Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering - II

CHAPTER FIVE

SLOPE STABILITY

By: Adugna H.(MSc.)

 Objectives
▪ Understand the causes and types of slope
failure.
▪ Estimate the stability of slopes using limit
equilibrium methods.

2
 Introduction
✓ Slope: any natural or man made earth mass, whose surface forms
an angle with the horizontal.

✓ Hills and mountains, river bank etc are examples of natural slope.

✓ Man made slopes include fills, such as embankments, earth dams,

levees; or cuts, such as highway and railway cuts, canal banks,
foundations excavations and trenches.

✓ Natural forces (wind, rain, earthquake, etc.) change the natural

topography often creating unstable slopes.

✓ Failure of natural slopes (landslides) and man made slopes have

resulted in much death and destruction.

3
Slope failures

Natural slope Natural slope failure4

 Cont…
✓ Geotechnical engineers have to pay to geology,
drainage, groundwater, and the shear strength
of the soils for the analysis of slope stability.

✓ The most common slope stability analysis

methods are based on:

➢ simplifying assumptions.

➢ The design of stable slope relies on experience

and careful site investigation.
5
 Definitions of Key Terms
✓Slip plane or failure plane or slip
surface or failure surface is the surface
of sliding.

✓Sliding mass is the mass of soil within the

slip plane and the ground surface.

✓Slope angle (or simply slope) is the angle

of inclination of a slope to the horizontal.
6
 Slope Terminology
Top Surcharge
(Scarp)

Face

Terrace

Height, H
SR
1
Toe SR = Slope Ratio (Horizontal to Vertical)
(e.g., 2:1 or 1:1)

7
 Types of Slope Failure
✓ Slope failure, also referred to as mass wasting, is the
downslope movement of rock debris and soil in response
to gravitational stresses.

✓ Slope failures depend on the soil type, soil

stratification, groundwater, seepage, and the slope
geometry.

✓ Failure of a slope along a weak zone of soil is called a

translational slide . Translational slides are common in
coarse-grained soils.
8
 Types of Slope Failure

1) Translational slide (weak layer)

2) Rotational slide (base failure)

3) Rotational slide (“toe slide”)

4) Rotational slide (“slope slide”)

5) Flow slide (viscous fluid behavior)

6) Block slide

Figure 5.1: Some types of slope failure

9
 Cont…
✓ A common type of failure in homogeneous fine-grained soils is a
rotational slide. Three types of rotational slides often occur.
i. Base slide: occurs by an arc enclosing the whole slope. A soft soil
layer resting on a stiff layer of soil is prone to base failure (Fig.
5.1 b).
ii. The toe slide, whereby the failure surface passes through the toe
of the slope (Fig. 5.1 c).
iii. The slope slide, whereby the failure surface passes through the
slope (Fig. 5.1 d).
iv. A flow slide occurs when internal and external conditions force a
soil to behave like a viscous fluid and flow down even shallow
slopes, spreading out in several directions (Fig. 5.1 e).
10
 Causes of slope failures/Triggering Mechanisms
✓Slope failures are caused in general by natural forces, human
mismanagement and activities.
✓The most common causes of slope failures are erosion, rainfall,
earthquake, geological features, external loading, construction
activities (ex. excavation & fill), and reservoir rapid drawdown.

1) Intense rainfall (role of pore pressure)

2) Erosion (removal of toe support,
increased slope angle)
3) Earthquake loading (dynamic forces, liquefaction)
4) Construction activities (toe excavation)
5) Surcharge loading
6) Rapid drawdown
11
 Two-Dimensional Slope Stability
Analysis
✓ Slope stability can be analyzed using one or
more of the following: the limit equilibrium
method, finite difference method, and finite
element method.

✓ Limit equilibrium is the most widely used

method for stability analysis.

12
 Stability Analysis of Infinite Slopes.
✓ Infinite slopes
• Have dimensions that extend over great distances.
• In practice, the infinite slope mechanism is applied to the case when a soft
material of very long length with constant slope may slide on a hard material
(e.g. rock) having the same slope.

• Let’s consider a clean, homogeneous soil of infinite slope αs as shown in

Figure 5.3.
✓ To use limit equilibrium method, we must first speculate on a failure of slip
mechanism.
✓ We will assume the slip would occur on a plane parallel to the slope. If we
consider a slice of soil between the surface of the soil and the slip plane, we
can draw a free-body diagram of the slice as shown in Figure 5.3

13
Infinite Slopes…

Figure 5.3: Forces on a slice of soil in an infinite slope.

