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Lab 3

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ngalva0825
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PYTHON: CONTROL STRUCTURES I

Objectives
• To understand the programming pattern simple/two-
way/multiway decision and its implementation using a
Python if/if-else/if-elif-else statement.
• To understand the concept of Boolean expressions and
the bool data type
• To be able to read, write, and implement algorithms that
employ decision structures, including those that employ
sequences of decisions and nested control structures
• To understand the concepts of definite and indefinite
loops as they are realized in the Python for and while
statements.
Control structures
• Sequential control vs Selection control vs Iterative control
• A control statement is a statement that determines the
control flow of a set of statements
• A control structure is a set of statements and the control
statements controlling their execution
• Three fundamental forms of control in programming are
• Sequential
• Selection
• Iteration
Simple decisions
• For example,
if n < 1:
print("Your input number is too low.")
if n > 10000:
print("Your input number is too large.")
• A relational statement gives either True or False
(Python's keywords)
• Try
• print(int(True))
• print(int(False))
To do or not to do
• The Python if statement is used to implement the
decision.
if <condition>:
<body>
• The body is a sequence of one or more statements
indented under the if heading
• The body is executed if condition is evaluated to True
• The body is skipped if condition is evaluated to False
Boolean Expressions (Conditions)
• The Boolean data type contains two Boolean values,
denoted as True and False in Python
• A Boolean expression is an expression that evaluates to
a Boolean value
• Need a relational operator to evaluate a boolean
expression
• The relational operators on the next slide can be applied
to any set of values that has an ordering
• Number comparison
• Lexicographical ordering for string comparison
Relational Operators

Python Mathematics Meaning


< < Less than
<= ≤ Less than or equal to
== = Equal to
>= ≥ Greater than or equal to
> > Greater than
!= ≠ Not equal to
EXERCISE 3.1
Try
x, y ,z = 1, 2, 3
x == y; x > y; x + y + z > 10
False = True; False == True; False > True;
True > False
EXERCISE 3.2
Try
x, y ,z = "Benjamin", "Ben", "ben"
x > y; y > z; y + z > x
"abc" > "123"; "abc" > ">>>"
Two other membership operators
• The in operator is used to determine if a specific value is
in a given list, returning True if found, and False
otherwise.
• The not in operator returns the opposite result.
• Try
• 10 in [10, 20, 30, 40]
• 10 not in [10, 20, 30, 40]
• "blue" in ["red", "yellow", "black"]
• "blue" not in ["red", "yellow", "black"]
• "o" in "peter paul and mary"
Boolean Operators

Source: Charles Dierbach. 2013. Introduction to Computer Science Using Python. Wiley.
EXERCISE 3.3
Try
•True and False; True or False
•not (True) and False; not (True and False)
•(10 < 0) and (10 > 2); (10 < 0) or (10 > 2)
•not (10 < 0) or (10 > 2); not (10 < 0 or 10 > 2)
Operator Precedence

Source: Charles Dierbach. 2013. Introduction to Computer Science Using Python. Wiley.
EXERCISE 3.4
Try to figure out the answers before running them:
•True or False and True and True
•True or not False and True and not True
•((True or not False) and True) and not True
Two-Way Decisions
• In Python, a two-way decision can be implemented by
attaching an else clause onto an if clause.
• This is called an if-else statement:
if <condition>:
<statements>
else:
<statements>
• E.g.,
if 1 <= n and n <= 10000:
print("Your input number is " + str(n) + ".")
else:
print("Your input must be between 1 and 10000.")
Multi-Way Decisions
• Use nested if-else statement to implement multi-way
decisions.
• if <condition1>:
<case1 statements>
• else:
if <condition2>:
<case2 statements>
else:
if <condition3>:
<case3 statements>
else:
<default statements>
Multi-Way Decisions using elif
• In Python, else-if can be combined into elif:

if <condition1>:
<case1 statements>
elif <condition2>:
<case2 statements>
elif <condition3>:
<case3 statements>
else:
<default statements>

• The else is optional. If there is no else, it is possible


that no indented block would be executed.
EXERCISE 3.5
Write a program to ask for a user's IQ and use
if-elif statements to print out the IQ
classification according to the table on the next
slide.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_classification
EXERCISE 3.6
Ask user to enter 3 numbers. Your program will output
the numbers in descending order. Write down the steps
(pseudocode to solve the problem) before coding.

Note that no sorting algorithm is required.


For Loops
• The for statement allows us to iterate through a
sequence of values.
• for <var> in <sequence>:
<body>
• The loop index variable var takes on each successive
value in the sequence, and the statements in the body of
the loop are executed once for each value.
• For example,
• for num in range(0, 10):
print(num)
Indefinite Loops
• The for loop is a definite loop, meaning that the
number of iterations is determined when the loop
starts.
• We can’t use a definite loop unless we know the
number of iterations ahead of time.
• The indefinite or conditional loop keeps iterating
until certain conditions are met.
Indefinite Loops
• while <condition>:
<body>
• condition is a Boolean expression, just like in
if statements. The body is a sequence of one or
more statements.
• Semantically, the body of the loop executes
repeatedly as long as the condition remains true.
When the condition is false, the loop terminates.
A Pre-test Loop
An example
• Here’s an example of using a while loop to print out
range(10).

i = 0
while i <= 9:
print(i)
i = i + 1

• The code has the same output as this for loop:

for i in range(10):
print i
EXERCISE 3.7
Use a while loop to print out range(2, 10, 2).
Note: The 3rd argument of range() here means
each time the number is incremented by 2.
EXERCISE 3.8
Try
i = 0
while i <= 9:
print(i)
Interactive Loops
# average2.py
# A program to average a set of numbers
# Illustrates interactive loop with two accumulators

moredata = "yes"
sum = 0.0
count = 0
while moredata[0] == 'y':
x = int(input("Enter a number >> "))
sum = sum + x
count = count + 1
moredata = input("Do you have more numbers (yes or no)? ")

print("\nThe average of the numbers is", sum / count)


EXERCISE 3.9
One problem with the program is that if you
type too fast, you may enter a number as an
answer to the yes/no question. What will the
program respond to this "error"? How will you
modify the program to rectify the response?
END

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