European Journal of Engineering Science and Technology

ISSN 2538-9181

Properties of Jute Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites – A

Review

B. Pradeepa1, M. Malathi2, and A.V. Kiruthika2*

1
Research Scholar, Seethalakshmi Achi College for Women, Pallathur, Sivagangai Dt., Tamil Nadu,
India
2
Assistant Professor of Physics, Seethalakshmi Achi College for Women, Pallathur, Sivagangai Dt.,
Tamil Nadu, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Jute fibres is of great interest to be used as reinforcement in

Jute fibre, thermoset or thermoplastic composites, in order to provide
mechanical properties, positive environmental benefits in-terms of degradability,
Polymer Composites, abundance, low density, nominal cost and recyclable. During
thermosets, fabricating the composites, researchers facing complications
thermoplastic such as high water absorbing (WA) character, poor
incompatibility of fibre with resins, quality variations in fibres,
low thermal stability, etc. Therefore, chemical treatments are
considered and it will be the most effective way to enhance the
interfacial bonding with matrix, improve mechanical strength
and less WA as well. Many research works were carried out on
the influence of chemical treatment on the properties of jute
fibre and their composites. The investigated treatment methods
and the impact of chemical treatment on the properties of jute
fibre reinforced polymer composites are comprehensively
presented in this review.

1. Introduction
Plant fibres have a long history of economic significance in human civilisation and are now
produced globally on a wide scale. This fibres used in the production of composites has been
significantly growing in terms of their fundamental research as well as in industrial
applications. Compared to metals and alloys, this fibres are relatively cheap, light-weight,
noncorrosive, abundant in nature, renewable, lower energy consumption during manufacturing
and most of the fibres are obtained from agricultural waste (banana, coir, rice husk, grass
fibres). Plant fibres have several benefits over synthetic, and have broader application in
packaging, automobile, building, sports, home appliances and construction (Olgun et al. 2016).
Based on their source, plant fibres were classified into: bast or stem fibres are obtained from
the stalk of various dicotyledonous plants such as banana, jute, flax, ramie, kenaf, hemp etc;
leaf fibres also referred to as hard fibres, extracted from the leaves of monocotyledonous plants
like sisal, pineapple leaf etc; seed fibres derived from the seeds of plants includes cotton, kapok,
oil palm, coir, etc (Mwaikambo, 2006). Several researchers determined the mechanical

______________________________

* Corresponding Author E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Cite this article as:

Pradeepa, B., Malathi, M., & Kiruthika, A.V. (2023). Properties of Jute Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites – A Review. European Journal
of Engineering Science and Technology, 6(1): 10-29. https://doi.org/10.33422/ejest.v6i1.1052
© The Author(s). 2023 Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and redistribution in any medium, provided that the original author(s) and source are credited.
 European Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 6(1): 10-29, 2023

properties, water absorption, porosity and thermal analysis of the concrete casted using the
plant fibres (Wafa, 2019; Arsene et al. 2013; Amiandamhen, 2020).
Among these plant fibres, Jute (Corchorus Capsularis), is a common vegetable fibre exhibit
better mechanical properties and used in various industries for the production of new consumer
goods (Sudhir et al. 2011). An annual plant that can grows up to 2cm to 3.5cm belongs to the
Tiliceae family (Faruk et al. 2012) falls under the category of kenaf, hemp, flax and Ramie.
Jute fibre (JF) production is second to cotton and can easily grow in humid and warm
atmosphere. Fibres are off-white to brown, extracted from the bast of the plant and have
potential candidate to replace glass or man-made fibres. A complex agricultural fibre have a
major load bearing capacity to develop high performance biodegradable polymer composites
(Pinku et al. 2014). Jute based polymer composites have found wide application in engineering
fields like electrical, electronic, bio-medical, automotive (car interiors, door panels),
handicrafts, packaging, construction, cottage (sacks, coarse cloth) industries.

