably guess from looking
at the name that this is a very important section.
 Chapter 5.3
This section is called “The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus”. You can probably guess from looking
at the name that this is a very important section.
The theorem has two parts. We use the
abbreviation FTC1 for part 1, and FTC2 for part 2.
 Chapter 5.3
This section is called “The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus”. You can probably guess from looking
at the name that this is a very important section.
The theorem has two parts. We use the
abbreviation FTC1 for part 1, and FTC2 for part 2.
FTC2, in particular, will be an important part of
your mathematical lives from this point onwards.
Getting ready for FTC1
Let f (t) be a continuous function on the closed
interval [a, b]. We can define a function
Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt
a

where a 6 x 6 b.
Getting ready for FTC1
Let f (t) be a continuous function on the closed
interval [a, b]. We can define a function
Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt
a

where a 6 x 6 b.

What exactly is g(x) doing? Think of g(x) as an

“area so far” function.
g(x) gives the area under f between a and x.
This idea of a function g(x) defined as an integral
of f (t) is quite a different idea, so we will give some
examples.
This idea of a function g(x) defined as an integral
of f (t) is quite a different idea, so we will give some
examples. First consider f (t) = 4te−t and then
define
Z x Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt = (4te−t ) dt
0 0
This idea of a function g(x) defined as an integral
of f (t) is quite a different idea, so we will give some
examples. First consider f (t) = 4te−t and then
define
Z x Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt = (4te−t ) dt
0 0

The value of g(x) is the area under the curve

f (t) = 4te−t from t = 0 up to t = x. On the next
two slides we show the areas equal to g(2), g(3),
g(4), g(5).
Let’s look at another concrete example. Suppose
f (t) = −t/2 + 4.
Let’s look at another concrete example. Suppose
f (t) = −t/2 + 4. Now let us define
Z x Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt = (−t/2 + 4) dt
1 1
Let’s look at another concrete example. Suppose
f (t) = −t/2 + 4. Now let us define
Z x Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt = (−t/2 + 4) dt
1 1
R1
So, g(1) = 1 (−t/2 + 4) dt = 0.
Let’s look at another concrete example. Suppose
f (t) = −t/2 + 4. Now let us define
Z x Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt = (−t/2 + 4) dt
1 1
R1
So, g(1) = 1 (−t/2 + 4) dt = 0.

Now use geometry to calculate the value of g(2)

and g(3).
 Z x
g(x) = (−t/2 + 4) dt
1

From the sketches we can calculate g(2) = 3.25 and

g(3) = 6.
 Z x
g(x) = (−t/2 + 4) dt
1

From the sketches we can calculate g(2) = 3.25 and

g(3) = 6. We can see that as x increases from 1 to
4, the area of the region given by g(x) is growing.
When x > 4 then g(x) will decrease because we are
including more “negative” area.
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Part 1: If f is continuous on [a, b], then the

function g defined by
Z x
g(x) = f (t) dt a6x6b
a

is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b)

and g 0 (x) = f (x).
d x
Z 
That is: f (t) dt = f (x)
dx a
Examples (FTC1):
Let us apply the theorem to the two examples that
we looked at earlier.
Examples (FTC1):
Let us apply the theorem to the two examples that
we looked at earlier.Z
x
I We had g(x) = 4te−t dt. So, by FTC1 we
0
get g 0 (x) = 4xe−x .
Examples (FTC1):
Let us apply the theorem to the two examples that
we looked at earlier.Z
x
I We had g(x) = 4te−t dt. So, by FTC1 we
0
get g 0 (x) = 4xe−x .