14
✓ The forces acting on the slice per unit thickness are the weight W=γbz ,
the shear forces Xj and Xj+1 on the sides, the normal forces Ej and Ej+1 on
the sides, the normal force N on the slip plane and the mobilized shear
resistance of the soil, T, on the slip plane. We will assume that forces that
provoke failure are positive. If seepage is present, a seepage force

Js=i*γw*b*z develops, where i is the hydraulic gradient.

✓ For a uniform slope of infinite extent, Xj=Xj+1 and Ej=Ej+1. To continue

with the limit equilibrium method, we must now use the equilibrium equations
to solve the problem.

✓ But before that we will define the factor of safety (FS) of a slope in the
following subsection. The general objective of infinite slope stability
analysis is to determine either the critical slope or critical height, or
alternatively, the factor of safety of the slope.

15
✓ The factor of safety of a slope is defined as
the ratio of the available shear strength, f, to
the minimum shear strength required to maintain
stability (which is equal to the mobilized shear
stress on the failure surface),m , that is:
✓ The shear strength of the soil is governed by
the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion

f
FS = Eq (5.1)
m

16
 i) Stability of Infinite Slopes in
φ=0, cu soil
✓ For the φ=0, Cu soil, the Mohr-Coulomb shear strength is given
by:
 f = cu Eq (5.2)

✓ From statics and using Figure 4.3,

N = W cos  s T = W sin  s Eq (5.3)

✓ The shear stress per unit length (A=L*1) on the slip plane is
given by: (shear stress =s.force/area thus:)
T W sin  s cos  s bz
m = = = sin  s cos  s = z sin  s cos  s
l b b
Eq (5.4) 17
✓ The factor of safety is then,

cu 2cu
FS = = Eq(5.5)
z sin  s cos  s z sin(2 s )
✓ At limit equilibrium, FS = 1. Therefore, the critical slope
is(αs=αc)
 = 1 −1
sin ( 2c u ) Eq(5.6)
c 2 z
✓ And the critical depth is:
2cu
zc = Eq(5.7)
 sin( 2 s )

18
 ii) Stability of Infinite Slopes in c’,
φ soil – without seepage.
✓ For a c’,φ soil, the Mohr-Coulomb shear strength is given by:

 f = c' +  tan  ' '

n Eq(5.8)

✓ The factor of safety FS is then:

c' +  n' tan  ' c'  n' tan  ' Eq(5.9)

FS = = +
m m m
✓ The normal and shear stresses per unit length at the failure
plane in reference to figure 5.3 are given by:

 'n =
N
m =
T Eq(5.10)
l l 19
✓ For a slope without seepage, Js=0. From Eqns. (5.4, 5.9 and
5.10) we get:
Eq(5.11)
c' W ' cos  s tan  ' c' tan  '
FS = + = +
z sin  s cos  s W sin  s z sin  s cos  s tan  s
✓ At limit equilibrium FS = 1. Therefore, the critical depth zc is
given by
c'  sec  s
2

zc =   Eq(5.12)

  tan  s − tan  ' 

✓ For the case where αs < φ’ , the factor of safety is always
greater than 1 and is computed from Eqn. (5.6). This means that
there is no limiting value for the depth z, and at an infinite
depth, the factor of safety approaches to tanφ/tanαs . For a
coarse-grained soil with c’ = 0, Eqn. (5.6) becomes: tan  '
FS =
✓ At limit equilibrium FS = 1. Therefore, the tan  s
critical slope angle is: c = ' Eq(5.13)
Eq(5.14) 420
 #Example 5.1
➢An infinitely long slope is resting on a rock
formation with the same inclination. The
height of the slope is 3.2 m. Determine
a) the factor of safety,
b) the shear stress developed on the sliding
surface, and
c) the critical height.
(αs=25,γ=17.5 kN/m3, c’ = 12 kPa and φ’=20)
21
 Stability of Infinite Slopes in c’, soil
– steady state seepage.
✓ We will now consider groundwater at the ground surface and
assume that seepage is parallel to the slope. The seepage force
is:
J s = i w bz Eq(5.15)