2. Constituents of Jute fibre

Jute fibres consists of several cells that are constructed from helical, crystalline cellulose fibrils,
which are bound to the entire layer by amorphous lignin and hemicellulose, with helical angles
of 20–30°. The major constituents of JF are cellulose (60-72%), hemicellulose (12-24%), lignin
(11-24%) and have minor traces of pectin (0.2%), ash (0.5 to 2%), wax (0.5%) and fats (Sunil
et al. 2019, Park et al. 2010, Ramakrishna et al. 2010). Cellulose is the prime source for
imparting the stiffness to the jute fibres. Other components also increases fibre stiffness by
transferring load to cellulose chains. Hence, the mechanical strength of fibres highly dependent
on the orientation of microfibrillar angle (MFA). The cellulose content affects MFA that means
decrease in cellulose, increasing value in MFA (Komuriah et al. 2014). Sur and Amin (2010)
determined the value of MFA of jute fibre is 7⁰-9⁰. Moisture regain of Jute fibre is 12.6%, but
with conditions of high humidity it can absorb up to 23% of the water and had non-static, low
thermal conducting properties (Mwaikambo 2009). Also, the percentage of ingredients
governing the fibre’s mechanical and thermal characteristics, as well as composite’s
mechanical and adhesion (with matrix) properties. The chemical proportions of any plant fibres
are well depend upon the plant’s geographical conditions, growing period extraction methods
adopted, harvesting time, size and maturity of the plant etc. This versatile agro-based fibre
exhibited numerous advantages over synthetic fibres, such as excellent acoustic insulation
(Mohammad et al. 2019), low carbon footprint, eco-friendly, cost effectiveness, high specific
modulus, light-weight, low energy requirements during processing (Suhad, 2019), low density,
sustainable, low extensibility etc. Due to the hydrophilic nature of JF, it has some disadvantages
which includes hydrophilicity, poor durability, fade on exposure to sunlight, crease resistance,
poor compatibility and it is vulnerable to microbial attack in humid climates. Hence, material
scientists, researchers and engineers have challenge to mitigate the drawbacks such as water
absorption, susceptibility to microbial attack etc.

3. Surface modification of jute fibre

Jute fibres are able to reinforce different polymeric matrices because of their good strength and
stiffness. However, its high hydrophilicity contributes in humidity consumption and low
hydrophobic matrices compatibility. The hydrophilic nature are responsible for the large
hydroxyl groups on the plant cell walls. These hydroxyl groups have been modified to improve
durability and matrix compatibility. Most frequently used method to keep the fibres more
compatible with the polymeric matrices are surface modifications. Various chemical treatments
utilized to remove the impurities (wax, ash, lignin) of JF and their effects were studied by many

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researchers (Dogan et al. 2016; Karaduman et al. 2012; Arulmurugan and Venkateshwaran
2020; Kutlay et al. 2012; Kumarjyothi et al. 2020). Most commonly used method is alkaline or
mercerisation (Katogi et al. 2016; Nguyen et al. 2009; Xue et al. 2019), in some studies
succinic, silane, malei anhydride grafting, H2O2, KmNO4 (Tran et al. 2012; Haydaruzzaman et
al. 2010; Muzammel et al. 2020). The physical treatments such as UV, γ-radiation, electron
beam radiation, plasma, corona, and biological treatments like enzyme, laccase, PLA coating,
etc were used (Gautam et al. 2008; Yoldas 2009; Liu et al. 2016; Dong et al. 2014; Xiaoyan et
al. 2015). Many of the research works revealed that the effect of surface modification improved
the mechanical properties of polymer composites compared to untreated fibres and composites.
This review work focuses on properties of Jute Fibre (with or without treatments) Reinforced
Polymer Composites involving various thermoplastics, thermosets, jute based hybrid, green
composites and the effect of different form of Jute (Fibre mat/yarn/twill/fabrics) reinforced
composites.

4. Physical properties of Jute fibres

Umit et al. (2016) determined the physical properties of jute fibre with the effects of alkali
(AJ), alkali+silane (ASJ), alkali+fluorocarbon (AFJ) and alkali+argon plasma (APJ)
treatments. From the Table 1, it was examined that the particle size and CI were higher for ASJ
due to the crystallite packing order of JF. The carbon/oxygen ratio (143.9%) was greater for
AFJ fibres indicating more hydrophobic surface character. In another interesting works, surface
modification was applied to the fibre to remove lignin and new covalent bonds was formed
between the cellulosic chains with the influence of stearic acid, potassium permanganate,
sodium chlorite, isocyanate groups, and triazine derivatives (Li et al. 2007). From the elemental
analysis data, Tuffaha et al. (2020) found that oxygen content was increased of about 9.58%
for untreated JF, whereas carbon as 6.13% higher for epoxy treated JF. This is due to the
presence of epoxy groups on the surface of the fibre. Sekhar et al. (2019) investigated the
lengthwise JF properties variation in three sections (root, middle and tip). They found that
crystal size (3.35nm), fibre fineness(2.74tex), fibre diameter (61μm) and TS (534MPa) were
higher for root JF compared to the middle and tip JF (Figure 1). This is attributed that root
portions were coarser than other fibres. In the same study, the similar result pattern were
reflected in root JF/PE composites.

Table 1.
Physical Properties of Jute fibre (Umit et al. 2016)
Fibre Particle Density Crysallinity index, Moisture(%)
Size(µm) (g/cm3) CI (%)
Untreated Jute 70.73 1.33 73.0 7
AJ 93.6 1.01 83.8 18
ASJ 99.67 1.01 85.9 4.5
AFJ 69.68 N/A 83.2 4.5
APJ 74.96 1.07 82.2 6

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Figure 1. Tensile properties of three portions of jute fibre (Sekar et al. 2019)

5. Jute fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites

A lot of research work has been done on the jute fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites
(Table 2). Among the various thermoplastic, polyester resin is extensively used because of its
ability to recycle, durability in tough conditions and low cost. The influence of surface
modification with respect to different concentration, treatment time and temperatures on the
properties of JF with various thermoplastic composites are as follows.