I For the Zsecond example we had

x
g(x) = (−t/2 + 4) dt, so by FTC1 we get
1
g 0 (x) = −x/2 + 4.
Seeing FTC1 in action:
Go to
Stewart Calculus Tools for Enriching Calculus
and click on Chapter 5, then section 5.3. Apply
FTC1 to a few of the functions onR offer by moving
x
x (the upper limit of the integral a f (t) dt).
Example: Use FTC1 to find the derivative of
Z x
2
g(x) = et −t dt
3
Example: Use FTC1 to find the derivative of
Z x
2
g(x) = et −t dt
3

Solution:
2
g 0 (x) = ex −x
Example: Use FTC1 to find the derivative of
Z x
2
g(x) = et −t dt
3

Solution:
2
g 0 (x) = ex −x

This illustrates nicely what FTC1 is doing. Really it

says that if you are differentiating a function g(x)
that is defined in terms of the integral of another
function f (t), then you will get f (x) as the
derivative.
What if we want to find
"Z #
h(x)
d
f (t) dt
dx a
What if we want to find
"Z #
h(x)
d
f (t) dt
dx a

Here we have
Z h(x)
g(h(x)) = f (t) dt
a
What if we want to find
"Z #
h(x)
d
f (t) dt
dx a

Here we have
Z h(x)
g(h(x)) = f (t) dt
a

So we get
d
[g(h(x))] = g 0 (h(x)) · h0 (x) = f (h(x)) · h0 (x)
dx
Now use the explanation on the previous slide to
find the derivative of
Z x4
sec t dt
1

Try this yourself before looking at the solution

below.
Now use the explanation on the previous slide to
find the derivative of
Z x4
sec t dt
1

Try this yourself before looking at the solution

below.
Solution:
Now use the explanation on the previous slide to
find the derivative of
Z x4
sec t dt
1

Try this yourself before looking at the solution

below.
Solution: !
Z x4
d
sec t dt =
dx 1
Now use the explanation on the previous slide to
find the derivative of
Z x4
sec t dt
1

Try this yourself before looking at the solution

below.
Solution: !
Z x4
d
d 4
sec t dt = sec x4 (x )
dx 1 dx
Now use the explanation on the previous slide to
find the derivative of
Z x4
sec t dt
1

Try this yourself before looking at the solution

below.
Solution: !
Z x4
d
d 4
sec t dt = sec x4 (x ) = 4x3 sec x4


dx 1 dx
Another FTC1 example:
Find Z 5x 
d
sin t dt
dx 4x
Try this on your own before looking at the solution.
Another FTC1 example:
Find Z 5x 
d
sin t dt
dx 4x
Try this on your own before looking at the solution.
Hint 1: FTC1 requires the integral to have a
constant as the lower limit. Split the integral using
0 as a mid-point.
Another FTC1 example:
Find Z 5x 
d
sin t dt
dx 4x
Try this on your own before looking at the solution.
Hint 1: FTC1 requires the integral to have a
constant as the lower limit. Split the integral using
0 as a mid-point.
Hint 2: to apply FTC1 we must have the constant
as the lower limit. Swap the limits of the first
integral after applying Hint 1.
 Z 5x 
d
Solution: sin t dt
dx 4x
 Z 5x 
d
Solution: sin t dt
dx 4x
Z 0 Z 5x 
d
= sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 4x 0
 Z 5x 
d
Solution: sin t dt
dx 4x
Z 0 Z 5x 
d
= sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 4x 0
 Z 4x Z 5x 
d
= − sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 0 0
 Z 5x 
d
Solution: sin t dt
dx 4x
Z 0 Z 5x 
d
= sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 4x 0
 Z 4x Z 5x 
d
= − sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 0 0
Z 4x  Z 5x 
d d
=− sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 0 dx 0
 Z 5x 
d
Solution: sin t dt
dx 4x
Z 0 Z 5x 
d
= sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 4x 0
 Z 4x Z 5x 
d
= − sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 0 0
Z 4x  Z 5x 
d d
=− sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 0 dx 0
d d
= − sin(4x) (4x) + sin(5x) (5x)
dx dx
 Z 5x 
d
Solution: sin t dt
dx 4x
Z 0 Z 5x 
d
= sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 4x 0
 Z 4x Z 5x 
d
= − sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 0 0
Z 4x  Z 5x 
d d
=− sin t dt + sin t dt
dx 0 dx 0
d d
= − sin(4x) (4x) + sin(5x) (5x)
dx dx
= −4 sin(4x) + 5 sin(5x)
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Part 2: If f is continuous on [a, b], then
Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
a

where F is any antiderivative of f , that is

F0 = f.
 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Part 2: If f is continuous on [a, b], then
Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
a

where F is any antiderivative of f , that is

F0 = f.

