Name. Date Grammar Period PARTS OF SPEECH There are eight parts of speech. Every word in the English language acts as one of these parts of speech when in a sentence. 1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Adjectives 4. Verbs 5. Adverbs 6. Conjunctions 7. Prepositions 8. Interjections Some other important terminology in this packet is located in the conjunction section: > Subjects > Predicates > Clauses — independent and dependent > Fragments > Run-ons Steinberg1. NOUNS (n.) Nouns name persons, places, things, or ideas. * Person - John, Tony, Alice, boy, teacher ® Place - Florida, New York, mountain, classroom © Thing - book, chair, hair * Idea - service, leadership, courage, Monday > Many nouns can be identified by their suffixes or endings. -ness, -ation, -tion, -ment, -tude, -hood, -ence, -ance, -ity, dom Examples of nouns with common suffixe: happiness, capitalization, recreation, government, aptitude, fatherhood, existence, defiance, celebrity: freedom; wisdom; gratitude: kingdom, carefulness > Many times the articles/adjectives @, an, or the appear before a noun. > The article/adjective an can only go in front of a noun that begins with a vowel, such as an octopus. > Many times nouns are modified, or changed, by adjectives, so be careful to identify the noun and not the adjective. ***the hairy octopus. Octopus is a noun, but hairy is an adjective Circle the nouns. Do not include any adjectives that modify the nouns. 1. Doris is an ugly woman who has five bratty children 2. What is all this craziness? 3. My patience is running out. 4. Martha, please be carefuul with the silver platter and the crystal glasses. w . The improvement in your essay is amazing. 6, On Tuesdays, Mary likes to go to the museum to see the exhibits. SteinbergCommon versus Proper Common nouns name any person, place, thing, or idea. They are nonspecific. A common noun always begins with a lowercase letter unless it is the first word in a sentence Ex: school, boy, car, dog, country Proper nouns name SPECIFIC persons, places, things, or ideas. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters. Ex: Seaford Middle School, Theo, Mercedes, Fido, Spain Directions: There are twenty-five nouns in the following paragraph Circle the common nouns. Underline the proper nouns. USE PENCIL. Rebecca Motte was a great patriot. During the Revolutionary War, British soldiers seized her mansion in South Carolina and set up defenses. General Harry Lee told Motte that the Americans would have to burn her home to smoke out the enemy. Motte supported the plan and was glad to help her country. She even supplied fire arrows and a bow for the attack. The enemy raised the white flag, and the house was saved. That night, Motte invited both sides to dinner. Steinberg 3Concrete versus Abstract Concrete nouns name something you can see, hear, smell, taste, or touch. Examples: water, person, car Abstract nouns name ideas, feelings, and characteristics. These are things that cannot be physically touched. Examples: Monday, trip, happiness, bravery, freedom, name, date, time, thought Directions: Circle the concrete nouns. Underline the abstract nouns. 1. Martha is a beautiful name fora baby, but only time will tell if Martha will grow up to be a beautiful girl 2. My aunt Sally believes that peace in the world is the most important thing. 3. Tcan hear the wind blowing outside my window. 4. Last summer I went to Disney World, and the heat was unbearable. 5, In the movie, Martians were invading the planet, 6, The soccer team won first place in the championships, 7. Justin decided to attend college at Hofstra University. 8. Last year, I had earned points on my average for completing extra credit. ‘9. The music in the auditorium was so loud that my ears rang the next day. 10. Can you see the ice forming on the windows because of the cold? Steinberg‘TYPES OF PRONOUNS Subjective pronouns: he, she, I, you, we, they, it These are the ONLY personal pronouns that can be used as subjects in a sentence. They can do things. Subject Pronouns (Do-ers) ‘Examples: He goes to the park, She eats onions. We love carrots, 1, you, he, she, we, it, they Objective pronouns: me, you, him, her, it us, them Object Pronouns ‘These pronouns have things happen to them, They receive action, (Receivers) Examples: He gave the gift to her. Mom borrowed the list from us. me, you, him, her, us, it, them Directions: Circle the pronoun that correctly completes each sentence. Remember to use the notes above. Subjective pronouns are the “do-ers” and objective pronouns are the “receivers.” 1. Bob gave the hat to (he, him) 2. Mom wouldn't let (Wwe, us) go to the park. 3. Cheryl, Tim and (I, me) love carrots. 4, We gave (ourselves, themselves) a treat. 5, (She, her) gota new car. 6. (They, Us) told (they, them) to go to the party. 7. The class and (he, him) are competing for the title. 8. The teacher gave the class and (we, us) lots of homework. 9. Yesterday, (he and I OR him and me) went to the mall. 10. Please don’t tell (she, her) about the broken glass. Steinberg 6Reflexive Pronouns refer to back to the subject: himself, herself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, itself, ourse! s +The words ourself, themself, itselves, himselves, and herselves DO NOT EXIST. Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership: his, her, our, ours, their, theirs, hers, your, yours, my, mine, its Examples: The book is mine. That is jacket is hers. Please get her jacket, Interrogative Pronouns are used in questions: who, whom, what, which, whose Examples: Whose book is that? Who called? “For whom is that gift? Demonstrative Pronouns are meant to demonstrate or point to something those, these, this, that Examples: This is my essay. Please give these to him. Can you hand me that? Indefinite Pronouns (those in the chart below) do not refer to a definite person or thing: each, either, neither, everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, another, anybody, anything, nothing, little, much, nobody, no one, one, someone, somebody, something, few, many, both, several, others, all, any, none, some, most, more Steinberg 7Indefinite Pronouns are tricky to use as subjects in a sentence. Use the chart to help with the exercise below. Singular Plural Singular or Plural another each little | both all anybody either much | few any anyone everybody nothing _| many most anything everyone several none neither everything others some nobody something more noone someone one somebody Directions: Use the Indefinite Pronoun Chart above to select the correct matching pronoun, > Underline each subject/antecedent in the sentence. Each antecedent is a pronoun from the Indefinite Pronoun chart. > Ifthe pronoun that is the antecedent is singular, you must select a singular possessive pronoun, > Ifthe pronoun that is the antecedent is plural, you must select a plural possessive pronoun. Singular Possessive Pronouns: (her, his, it, hers, its) Plural Possessive Pronouns: (their, theirs) . Each brought (his/her, their) book. 2. Many of the kids have (his/her, their) class in room 205. 3. Anybody who wants to may bring (his/her, their) notes. 4. Neither is bringing (his/her, their) own lunch. 5. Someone in the comer gave (his/her, their) cell phone to me. 6. Several of the singers in the choir gave (his/her, their) best efforts. 7. Is everyone coming to (his, her, their) party? Steinberg3. ADJECTIVES (a.) ® An adjective describes a noun or pronoun. ® Adjectives modify, or change, nouns or pronouns to make them more specific or exact. Examples: /appy boy, fat man, slimy bug He is sad. That meal was amazing. © An adjective tells what kind, how many, how much, or which one(s)- ‘What Kind/Which Ones beautiful, empty, first, last, those, these, happy, short, flat, long ***Some of these words are pronouns, but pronouns can act like adjectives. These books are mine. (The pronoun, these, is describing the noun, books.) These are mine. (In this sentence, these is a pronoun because it is not describing anything.) How Many/How Much several, twelve, many, nine * A, an, and the are special adjectives called articles. ‘ Many adjectives can be identified by their suffixes, or endings: ful, -ish, -able, -y, -Tess, ~ous, -some, -ic,- iant, -ient Some examples of adjectives: comfortable, selfish, laughable, joyous, happy, careless, wholesome, patient, stoic Steinberg aProper Adjectives * Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns, © The proper noun Spain is the name of a country * The proper adjective Spanish describes something that comes from Spain. * Just like proper nouns, proper adjectives always begin with a capital letter. * Ex: Spanish flag, Mexican food Directions: Circle all of the adjectives in the following sentences. Remember, sometimes pronouns can act like adjectives. 1. The small, misbehaved boy was pushing his mother, 2. Many bugs like to come out at night. 3. Thirteen girls are coming to my sweet sixteen party. 4. The slimy, smelly, no-good alien stole my new CD player. 5. In the Spanish language adjectives are placed afier nouns. 6. Heis happy. 7. She is beautiful. 8. The room looks like a crystal palace. 9. The brown pants are thrown over the folding chair 10. Creaky doors don’t scare monsters. 11. He and I love to eat Chinese food 12. Most children enjoy fast-paced, adventurous rides at the amusement park, Steinberg 124. VERBS (v.) > A verb is a word that tells of an action or a state of being. The verb tells what is happening in the sentence. > Verbs also have tense. Tense is the time expressed by a verb. The form of the verb tells when something occurred. Example of tense with the verb, fo fly: fly, flew, will fly, flying, have flown, had flown. > Verbs can act as action verbs or linking verbs, depending on the sentence. ACTION VERBS are verbs that tell what a noun or a pronoun is doing. They tell physical ‘or mental actions. Examples: run, jump, singing, played, enjoyed, thought, worshiped Tn in the park, He worshiped Miss Steinberg’s awesomeness, Jeff ordered a pizza I wished on a star. ‘The baby slept in her car seat. LINKING VERBS are verbs that tell us about the state of being of a noun or pronoun. ‘There is no action. ‘Many linking verbs are forms of the verb, ta be: be, being, am, is, je, was, were ‘Other common linking verbs: like, seems, remains, become, grow, stay, tum, sound, stnell, feel, appear, look Notice in these examples how each verb is a link between the words on either side of it. He és annoying. (He = annoying) We are the winners. (We = winners.) ‘The sum of two and four is six. (six =sum) ‘That barbecue smells good. (good barbecue) Steinberg 13VERB PHRASE © When a linking verb is needed