Table 2.
Mechanical Properties of jute based thermoplastic and thermoset composites
Fibre Chemical Matrix Fabrication Mechanical Reference
content treatment used process Properties
Thermoplastic composites
28% to 45% KMnO4 PP Hot press TS-69.8, TM-1.28 Jahangir et al.,
molding FS-80.2, FM-4.75 (2012)
IS-24.4J/m2
20%wt oligomeric HDPE Hot press TS-29.1, TM-1.47 Yoldas et al.,
siloxane(OS) molding FS-46.8, FM-1.67 (2012)
ILSS-15.6MPa
Hybrid 5%NaOH PE Compression TS-83.3 Shanmugam
(PPLSF:jute moulding TM-5.07, FS-176 and
as 100:0, FM-19.26 Thiruchitramb
75:25, 50:50, IS-36.3kJ/m2 alam (2013)
25:75, 0:100)
10wt% 3%MAPP PP Injection TS-25.11 Mirza et al.,
(maleic molding TM-1.86 (2014)
anhydride grafted
polypropylene)
Thermoset Composites
20%wt 6% NaOH Epoxy Manual TS-33.46, Xue et al.
Layering TM-1.86 (2019)
process FS-96.50, FM-4.70
30%wt 5% to 10% Epoxy Hand lay-up TS-5019 Britto et al.,
NaOH FS-90.89, IS-88.5 (2019)
10 to 40%wt Benzoyl chloride Epoxy Hand lay-up TS-90.33 Swain et al.,
TM-4.008 (2018)
FS-74.05
IS-1.902J
ILSS-69.61

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Fibre Chemical Matrix Fabrication Mechanical Reference

content treatment used process Properties
30wt% Benzoylation Epoxy Static TS-33.45 Arun and
treated with PLA Compression TM-5.34 Gupta, (2020)
coating FS-110.35
FM-8.89
IS-6.21
10 to 40%wt NaOH Epoxy Hand lay-up TS-55, TM-550 Kumaran et al.
method FS-5.45, IS-6.21J (2019)
FM-120.92
Hardness-67
40wt% Alkali+Silane Epoxy Vacuum bag FS-128.5 Anna et al.
moulding FM-70.1 (2018)
IFSS-9.3
TS and FS–tensile and flexural strength in MPa, TM and FM-tensile and flexural modulus in GPa, ILSS and
IFSS-interlaminar and interfacial shear strength in MPa, IS-impact strength

Dong et al. (2016) analysed the effect of lacasse and lacasse octadecylamine (OA) treated jute
fibre/PP composites. The experimental results revealed that the tensile properties, contact
angle, static and dynamic properties were higher for OA grafted jute/PP composites than the
lac treated and untreated JF/PP composites.
Different treatments were subjected to jute fibre, oxygen plasma treatment using low frequency
(LF) and radio frequency (RF) at different plasma powers of 30W, 60W and 90W for
15minutes. Composites were prepared with the treated JF reinforced HDPE using hand lay-up
process (Sever et al. 2011). The tested results denoted that, the plasma treated composites in
LF reached the maximum mechanical properties with power of 60W. Further increase in power
(90W), a declining tendency was noticed. In RF plasma system, the mechanical strength were
improved, when the power raised upto 90W.
Novel treatment such as poly (lactic acid, PLA)-coated, alkali treated and alkali-treated coated
with PLA were done on the jute fibre, which was used as a reinforcement with polyester
composites (Gupta 2018). Alkali-treated JF composites with PLA coating provided the highest
mechanical performance, thermal stability and water resistance properties. Chemical
treatments have usually been performed to enhance the mechanical properties of the
composites, but in certain cases, impact strength has been found to decrease, after treatment,
which suggests a negative effect of chemical treatment. However, the alkali treated fibre with
PLA, has exhibited the highest impact strength and lower water absorption. PLA, a bio-
degradable polymer, can be used as an effective treatment for enhancing the overall
performance of the natural fibre matrix composites.
Harichandra et al. (2019) studied the mechanical properties of JF/PP composites by taking into
account the influence of fibre (30wt%) modification with alkali, KMnO4 (0.03wt% 2min),
silane (5wt% for 4h). From the SEM analysis, surface micropores, surface roughness and
porous were seen for the untreated and treated fibres. The KMnO4 treated jute/PP has exhibited
greater TS and elongation at break than all the treated and untreated jute/PP composites.
Similarly, the silane treated jute/PP showed greater FS (20%), TM (22%) and WA properties.
According to impact strength value, it was lower for all chemically treated jute/PP composites.
The authors suggested that both silane and KMnO4 treatment provide a satisfactory
requirements for the industrial applications of the composites.
The impact of hydrophobic treatments [fluorocarbons (OLEOPHOBOL CP-R), hydrocarbons
(PHOBOLRSH), and fluorocarbons (OLEOPHOBOL 7713)] on jute fibres reinforced
unsaturated polyester resin composites were prepared by Azam et al. (2015). This modification
results, an increase in tensile and flexural properties of hybrid FC treated jute/PE specimens at