Example: evaluate the integral

Z 6
2x dx =
4
 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Part 2: If f is continuous on [a, b], then
Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
a

where F is any antiderivative of f , that is

F0 = f.

Example: evaluate the integral

Z 6
 6
2x dx = x2 4 = 62 − 42 = 20
4
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

There is a lot going on here! Let’s take a moment

to examine the important points.
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

There is a lot going on here! Let’s take a moment

to examine the important points.
I We let [F (x)]ba = F (b) − F (a).
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

There is a lot going on here! Let’s take a moment

to examine the important points.
I We let [F (x)]ba = F (b) − F (a). In other words,
when we write a function F (x) in square
brackets with b above right and a below right,
what we mean is: evaluate F at b and then
subtract F evaluated at a.
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

There is a lot going on here! Let’s take a moment

to examine the important points.
I We let [F (x)]ba = F (b) − F (a). In other words,
when we write a function F (x) in square
brackets with b above right and a below right,
what we mean is: evaluate F at b and then
subtract F evaluated at a.
I Our answer agrees with the geometric
calculation that we did in the warm up!
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

I We used x2 as an antiderivative of 2x.

 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

I We used x2 as an antiderivative of 2x.

FTC2 says we can use any antiderivative of 2x. So
why did we use x2 ?
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

I We used x2 as an antiderivative of 2x.

FTC2 says we can use any antiderivative of 2x. So
why did we use x2 ? Because it’s the simplest
antiderivative.
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

I We used x2 as an antiderivative of 2x.

FTC2 says we can use any antiderivative of 2x. So
why did we use x2 ? Because it’s the simplest
antiderivative.
Let’s see what happens if we used x2 + 3:
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

I We used x2 as an antiderivative of 2x.

FTC2 says we can use any antiderivative of 2x. So
why did we use x2 ? Because it’s the simplest
antiderivative.
Let’s see what happens if we used x2 + 3:
Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x + 3 = (62 + 3) − (42 + 3)
2
4 4
= 62 − 42 = 20
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

I We used x2 as an antiderivative of 2x.

 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

I We used x2 as an antiderivative of 2x.

Let’s try and do it with the most general
antiderivative: x2 + C. We get:
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

I We used x2 as an antiderivative of 2x.

Let’s try and do it with the most general
antiderivative: x2 + C. We get:
Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x + 3 = (62 + C) − (42 + C)
2
4 4
= 62 − 42 = 20
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

I We used x2 as an antiderivative of 2x.

Let’s try and do it with the most general
antiderivative: x2 + C. We get:
Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x + 3 = (62 + C) − (42 + C)
2
4 4
= 62 − 42 = 20

The constant doesn’t change the value, so we

should just use the simplest antiderivative available
(i.e. without a constant).
 Z 6 h i6
2x dx = x2 = 62 − 42 = 20
4 4

Different books use slightly different notation for

the first step. You might see any of the following:

[F (x)]ba (F (x)]ba (F (x)|ba F (x)|ba

The challenge in the first step of an integration is to

find an antiderivative of the function that you are
integrating. That is why we covered antiderivatives
already in Ch 4.9.
A beautiful example:
This is a great integral because it evaluates to such
a nice round number. The sine curve is not a simple
geometric shape but look at what happens when we
calculate the area under the curve from 0 to π:
A beautiful example:
This is a great integral because it evaluates to such
a nice round number. The sine curve is not a simple
geometric shape but look at what happens when we
calculate the area under the curve from 0 to π:
Z π
sin x dx
0
A beautiful example:
This is a great integral because it evaluates to such
a nice round number. The sine curve is not a simple
geometric shape but look at what happens when we
calculate the area under the curve from 0 to π:
Z π
 π
sin x dx = − cos x 0
0
A beautiful example:
This is a great integral because it evaluates to such
a nice round number. The sine curve is not a simple
geometric shape but look at what happens when we
calculate the area under the curve from 0 to π:
Z π
 π
sin x dx = − cos x 0 = − cos(π) − (− cos(0))
0
A beautiful example:
This is a great integral because it evaluates to such
a nice round number. The sine curve is not a simple
geometric shape but look at what happens when we
calculate the area under the curve from 0 to π:
Z π
 π
sin x dx = − cos x 0 = − cos(π) − (− cos(0))
0