✓ Since seepage is parallel to the slope, i = sin  . From statics,

N ' = W ' cos  s =  ' bz cos  s

And Eq(5.16)

T = W ' sin  s + J s
=  ' bz sin  s +  w bz sin  s = ( '+ w )bz sin  s
=  sat bz sin  s Eq(5.17)
22
 ✓ Therefore, the shear stress at the slip plane is:
T  sat bz sin  s cos  s
m = = =  sat z sin  s cos  s
l b
Eq(5.17)
✓ From the definition of factor of safety (Eqn. 5.3), we get:

c' ' bz cos  s tan  '

FS = +
 sat z sin  s cos  s  sat zb cos  s tan  s Eq(5.18)

c'  ' tan  '

= + 
 sat z sin  s cos  s  sat tan  s
✓ At limit equilibrium, FS=1. Therefore, the critical height is:
c ' c 2 s ✓ At infinite depth the factor of safety
zc =
 tan  s −  ' tan  ' in Eqn. (5.17) becomes:  ' tan  '
FS = 
Eq(5.19)  sat tan 23s
✓ Eqn. (5.19) can also be used for calculating the factor of safety
for a coarse-grained soil with c’ = 0. At limit equilibrium FS = 1,
and hence, the critical slope for a coarse-grained soil with c’ = 0
is given by: '
tan  s = tan  '
 sat
✓ For most soils,  '  sat  12 . Thus, seepage parallel to the slope
reduces the limiting slope of a clean, coarse-grained soil by
about one-half.
✓ If the groundwater level is not at the ground surface, weighted
average unit weights have to be used in Eqns. (5.17 and 5.18).

24
 #Example 5.2
#A long slope of 5.5 m deep is to be constructed of material having the
following properties: γsat=20 kN/m3, γ=17.5 kN/m3, c’=10 kPa, and
=320. Determine the factor of safety when:

a) The slope is dry,

b) There is a steady state seepage parallel to the surface with the water
level 2 m above the base and

c) The water level is at the ground surface.

#Example 5.3

25
Example 5.4

26
27
 Rotational Slope Failure
✓ Stability of Slopes in cu, u = 0 soil –
circular failure surface.

✓ Stability of Slopes in c’- ’ soil – Method

of Slices.

✓ Fellenius or Ordinary or Swedish Method

✓ Bishop Simplified Method

28
 Rotational/finite Slope Failure
✓ The infinite slope failure mechanism is reasonable for infinitely

long and homogeneous slopes made of coarse-grained soils, where

the failure plane is assumed to be parallel to the ground

surface.

✓ But in many practical problems slopes have been observed to fail

through a rotational mechanism of finite extent.

✓ Rotational failure mechanism involves the failure of a soil mass on

a circular or non-circular failure surface.

✓ Again we will continue to use the limit equilibrium method

assuming a circular slip surface.

29
 i) Stability of Slopes in cu, φ=0 soil –
circular failure surface.
✓ The simplest circular analysis is based on the assumption that a
rigid, cylindrical block will fail by rotation about its center and that
the shear strength along the failure surface is defined by the
undrained strength cu.
✓ Figure 5.4 shows a slope of height H and angle αs. The trial
circular failure surface is defined by its center C, radius R and
central angle θ.

Figure 5.4: Slope failure in cu, φ=0.

30
✓ The weight of the sliding block acts at a distance d from the
center. Taking moments of the forces about the center of the
circular arc, we have: cu LR cu R 2 0  Eq(5.19)
FS = = 
Wd Wd 180 0
✓ Where L is the length of the circular arc, W is the weight of
the sliding mass and d is the horizontal distance between the
circle center, C, and the centroid of the sliding mass. If cu
varies along the failure surface then:

R (cu11 + cu 2 2 + ... + cun n ) 

2 0 0 0
FS =  Eq(5.20)
Wd 180 0
✓ The centroid of the sliding mass is obtained using a
mathematical procedure based on the geometry or the sub-
division of the sliding mass into narrow vertical slices. 31
#Example 5.5

32
 #Example 5.6
Determine the factor of safety for a 1V:2H slope 5 m high
using a trial toe circle for which xc = 4.5 m and yc = 8 m
(Figure below ). The cross-sectional area of the sliding
mass is 40.22 m2 and its centroid is located 2.69 m to the
right of the centre of the trial circle. The soil properties are:
cu = 18 kPa, ϕu = 0, and ϒ= 18 kN/m3.