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40g/L was noted compared to other composites. The order of moisture regain was follows the
order of: hybrid FC treated (2.71%)<FC treated (3.05%)<hydrocarbon (3.10%) < untreated
(12%) fibre/PE composites.
Researchers also investigated the improvement in tensile and flexural properties of JF
compounded with PE composites after the chemical treatment of jute fibre with NaOH and
H2O2 (Hossen et al. 2018). Also the lower thermal conductivity (0.4395W/mK) and higher
thermal resistance (1.172K/w) were found for treated composites. Untreated composites
absorbed more water rapidly i.e., within 2hrs it absorb (0.302%) and for 24hrs it was 0.858%.
The treated specimens absorb less amount, i.e., 0.097% for 2h and 0.417% for 24h. From the
SEM analysis, a few air gaps, fibre solidarity and the better adhesion between the fibre-matrix
was noted for the untreated and treated composites respectively.
Composites derived from JF reinforced PE matrix (1:3) by hand lay-up and compression
moulding process (Ammayappan et al. 2016a). The different treatments, solvent lac, alkali and
alkali+lac with different conc. of 2%, 3%, 4%w/v were applied to the jute fibres. It was found
that the highest flexural property was achieved for 1% alkali treated jute fibre/PE composites.
2% lac treated and 1% NaOH treated composites improved the ILSS, than the other treated and
untreated jute PE composites.
An experimental study was performed by Alamgir et al. (2010) and studied the properties of
JF/PP composites. The fibre were modified with o-hydroxy benzenediazonium salt (O-HBDS)
in alkaline medium and different matrix fibre ratio (80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 65:35) were used for
the composite preparation. The mechanical behaviour were higher for O-HBDS treated JF/PP
than raw, alkali treated jute and plain PP composites. Conversely, the FS and IS of O-HBDS
treated JF/PP had lower value with the increase of fibre loadings.
Jute fibre reinforced PE composites were prepared using compression moulding technique and
studied its properties (Sridharan and Muthukrishnan 2013) with the effect of surface
𝑑
modification of fibre by alkali(5% for 90min). The delamination factor 𝑓𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 was
𝑑
calculated and it was maximum at higher feed rate(both entry and exit). Reduction in
delamination occurred for alkali treated specimens. Digital image processing technique showed
the optimum speed and feed rate for untreated composites was 9.42/min and 0.03mm/rev.
Using hand lay-up process, the unsaturated polyester (UP) based jute fibre composites were
manufactured and studied its mechanical, thermal and swelling behaviour (Jaideep et al. 2016).
The effect of different fibre loadings (5%, 10%, 15%, 20wt%), treatment with alkali,
aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) were subjected to raw fibres. The higher
microhardness value of 18.52 was observed for ZrO2 treated composites with an increase of
fibre content (Figure 2). Similarly, the thermal stability (37˚C), limiting oxygen index (LOI as
44), degradation temperature (352˚C) and were higher for UP/JF/ZrO2 treated composites. WA
behavior showed the greater hydrophobicity of UP/JF/ZrO2 treated composites at different
environmental conditions (normal, boiling, alkali, acidic and stimulate).

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Figure 2. Microhardness of different UP based composites with varying filler contents (Jaideep et al.
2016)

Wang et al. (2020) investigated that sodium lignosulfonate (SL) were deposited on the surface
of jute fibre, which gave an improvement in TS, TM, FS and FM of jute fibre –SL-PP
composites by 16.79%, 8.25%, 19.71% and 16.87% respectively. The authors concluded that
SL possesses a potential candidate to be used as a compatibilizer, because of the improved
properties of composites.
Different surface modifications were done on the fibre to increase the tensile properties of JF
based PP composites. The influence of fibre loading (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% wt), fibre
length (3mm) and alkali treatment of fibre (at 5%, 10%, 15% conc.) followed by H2O2 were
used for the preparation of composites. From the experimental findings, it was observed that
an increase in tensile properties with increase in fibre loading up to 20wt% as well as with
increase in 10%NaOH. Further increase in fibre loading, a reduction in tensile properties was
noted. A considerable decrease in density, change in weight and diameter of fibre after the
treatment was noticed for the composites (Leela et al. 2014).
Ammayappan et al. (2016b) investigated the influence of alkali (1%) treatment on physical and
mechanical properties of JF/PE composites by hand lay-up and compression moulding method.
Three different effects, material to liquor ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15), temperature (30, 40, 50) and
time (30, 60 and 90min) were used for the treatment of fibres. Alkali treated jute fibre
composites has the highest density of 1.148gpcc, at the fibre volume fraction of 0.282, at the
same time the void volume fraction (0.148) and thickness (2.64mm) was higher for untreated
one. The optimized alkali treated jute/PE composites with 2.35mm thickness and 28.2% fibre
volume indicated a higher TS, TM, FS, FM and ILSS at 23.4%, 32.8%, 59.3% and 207.3%
respectively.