to assist, or help, an action verb, itis called a Helping or Auvitiany Verb. © There may be more than one helping verb, and the helpers always come before the main verb, Helping/auxiliary verb(s) + Main (action) verb + Abelping/ausiliary verb helps the main verb express an action or make a statement, They are used together EXAMPLES: John is going to the park. is =helping, going = action Can you go to the park? can = helping, go = action (To figure out verb plirase in questions, rewrite them as statements, You can go to the park.) ‘Common Helping/Auuitiary Verbs is, are, am, be, being, been, was, were, do, does, did has, have, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must Examples: ‘The students were selling ticket two weeks in advance. were =helping, selling = action Speed boats can be used in rescue operations. can be = helping, used = action Directions: Circle the verb or verb phrase for each sentence. The parts of the verb phrase may be separated. Remember to consult the notes above to find all helping verbs. 1. The old man was going to the police. 2. Milly will be golfing next week. 3. My mom does like candy. 4, Polly is the name of my parrot. 5. Harold can come to the party. 6, James plays basketball after schoo! 7, Marcia should have gone to the park 8, Your hobbies interest me “9. Do you have any more money? “10. Has the girl next door been introduced? Steinberg IsMEMORIZE THESE WORDS. THEY ARE ALWAYS VERBS. has had have was were may might must shall should can could will would is am are be being been do does did ‘Steinberg5. ADVERBS (adv.) > Modify, or describe, verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs > They answer one or more of the following questions: When/Time, How, Where/Place, To what extent/Degree > Many end in ly HOW: fast, slowly, well, poorly, oddly, crazily ‘Walk fast. (How do you walk?) How did you spend your vacation? Please walk carefully. WHEN/TIME: 3always, usually, never, forever, now, then, later, soon, tomorrow Now | will goto the park. (When will I go?) He went to the park now. He will now go to the park, ‘WHERE/PLAC away, here, inside, there, up, down, ‘We are inside, (Where are we?) ‘The car is outside. Here is Lou. ‘TO WHAT EXTENT/DEGREE: 100, very, so, more, least, quite, not, almost We are almost there. (To what extent am I there?) ‘That is quite all right. Itis very cold outside. Itis so boring in here. Tam foo tired, Steinberg 7Adverbs can modify adjectives. Her gown is foo beautiful. (The adverb too describes the adjective, beautiful) Adverbs can modify adverbs. ‘The fire blazed s00 dangerously. Too tells “to what extent” the fire blazed. and dangerously tells “how” the fire blazed. Adverbs may come before or after the word that they modify. ‘We often complain about the cooking ‘We complain often about the cooking Adverb_ Question Answered Word modified ‘When adverbs modify verts phrases, they often come in the middle of the phrase. Linda did not know the answer to the riddle, Adverb- Question Answered Words modified, Falling stars are often seen in September. Adverb, Question Answered Words modified For emphasis, sometimes a writer begins a sentence with an adverb, separating it from the word it modifies. Suddenly, the door opened Adverb, Question Answered Word modified. Finally, after hours of climbing, we came to the end of the tral Adverb, Question Answered ‘Word modified. ‘When does school start? Adverb, Question Answered Words modified Steinberg Is6. PREPOSITIONS (prep.) Words that point Words that show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. They never stand alone. ‘Common Prepositions: aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, : beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, in front of, inside, instead, into, like, near, next 10, of, off, ou, out, out of, ouside, over, past, sin throughout, to, toward, under, tmdemmeath, unlike, until, up, up t0, upon, with, within, without through, PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE ® Prepositions never stand alone. They are always used with a noun or pronoun that is called the object of the preposition. The noun or pronoun usually comes after the preposition. © The preposition and its object are known as a prepositional phrase. * A phrase is a group of words. Examples: 1. He jumped over the mountain. ‘The phrase is over the mountain. ‘The preposition is over, and its object is mountain, ‘The preposition over shows the relationship between He and mountain 2. The girl im the heavy coat was wery warm. ‘The phrase is in the heavy coat, ‘The preposition is and its object is 3. The plane flew through the thick clouds in the rainstorm, ‘The phrases are through the thick clouds and in the rainstorm, ‘The first preposition is and its object is The second preposition is and its object is Steinberg 20Adverbs Vs. Prepositions Some words may be used as prepositions OR as adverbs. A preposition always has an object. An adverb never does. Examples: ‘The woman got offher horse. Off'is a preposition because its object is horse. ‘The woman rode off. Offs an adverb. There is no object. Offtells where. ‘The bear walked around and then went inside. Around and inside are used as adverbs. They modify the verbs walked and went. ‘The bear walked around the yard and then went inside the cabin. Around and inside are used as prepositions. Their objects are yard and cabin. Directions: The italicized and bolded words are adverbs or prepositions. Identify the word as an adverb or preposition, and write adv. or prep. on the line. «dn the story, the boy fell eff and was washed ashore, ‘The island was greatly feared By all sailors who passed By. 3. Among sailors the lighthouse was feared to be haunted. 