= −(−1) + 1
A beautiful example:
This is a great integral because it evaluates to such
a nice round number. The sine curve is not a simple
geometric shape but look at what happens when we
calculate the area under the curve from 0 to π:
Z π
 π
sin x dx = − cos x 0 = − cos(π) − (− cos(0))
0

= −(−1) + 1 = 2
More FTC2 examples
Z 2
4 + u2
1. 3
du
1 u
Z 18
r
3
2. dz
1 z
Z 3
3. ex dx
1
Solution (1.):
Solution (1.):
2 Z 2
4 + u2
Z 
4 1
du = + du
1 u3 1 u3 u
Z 2 
1
= 4u−3 + du
1 u
2
= −2u−2 + ln |u| 1

   
−2 −2
= + ln |2| − + ln |1|
(2)2 (1)2
= (−0.5 + ln 2) − (−2 + 0)
= 1.5 + ln 2
Solution (2.):
Solution (2.):
Z 18 r Z 18 √
3 3
dz = √ dz
1 z 1 z
√ Z 18
1
= 3 √ dz
z
√  1√ 18
= 3 2 z 1
√  √ √  √ √

= 3 2 18 − 2 1 = 2 3 3 2 − 1
Solution (2.):
Z 18 r Z 18 √
3 3
dz = √ dz
1 z 1 z
√ Z 18
1
= 3 √ dz
z
√  1√ 18
= 3 2 z 1
√  √ √  √ √

= 3 2 18 − 2 1 = 2 3 3 2 − 1
Solution (3.):
Solution (2.):
Z 18 r Z 18 √
3 3
dz = √ dz
1 z 1 z
√ Z 18
1
= 3 √ dz
z
√  1√ 18
= 3 2 z 1
√  √ √  √ √

= 3 2 18 − 2 1 = 2 3 3 2 − 1
Solution (3.):
Z 3
 3
ex dx = ex 1 = e3 − e1 = e3 − e
1
What is wrong here?
What is wrong here?
Z 3  x−1 i3
1
2
dx =
−1 x −1 −1

1
=− −1
3

4
=−
3
What is wrong here?
Z 3  x−1 i3
1
2
dx =
−1 x −1 −1

1
=− −1
3

4
=−
3
1
f (x) = x2 is not continuous on [−1, 3]!
 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Suppose f is continuous on [a, b].
Z x
1. If g(x) = f (t) dt, then g 0 (x) = f (x).
a
Z b
2. f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a) where F is a
a
function such that F 0 = f .

We can think of integration and differentiation as

inverse processes.
Extra Problems
Differentiate each of the following:
Z x
1. 9 cos2 (t2 − 6t + 1)dt
4
Z sin(x) p
2. t2 + 4dt
Z7 −1 t
e −1
3. dt
3x2 t
Extra Problems
Evaluate each of the following integrals, if possible. If it is not
possible clearly explain why it is not possible to evaluate the
integral.
Z 0
1. 15w4 − 13w2 + wdw
3
Z 2 √
3 2
1 t 1
2. + − 3 dt
1 7t 4 2t
Z 4
1
3. x6 − x4 + 2 dx
x
Z−2π
4. sec(x) tan(x) − 1dx
0
Z 4 (
2t t>1
5. f (t)dt, where f (t) = 2
0 1 − 3t t ≤ 1
Z 6
6. |2x − 10|dx
3