6. Jute fibre reinforced thermoset composites

Of the various thermosets (epoxy, vinyl ester, polyurethanes, silicone, urea formaldehyde,
phenolic), epoxy is the most commonly used matrix and family of high performance resins,
due to its sustainability, durability, good mechanical (Table 2) and thermal properties. From
the Table 2, it was inferred that both thermoplastic and thermoset composite’s mechanical
properties were higher, compared to untreated composites.
The treatments like alkali (5%w/w, 2h) and silane (Dow corning Z-6175 and APTES 1% w/v
5min) were given to jute fibres and this treated JF were used to prepare the epoxy laminates by
hand lay-up and vacuum infusion process (Pinto et al. 2014). The results showed that silane

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treatment (Z-6175) has imparted layer interfacial adhesion and moisture resistance in JF/epoxy
composite. In this work, experimentally proved that the vacuum infusion process is the
optimized method to prepare composite with zero voids and good fibre volume fraction as
compared to hand lay-up (void content 15%). The tensile strength and modulus increased by
34% and 40% respectively for unidirectional fabric architecture than plain weave. The obtained
results were compared with glass fibre/epoxy laminates, and it showed that jute/epoxy
composites are comparable in stiffness to mass ratio.
Reshmi et al. (2018) prepared the short JF/epoxy composites with the effect of bleaching
(H2O2) and silane treatment (3-Amino Propyl Triethoxy Silane APTES). The findings clearly
pointed out that at high temperature, the wetting characteristics and mechanical properties had
better effects for silane treated JF composites than the H2O2 treated and untreated composites.
Moreover, the physical appearance of the JF were improved by the H2O2 treated fibres.
The other researchers, Anna et al. (2018) performed different treatments on JF involved alkali,
silane, alkali+silane treatment. The treated fibres were used for the preparation of composites
reinforced with epoxy using vacuum bag molding technique. They found that the alkali+silane
treatment increased the mechanical properties such as FS (128.5MPa), FM (70.1GPa) and IFSS
(9.3MPa), where the percentage of increment were 47.6%, 90.6% and 15.4% respectively.
Moreover, the order of the Tg values has the following pattern: alkali+silane (110.21˚C) >
silane (100.51˚C) > alkali and untreated (90.24˚C). The WA rate was lower for treated
composite than the untreated one. A considerable reduction in mechanical properties was noted
with the influence of moisture absorption.
The influence of alkali treatment (5%, 10%, 15% 20%) and 15 plies of jute fabric were used
for the preparation of JF/epoxy composites. It was found that, for 15%NaOH treated JF/epoxy,
the Izod (14.053), charpy impact strength (15.423) flexural strength (162MPa) and TS
(156MPa) of the JF/epoxy were higher whereas the elongation at break is higher for neat epoxy.
WA rate decreased with increasing alkali concentration (%) of fibre. From their findings, it
was analysed that 15%NaOH treatment is the optimum parameters for achieving better
properties of the composites (Parth M. 2019).
Surface modification with enzyme, CO2 pulsed infrared (IR) laser and ozone treatments were
subjected to the JF, used as a reinforcement to epoxy composites (Jiri and Abdul 2015). The
obtained results revealed that the infrared laser treated epoxy composites had the better
mechanical and dynamic-mechanical performance compared to the other treated and untreated
composites. An indication of changes in surface morphology was noticed for all treated fibre
composites whereas in an untreated fibre composite, the multicellular nature with the smooth
surface was observed in SEM.
Ma et al. (2018) investigated the effects of alkali (5% for 30 min), silane (γ-amino propyl
triethoxy silane) treatment on JF/epoxy composites. The results reported that a significant
reduction in moisture gain was observed for the alkali and silane treated composites. Under
aging conditions, a small decrease in TS was noted for silane and alkali treated, than the
untreated composites.
Hand lay-up process was used by (Hemalatha et al. 2022) to fabricate the jute fibre epoxy
composite where the marine waste such as clam shell was used as a filler material, they reported
that the inclusion of clam shell into the composites enhanced the tensile, flexural, interlaminar
strength, dynamic mechanical strength and hardness value. But the impact strength inferred the
adverse effect.