Solution : next page

33
Cont..

34
 Example 5.7

✓Find the factor of safety of a 1V:1.5H

slope that is 6 m high. The center of the
trial mass is located 2.5 m to the right
and 9.15 m above the toe of the slope. cu =
25 kPa, and =18 kN/m3. Take d = 3.85 m.

35
 Effect of Tension Cracks
✓ Tension cracks may develop from the upper ground surface to a
depth z0 that can be estimated. The effect of the tension crack can
be taken into account by assuming that the trial failure surface
terminates at the depth z0, thereby reducing the weight W and
central angle . Any external water pressure in the crack creates a
horizontal force that must be included in equilibrium considerations.

Example 5.4

✓ Rework Example 5.3 by taking into account tension cracks.

Geometric data are: =66.60, area of sliding mass = 27.46 m2, and d =
3.48 m.

36
 Stability of Slopes in c’,φ soil – Method
of Slices.
✓ The stability of a slope in a c’, φ soil is usually analyzed by
discretizing the mass of the failure slope into smaller slices and
treating each individual slice as a unique sliding block (Fig. 5.6).
This technique is called the method of slices.

✓ In the method of slices, the soil mass above a trial failure circle is
divided into a series of vertical slices of width b as shown in Fig.
5.6 (a). For each slice, its base is assumed to be a straight line
defined by its angle of inclination with the horizontal whilst its
height h is measured along the centerline of the slice.

37
 Method of slices

Figure 5.6: a) Method of slices in c’, soil, b) Forces acting

on a slice.
38
✓ The forces acting on a slice shown in Fig. 5.6 (b) are:
✓ W = total weight of the slice = γ×h×b
✓ N = total normal force at the base = N’ + U, where N’ is the
effective total normal force and U = ul is the force due to the pore
water pressure at the midpoint of the base length l

✓ T = the mobilized shear force at the base =  m  l, where  m is the

minimum shear stress required to maintain equilibrium and is equal
to the shear strength divided by the factor of safety: 
. m =  f FS
✓ X1, X2 = shear forces on sides of the slice and E1, E2 = normal
forces on sides the slice. The sum of the moments of the interslice
or side forces about the center C is zero.

39
✓ Thus, for moment equilibrium about the centre C (note the normal
forces pass through the centre):
Eq(5.20)
i =n i =n i =n ( f l ) i i =n

 T R = R (
i =1
i
i =1
m l ) = R
i =1 FS
=  (W sin  )
i =1
i R

✓ where n is the total number of slices. Replacing by the Mohr-

Coulomb shear strength, we obtain:

 (c'+ 
i =n i =n
'
n tan  ' )l i  (c' l + N ' tan  ' ) i Eq(5.21)
FS = i =1
i =n
= i =1
i =n

 (W sin  )
i =1
i  (W sin  )
i =1
i

40
✓ The term c’l may be replaced by . For uniform c’,
c'b / cos 
the algebraic summation of c’l is replaced by c’L, where L is
the length of the circular arc.
✓ The values of N’ must be determined from the force
equilibrium equations. However, this problem is statically
indeterminate – because we have six unknown variables for
each slice but only three equilibrium equations.
✓ Therefore some simplifying assumptions have to be made. In
this chapter two common methods that apply different
simplifying methods will be discussed.
✓ These methods are called the Fellenius method and Bishop
simplified method.
41
Example 5.8

42
Cont..

43
I. Fellenius or Ordinary or Swedish Method
✓ The ordinary or Swedish method of slices was
introduced by Fellenius (1936). This method assumes
that for each slice, the interslice forces X1=X2 and
E1=E2. Based on this assumption and from statics, the
forces normal to each slice are given by:

N = W cos  = N ' + ul  N ' = W cos  − ul

Eq(5.22)
✓ Substituting N’ into Eqn. 5.21, we obtain:
i =n

 (c' l + (W cos  − ul ) tan  ' ) i

FS = i =1
i =n
Eq(5.23)
 (W sin  )
i =1
i
Lecture by Defaru K.(MSc.) 44
✓ For convenience, the force due to pore water is expressed as a
function of W:

u i bi
ru = Eq(5.24)

Wi
✓ Where ru is called the pore water pressure ratio. Consequently,
we have:

i =n

 (c' l + W (cos − r u sec ) tan  ' )i

FS = i =1
i =n

 (W sin  ) i
i =1
Eq(5.25)