4. He looked for several hours and then he gave up. 5. A man with a revolver in his hand answered the door, 6. Lwent inside and was amazed By the mess | saw. 7. The boy wished he could get out, but he was stuck inside the box. 8. The flour is above the cabinet. 9, Did you look wader the table? 10. The ship went under, but we managed to get into a lifeboat Steinberg 2a . CONJUNCTIONS (conj.) + Can join words + Can join phrases + Can join two sentences Conjunetions can join words: Jim and Peggy are friends. ‘That gift was pretty but useless Mail is delivered rain or shine. We neither ate nor drank at the party. ‘Conjunctions can join phrases: ‘We listened to the code and reported it accurately. We were all alone but not bored. ‘You can't find it so stop looking. Conjunction can join sentences. Melba is waiting for the mail, and Mother is expecting a call. Tlove pizza, yet I don’t really care for spaghetti. Idanced while he sang. Because I work hard, I do well. Iwill go if you go. ‘There are two types of conjunctions: coordinating and subordinating Coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses. Subordinating conjunctions join dependent clauses. Steinberg 33+e Y ¥ SUBJECTS, PREDICATES, CLAUSES A subject can ONLY be a noun or pronoun. A subject is who or what the sentence is about. **To find the subject, ask who or what is doing something or whom or what is being talked about. A predicate MUST include a verb. It may also include other words that relate to the verb. A clause consists of a subject and a predicate. An INDEPENDENT CLAUSE is a subject and predicate that expresses a complete thought. In other words, it is a complete sentence. A DEPENDENT or SUBORDINATING CLAUSE depends on another sentence to help it express a complete thought. It is a clause, so it contains a subject and predicate, but it begins with a subordinating conjunction, and it DOES NOT express a complete thought without help. It is a fragment. Steinberg muINDEPENDENT CLAUSES are independent because they do not need “help” to express a complete thought COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS can be used to join two independent clauses. The coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember using the acronym FANBOYS. F A N BOF YS ‘When you join two independent clauses together using one of the FANBOYS, there must be a comma before the conjunction. *#1f you do not put a comma, you create a run-on. A run-on is when two clauses are joined incorrectly. Example 1: Kyle read. (independent clause) Martha slept. (independent clause) Combined: Kyle read, and Martha slept. ‘The two clauses are joined with the FANBOY and. Notice that there is a comma before the conjunction. Example 2: Jim ran quickly. (independent clause) Jane walked slowly. (independent clause) Combined: Jim ran quickly, but Jane walked slowly. ‘The two clauses are joined with the FANBOY, but. Notice, there is a comma before but. Steinberg 35SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS introduce dependent, or subordinating, clauses that cannot stand alone. These clauses create fragments unless they are “fixed” by adding another clause to them to complete the thought. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS include the following: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, how, if, in order, that, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while Example of a subordinating or dependent clause: While Jim ran. ‘This is a dependent clause because it has a subject, Jim, and a verb, ran. HOWEVER, it is dependent on another clause to complete the thought because it begins with the subordinating conjunction “While.” We don’t know what Jim did WHILE he ran. ‘You must add another clause to complete the thought. Example of two clauses joined together: While Jim ran, he listened to music ‘The second clause, he listened to music, tells us what Jim did while running. Now, the thought is complete. Notice that there is a comma in between the two clauses. Uf you begin a sentence with a subordinating conjunction, you must have a comma after the first thought is completed. ‘The same two clauses are joined here in a different way: Jim ran while he listened to music, No comma is necessary because the subordinating conjunction is in between the two clauses. Steinberg 268. INTERJECTIONS (interj.) ‘> A word which expresses emotion and which is not related to other words in a sentence. + They are separated by an exclamation point (!) or a comma (,). Examples of interjections: aha, my. hey, hurray, ouch, rats, wow, yikes, yippee, well, ops, oh, eck, goodness, gosh, oh my Eek! A bug crawled up my leg! Ouch! You hurt me Wow! [am tired. ‘Well, I did my best. Directions: Write an appropriate interjection to-go with the sentence. Use a DIFFERENT interjection each time 1 2. Steinberg ! I stubbed my toe! ! I dropped the eggs! ! Whata touchdown! ! It's hot! !" Tshouted. ! It's about time! ! Whata pretty dress! ! Did you see it?