7. Jute fibre reinforced green composites

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Composites formed form biodegradable resins reinforced with plant fibres are referred to as
green composites, which has better mechanical properties, ecologically friendly, low cost,
productivity and ease at their end of life cycle. Biodegradable resins used for reinforcing jute
fibre composites are soybean oil (Semih et al. 2020, Peter et al. 2017), CNSL (Prabakaran et
al. 2016, Nithesh et al. 2019, Barreto et al. 2010), tamarind seed gum (Arunavathi et al. 2017).
Bhanu et al. (2012) reported on the fabrication and characterization of the mechanical and wear
performance of JF/polylactide (PLA) unidirectional composites using hot pressing techniques.
The influence of different treatments (NaOH 5% for 1h, permanganate 0.125% for 1 min,
peroxide 6% for 3min, and 2 silane agents i.e., a) 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (S1) and b)
trimethoxy methyl silane (S2)) were given. The experimental results revealed that the TS, FS,
FM, TM, follows the order of: silane 2 > silane 1 > peroxide > alkali > untreated, whereas for
Izod impact strength the reversing order is noted.
Fully biodegradable composite based on JF/biopol were developed via compression molding
technique and studied its characteristics. The effect of detergent washing (5%, 1h), dewaxing
(5% ethanol 1h), alkali (5%, 2h) and acetic acid (2%, 1h) treatment were given to the fibres. It
was reported that alkali treated JF showed increment in mechanical properties by 13% and 17%
respectively when compared to untreated fibre. The theoretical (1.30gm/cm2) and experimental
density (1.230gm/cm2) was higher for 3% nanoclay treated jute fibre composite. The void
content of 10.8% was higher for untreated jute fibre composites. Storage modulus of 1605MPa
and flexural properties was higher in treated jute biopol composites compared to untreated fibre
(1467MPa) composites. Percentage of moisture absorption of untreated jute/biopol was higher
for after 7 days (3.98%), after 14 days (5.81%), 20 days (6.14%), 30 days (6.18%), 60 days
(6.27%) respectively (Hossain et al. 2011).
Jute fibre (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) reinforced PLA composites were prepared using
injection molding process (Gunti and Atluri, 2014). Different formulations with various conc.
of NaOH (5%, 10%, 15% for 6h) and H2O2 were given to modify the surface of fibres. From
the result, a reduction in fibre diameter by 13.7% and weight of fibre by 21% after the alkali
treatment was noted. Further decrement was observed for the fibre bleaching with H2O2.
Compared to untreated JF composites, considerable increase in TS and lower density value for
the treated composites was noticed.
Green composites were prepared with JF as reinforcement in vinyl ester matrix (Exequial and
Gaston, 2015). Jute fibre was successfully treated with alkali and coated with
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB. The results showed that flexural modulus of dry composites was
found to be same and 10% increase was observed for PHB coated alkali treated fibre
composites. Flexural strain for samples immersed in water (1400h) at room temperature
increased by 66%, compared to dry samples, i.e., alkali treated by 66%, alkali/PHB coated by
57% and untreated composites by 27%. Impact properties was increased for the PHB treatment
and proposed that the PHB coating over alkali treated showed to be the best treatment for
reducing the degradation of flexural modulus followed by the alkali treatment.
Pruttipong et al. (2014) studied the effect of fibre loading (0%, 10%, 20%, 40wt%) and surface
modification (H2SO4 at 0.1%) on jute fibre/green rubber (NR) composites. From the result, the
mechanical properties like TS, TM and elongation at break were improved for jute treated
deproteinized NR compared to high ammonia NR composites.
Based on the research of Tran et al., (2012) up to 50% of fibre weight, an increase in mechanical
strength and modulus for untreated JF/PBS composites, after that a reduction in mechanical
strength was noticed with further addition of fibre content. Similarly, the effect of soaking time
(1 to 6h) of alkali treated jute/PBS revealed that up to 3h, the mechanical properties raises and

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then reduced. This was attributed to that, after alkali treatment, fibre was rigid and brittle owing
the development of crystallinity. Chemically treated jute/PBS composites have the lowest WA
compared to untreated jute/PBS composites. The authors proposed that in this study, 50wt%
jute fibre enhanced PBS biodegradable composites have the strongest mechanical properties.
Jute fibre reinforced PLA based composites were prepared by compression molding and
studied the mechanical properties with the effect of silane treatment (Takemura et al., 2012).
At environment temperature 60˚C, the tensile creep strain of silane treated JF/PLA was
approximately 80% lower than that of untreated JF/PLA composites. Also, the flexural creep
strain of silane treated was lower than untreated one, at environment temperature 40˚C and
60˚C.