45
✓ The term ru is dimensionless because the term hw  b  1
represents the weight of water with a volume of
ub =  w  hw  b  1
Furthermore, ru can be simplified as follows:
ub  w hw b  w hw
ru = = = Eq(5.26)
W hb h
✓ If the height of the water and the average height of the slice are equal,
the maximum value of ru becomes rw/r , which for most soils, is
approximately 0.5. Note that the effective normal force N’ acting on the
base is equal to or .
N ' = W (cos  − ru sec )
N ' = W cos  − ul or
If the term (cos  − ru sec  ) is negative, N’ is set to zero because effective
stress can not be less than zero (i.e. soil has no tension strength). 46
 Remarks on Safety Factor
✓ Minimum FS = 1.25 using OMS

✓ Use FS = 1.3 to 1.5 for critical slopes such as

end slopes under abutments, slopes
containing footings, major retaining
structures

✓ Use FS = 1.5 for cut slopes in fine-grained

grained soils which can lose strength with
time soils
47
 y Exercise 5.5 1
C
Given:
b R
No. of slices = 8, b = 1.5 m.
B D c' = 10 kPa  ' = 29 0  =18 kN/m 3

H = 6m Required: FS for ru = 0 & 0.4.

x
SOLUTION 5.5

From the calculations in Example 4.3, we have:

R = 9.48 m, xD = 11.44 m, b=85.90

The width of slice 8 = 11.44 – 7×1.5 = 0.94 m

Equation of the trial circle:
( x − 2.5) + ( y − 9.15) = R
2 2 2 48
 2
Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. x,
gives:
dy
2( x − 2.5) + 2( y − 9.15) =0
dx
dy ( x − 2.5)
=− = tan 
dx ( y − 9.15)


49
 3
For each slice average values of y, h and  are
tabulated below:

 W
 
 

Sample calculation for slice 6 is shown below:

50
Sample calculation: 4

Let x6 be the x coordinate at the mid point of the arc at

slice 6, then:
x6 = 5  1.5 + 1.5 = 8.25 m
2
Substituting to the equation of circle, we get: y 6 = 1.6 m

Thus:

 (8.25 − 2.5) 
 6 = tan  −
−1

 (1.6 − 9.15) 
= 37.30

51
Find h:

For x  xB = 9 : h = xi tan  s − y av
For x  xB : h = 6 − y av
Find the y value at the middle of the base (not arc), yav, by
taking the average value of y at the middle of the base:
y
B

h
H=6 m

y av y iR

s y iL
x
xi
xiL
52
xiR
For x6L(x coordinate at the left side of the base):

x6 L = 5  1.5 = 7.5 m  y 6 L =1.06 m

For x6R(x coordinate at the right side of the base):

x6 R = 6  1.5 = 9 m  y 6 R = 2.24 m

Therefore
 y 6 av = (1.06 + 2.24) / 2 = 1.66 m
1
 h = 9 − 1.66 = 3.84 m
1.5
Find the weight:
W6 = hb  1.0 = 18  3.84  1.5  1.0 = 103.68kN

53
Find the FS (Use Eqn. 4.25):
i =n

 (c' l + W (cos − r u sec ) tan  ' )i

FS = i =1
i =n

 (W sin  )
i =1
i

For uniform c:

R   9.48  85.9

 c' l = c'  l = c' 180
= 10 
180
= 142.13

142.13 + 457.11  tan(29)

For ru = 0: FS = = 1.85
214.01
142.13 + 209.55  tan(29)
For ru = 0.4: FS = = 1.21
214.01

54
 5.5.3.2 Bishop Simplified Method

X1 = X 2 x2
Assumption:
E1  E 2 E1
W E2

More accurate than Swedish method. x1

5 to 20% increase in FS T N


F y = W − N cos  − T sin  = 0

c' l sin 
W − ul cos  −
N' = FS
sin  tan  '
cos  + 55
FS
 1  c' b + W (1 − ru ) tan  ' 
i =n
FS = i =n i=1  
 

m
(W sin  ) i
i

i =1

sin  tan  '

m = cos  +
FS
Nonlinear in FS, thus requires iteration.