8. Jute based hybrid composites

The incorporation of two or more fibres (natural or man-made) enhanced with the same matrix
referred as hybrid composites. The hybridization of jute fibres with other fibres such as curua,
bamboo, areca sheath, basalt, glass fibres were used to reinforce epoxy composites are
discussed as follows.
Pramendra et al., (2018) reported the fabrication and mechanical properties of hybrid glass/jute
reinforced epoxy composite with the different wt% of matrix and different layers of fibres. The
maximum FS (100.78MPa) was achieved by the composites with glass (1-layer) and JF (3-
layers) epoxy whereas glass (3-layer) and JF (1-layer) composite has maximum impact strength
of 72.24 J/m. The later composite could be used to replace the existing industrial safety helmet
material.
Jothibasu et al. (2018) developed a new hybrid laminates made of areca sheath/JF/glass fibre
/epoxy with various stacking sequence of fibres (5 layers). The effect of alkali treated fibres
epoxy laminates (glass-jute-areca-jute-glass) exhibited the highest ultimate tensile strength
(46.99MPa), UCS (44.5MPa), ultimate shear strength (32.58MPa) and UFS (5.4MPa). The
energy absorption(5.9J) property was higher for glass-jute-jute-jute-glass/epoxy composites.
The authors suggested that the fabricated laminates could be used as light-weight applications.
Novel composites derived from hybrid fibres (JF/basalt(B) fibre/Aluminium (Al) sheets
reinforced epoxy were manufactured and studied its characteristics (Nabiollah et al. 2019). For
the sample preparation, the effect of alkali (5wt% for 2h) treatment and the different stacking
sequence of fibre metal laminates were used. Increase in TS (213MPa), TM (39.5GPa) and
ILSS (16.67MPa) were noticed for Jute fibre sandwiched basalt. The lowest mechanical
properties and highest energy absorption were achieved by basalt sandwiched jute epoxy
composites.
Aguiar et al. (2016) studied the effect of alkali (5% NaOH, 1h) and H2SO4 (10%) treatment on
the JF/curaua hybrid fibres reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) composites. Jute fibre treated
with H2SO4 has the highest crystallinity index (CI) of 62.9% than other treated fibers. DMA
inferred that at 5wt% of fibers, an increase in modulus and Tg of the composites was noted. The
inclusion of treated jute and curaua fibres in the PCL matrix act as a nucleating agent, thus
increasing the CI of the composites and presence of nanofibrillated cellulose were evidenced
by XRD and SEM.
The effect of alkali (5%, 4hrs) treated jute/epoxy/tea leaf fibre reinforced hybrid glass fibre
composites were prepared by compression molding process. Prabhu et al. (2019) reported that
the maximum mechanical properties were obtained for glass: jute: tea leaf (10:20:10) hybrid
fibre composites than the untreated fibre and various combination of hybrid fibre (Jute/glass/tea
leaf) composites.

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Dynamic-mechanical and thermal stability of hybrid fibres (oil palm empty fruit bunch EFB
and jute fibres) epoxy composites were prepared (Jawaid et al. 2015) by hand lay-up process.
In order to remove the surface impurities present in the fibres, 2-hydroxy ethyl acrylate (2-
HEA for 5min) treatment were given. The storage modulus was higher for jute/EFB/jute -
2HEA treated hybrid composites and the loss modulus was higher for EFB/jute/EFB, untreated
jute/EFB/jute hybrid composites. Char residue yield for jute/EFB/jute and EFB/jute/EFB were
12.9% and 12% respectively.
Fui et al. (2017) studied the influence of Nanoclay and Tin (IV) Oxide Nanopowder on the
Properties of Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) Treated Jute/Bamboo/ Polyethylene Hybrid
Composites. From the findings, a significant increment in mechanical properties for all treated
hybrid composites and a small reduction in crystallinity index was noted, by 12.9% and 11.5%
for HDI treated hybrid/nanoclay/PE composites respectively. The percentage of WA was
follows the order as: HDI treated hybrid/SiO2/PE (1.06%) < HDI treated hybrid/PE composite
(2.27%)< HDI treated hybrid nanoclay/PE (3.26%) < untreated hybrid/PE (28.9%). Thus, all
treated composites showed >25 times reduction in WA with reference to untreated hybrid
composites.