56
Exercise 5.6
Re-work Example 5.5 for ru = 0.4 using Bishop’s simplified Method.

m m m

A summary of the computations is tabulated above where three

iterations have been carried out. The initial value for FS was taken
as 1.2. For subsequent iterations, the initial value of FS is that
computed from the previous iteration. The final factor of safety for
the selected trial circle is 1.34. 57
58
 II. Bishop method Bishop method
✓ Also known as Simplified Bishop method

✓ Includes interslice normal forces(E1 ‡ E2)

✓ Neglects interslice shear forces (X1=X2)

✓ Satisfies only moment equilibrium

✓ This method assumes that for each slice X1=X2 but

E1  E2. These assumptions are considered to make
this method more accurate than the Swedish
method.
59
 II. Bishop Simplified Method
✓ An increase of 5% to 20% in the FS over the
Swedish method is usually obtained. Referring to
Figure 4.6 b, and writing the force equilibrium in
vertical direction (in order to eliminate E1 and E2),
the following equation for N’ can be found:

c ' l sin 
W − ul cos  −
N' = FS
sin  tan  '
cos  + Eq.(5.27)
FS
60
✓ In addition to the force in the vertical direction, Bishop Simplified
method also satisfies the overall moment equilibrium about the
center of the circle as expressed in Eqn. (5.21).
✓ Putting l = b / cos  and ub = ruW , and substituting Eqn.
(5.27) into Eqn. (5.21), we obtain:

1  c' b + W (1 − ru ) tan  ' 

i =n
FS = i = n  
i =1 
 Eq.(5.28)
i

m
(W sin  ) i


i =1

sin  tan  '

m = cos + Eq.(5.29)
FS

61
✓ Equation (5.29) is non-linear in FS (that is FS appears on both sides
of the equations) and is solved by iteration. An initial value of FS is
guessed (slightly greater than FS obtained by Fellenius’ method) and
substituted to Eqn. (5.29) to compute a new value for FS. This
procedure is repeated until the difference between the assumed
and computed values is negligible. Convergence is normally rapid and
only a few iterations are required. The procedure is repeated for
number of trial circles to locate the critical failure surface with
the lowest factor of safety.

Example 5.6

✓ Re-work Example 5.5 for ru = 0.4 using Bishop’s simplified Method.

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 Modified Bishop’s Method

• Neglecting side forces (OMS) produces FS too low (conservative)

• Assume side shear forces are zero but account for side normal forces

Effective Stress Analysis (ESA)

Not a closed-form solution (FS on both sides of equation); requires iterative approach 63
 Modified Bishop’s Method

• Neglecting side forces (OMS) produces FS too low (conservative)

• Assume side shear forces are zero but account for side normal forces

Total Stress Analysis (TSA)

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 Example 5.7

Compute the long term FS for the failure surface using the Modified Bishops Method

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1) Divide into slices (draw to scale)

2) Trial FS = 2.0 (or from OMS)

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FS = 2,206/1,071 = 2.05 (too high)
3) Trial FS = 2.10

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FS = 2,221/1,071 = 2.07 (close enough? or keep iterating)
 Basic Analysis Approach for Rotational
Failure Surface
Limit Equilibrium:1) Assume some circular (or other shape) failure surface
2) Calculate driving forces (moment about
O)
3) Calculate resisting forces (moment about
Issues:
O)
• Where is the center of mass?
• How does resistance vary along
surface?
• How does normal stress vary along
surface?
• Water table and seepage forces?
• Soil layering?
• More complex geometry?

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 Method of Slices (General)
• Assume some failure surface
• Discretize failure surface into smaller elements (slices)
• Bottom of each slice passes through one type of material
• Curved bottom of each slice approximated as chord
• More slices = more refined solution
• 10-40 slices typically sufficient (less for hand solutions)
• Calculate factor of safety for each slice (strength/stress) and overall factor of safety
• Find lowest FS for different failure surfaces

Side forces make the problem statically indeterminant

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 Ordinary Method of Slices (OMS)

• Side forces neglected (statically determinant)

• Effective Stress Analysis (ESA)

• Total Stress Analysis (TSA)

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 Example 5.8
Compute the long term factor of safety for the failure surface using the OMS

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1) Divide into slices (draw to scale)

2) Compute weights

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3) Compute average pore pressure at base of each slice

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4) Solve for overall factor of safety

5) Repeat for another failure surface to find minimum FS

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THANK
YOU!
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