9. Effect of different form of Jute (Fibre mat/yarn/twill/fabrics) reinforced composites

Plant fibres have been widely used as a reinforcement in the polymeric composites in various
forms includes fibres, yarns and fabrics. To prepare complex-shaped and sandwich fabrics, flat
knitting techniques were used in cotton fibre reinforcement. But in the case of jute, a fibre form
is mostly used. Some research works, only used in the form of mat, yarn, twill, fabrics of JF
reinforced composites.
Vacuum bag mould method was utilized for the fabrication of JF/vinyl ester composites
(Sathishkumar et al. 2017). The effect of stacking sequence (4- layers of fibre mat) and
unidirectional oriented JF based composite showed the better mechanical properties and
reduced the void fractions. From XRD analysis, it was noted that the treated fibre composites
had the natural phenomenon angle 2 is 21.9860 and for untreated it is 24.9690.
The influence of jute fabric structures (plain, twill, single jersey, rib) on the mechanical,
morphological and WA performance of jute/PP composites were studied (Sharfun et al. 2015).
It was reported that composite with twill structure/PP exhibited the highest value of TS
(47.55MPa), TM (4.35GPa), FS (54MPa), FM (4.76GPa), IS (28.29kJ/m2) and lower WA were
achieved, than the other jute fabric structures. The better mechanical interlocking of fibre
matrix for twill and rib fabric composite, while for plain and single jersey composite, a large
gaps in fibre matrix was noticed (SEM analysis).
Jianxiu et al. (2020) fabricated jute twine/PP prepeg tapes and studied the effect of alkali,
lacasse treatments and impregnation. From the result, a considerable increment in dynamic-
mechanical and tensile properties were observed. The prepeg prepared with lacasse treated Jute
twine/PP gave the better tensile strength of 2.88MPa. Various surface modifications were
applied to jute yarns and the results were summarized by Gao et al. (2018). From their findings,
the higher TS (152.7MPa) and TM (9.1GPa) were noticed for untreated jute yarn compared to
alkali and silane treated yarns. Similarly, untreated jute yarns yielded highest mechanical
behaviour than the yarns immersed in normal water and exposed to the temperature (at 105⁰C)
was experimentally proved by Ben et al. (2020).
According to their research (Vimal et al. 2015) the sterilized bidirectional jute fibre mats were
modified chemically and then reinforced with epoxy resins by using hand layout process. The
results reported that maximum weight gain (37.92%) was obtained for succinic anhydride

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treated JF/epoxy than the phthalic anhydride treated mats. In the same way, the mechanical
properties were higher for phthalic anhydride fibre mats with increasing fibre volume fractions
(from 30 to 70wt%).
Arifuzzaman et al. (2016) designed poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) based composites containing
benzoylation treated jute fabrics. They found that the treated JF/PLLA had the highest TS
(87MPa), TM (1.42GPa), FS (121MPa), FM (5.3GPa), IS (18.1kJ/m2) respectively than the
untreated JF/PLLA composites.
Sunil et al. (2019) tried to improve the characteristics of jute yarn with two chemical
modifications like alkali and fumed silica coating. From their studies, it was found that good
mechanical and thermal properties were achieved by alkali+fumed silica coating jute yarns
than the untreated and uncoated yarns.

10. Comparative study of JF reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic composites

Ajith et al. (2014) manufactured the jute reinforce epoxy and jute/polyester composites with
the effect of fibre length (5-6mm), alkali treatment (5% and 10% NaOH), and fibre resin weight
ratio as 18:82. According to their findings, 5% alkali treated fibre improved the mechanical
properties (Figure 3) of jute epoxy composites than the JF/Polyester composites. Moreover low
water absorption rate was observed because of the better interfacial bonding between the fibre
and the matrix.

Figure 3. Mechanical properties of a) jute epoxy b) Jute polyester composites (Ajith et al. 2014)

Onur et al. (2015) developed and compared two different type of composites: JF/PP and JF/PE
composites, and studied their characteristics with untreated, alkali (30min), impregnated jute
fibres. The results indicated the higher tensile properties and lower WA was achieved for alkali
treated JF with maleic anhydride as a compatibility. The TS of pristine jute fibre reinforced PP
and PE based composite increased strength by 90% and 40% respectively.

11. Conclusions
On the basis of this review, the following conclusions were drawn:
• Many researchers were prepared and investigated the jute fibre reinforced polymer
composite (JFRPC) using various thermoplastic (polyester, polypropylene, polystyrene),

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thermosets (epoxy, vinyl ester, silicone), biodegradable matrix (PLA, PHB, biopol), hybrid
composites (JF with glass fibre, curua, bamboo, tea leaf fibre).
• The Effect of different form of jute as fabric, yarns, twill reinforced composites were also
reported.
• Various types of surface modifications (chemical, physical. biological) are used by various
researchers, in order to improve the properties of JFRPC and established better results of
surface treatments as an improvement in mechanical properties.
• From this, it was noticed that, compared to untreated fibre, the chemically modified fibre
provide better interfacial bonding between the matrix and fibres. The treated fibre
roughens the surface of the fibre and promote good mechanical properties for fibres as
well as to the composites.
• Compared to synthetic fibres, the natural jute fibres has more advantages includes less
toxic, 100% biodegradable, less energy consumption, carbon dioxide neutrality (Wambua
et al., 2003). Based on these results, natural fibre has increased the interest in the
preparation, for the replacement of traditional non-degradable plastics, of environmentally
friendly materials.

Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding Declaration
The authors declared that the current work has not received any grant from any funding agency.

Acknowledgement
Not applicable.

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