INSIGHTSIAS

IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

MAINS MISSION 2024

GS-III

MARCH 2024

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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing
is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.

Table of Contents
Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and
employment. ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Analyse the macroeconomic factors contributing to high unemployment rates in India. Is
achieving employment goals contingent on a dedicated focus beyond rapid GDP growth?
Comment (250 Words) .................................................................................................................. 7
The Planning Commission and its Five-Year Plans contributed to significant economic and social
development in India; however, they also faced numerous challenges and limitations. Examine.
(250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 10
The Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) reforms of 1991 played a significant
role in transforming India’s economy, promoting growth, and attracting foreign investment.
However, they also brought about social, environmental, and economic challenges that need to
be addressed through further policy interventions and reforms. Critically analyse. (250 words) 15
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has revolutionized digital payments in India. Addressing its
shortcomings will be essential for ensuring its sustained growth and relevance in the evolving
payments landscape. Discuss. (250 words) ................................................................................. 18
Fostering an enabling environment for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) can
further enhance their contributions to India’s economic and social development. Discuss. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 20
How does inflation affect welfare measures in the country? The government must carefully
monitor inflationary trends and adjust welfare policies accordingly to mitigate adverse effects
on vulnerable populations and ensure the effective delivery of social assistance programs.
Analyse. (250 words)................................................................................................................... 24
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Discuss the measures that are needed to stimulate economic growth, create employment
opportunities, and address the challenges of unemployment and underemployment in India.
(250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 27
Addressing the challenges faced by Regional Rural Banks is crucial for their sustained success in
promoting rural development. Examine. (250 words) ................................................................ 30
Throw light on major issues facing the banking sector in India in the recent times. Suggest
measures that will ensure long-term viability of the banking sector. (250 words) ..................... 32
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? Examine the limitations pertaining to GDP as an
economic performance measurement framework of the country. (250 words) ......................... 34
What is national income? Throw light on various methods of computing national income.
Explain. (250 words) ................................................................................................................... 38
National income serves as a critical tool for to understand and evaluate the economic health
and progress of a nation. Discuss. Throw light on its shortcomings. (250 words) ....................... 39
Government Budgeting. .................................................................................................................. 43
The budget in India serves as a comprehensive policy document that goes beyond financial
statements. Analyse. (250 words) ............................................................................................... 43
An emphasis on capital expenditure will lead to investment in long-term assets such as
infrastructure and development projects. This can have several positive impacts on the Indian
economy. Elaborate. (250 words) ............................................................................................... 45
Inclusive growth and issues arising from it. ...................................................................................... 50
To achieve inclusive growth and realize the vision of Viksit Bharat, India needs comprehensive
policy interventions that address structural barriers to inclusive development. Explain. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial
growth. ........................................................................................................................................... 53
India’s issues with the WTO are emblematic of broader tensions between free trade and
development objectives, as well as debates about the role of international organizations in
setting global trade rules. Analyse. (250 words) ......................................................................... 53
Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and
irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related
constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers ................................................................................ 55
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), while offering various benefits, it also presents challenges
that need to be addressed for successful implementation. Comment. (250 words) ................... 55
The heavy reliance on imports for country’s edible oil requirement can have several economic,
social, and strategic implications. Analyse. (250 words) ............................................................. 59
Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution
System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security;
Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.......................................................................... 62
Recognizing the importance of the livestock sector is essential for supporting rural livelihoods,
improving food security, and promoting inclusive agricultural growth in India. Discuss. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 62

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Doubling the income of India’s farmers requires a comprehensive and integrated strategy that
addresses the various challenges faced by the agricultural sector. Analyse. (250 words) ........... 66
White Revolution 2.0 in India aims to revitalize the dairy sector and extend the success of the
original White Revolution to other agricultural domains. Discuss steps to bring about White
Revolution 2.0. (250 words) ........................................................................................................ 68
Investment models. ......................................................................................................................... 71
The PPP model can be an effective and sustainable option to strengthen the nation’s
infrastructure. Examine the role the PPP model can play in bringing India closer to the goal of
five trillion-dollar economy. (250 words) ................................................................................... 71
Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. ............................................................ 73
What do you understand by ‘Multimodal Transport Systems’? Discuss its role in addressing
urban transportation challenges. How can the creation of the Unified Metropolitan Transport
Authority (UMTA) further help in addressing those challenges? (250 Words) ............................ 73
In the light of frequent coal shortages, diversifying energy sources, promoting energy efficiency,
and increased domestic coal supplies are crucial for a more stable energy future. Examine. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 76
India’s progress in infrastructure development in the recent past is commendable, but it must
continue to address funding gaps, regulatory hurdles, and sustainability concerns, to fully
harness the benefits of improved infrastructure. Discuss. (250 words) ...................................... 79
Inland waterways in India offer cost-effective transportation, environmental sustainability,
connectivity, and trade promotion potential. Examine. (250 words) .......................................... 81
Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life;
Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new
technology. ..................................................................................................................................... 84
What is Mixed Reality (MR)? MR has diverse applications, as well as associated concerns.
Addressing these concerns is crucial for realizing MR’s potential responsibly. Examine. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 84
Despite significant scientific advances made by Artificial intelligence (AI), there are concerns
associated with it which needs immediate addressing. Analyse. (250 words) ............................ 86
Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and
issues relating to intellectual property rights. .................................................................................. 89
Critically analyse the National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy, aimed to promote
creativity and innovation in the country while protecting intellectual property rights. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 89
India has made significant strides towards achieving ‘Aatmanirbharta’ in defence production.
However, there is still a considerable distance to cover to achieve self-reliance. Examine. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 92
What is Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology? Mission
Divyastra marks a very important milestone in India’s march towards greater geo-strategic role
and capabilities. Discuss. (150 words) ......................................................................................... 95
Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment .......... 97

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The price of India’s development is evident in the degradation of its soil. How can India achieve
a balance between development and preventing soil degradation? (250 Words) ...................... 97
Water pollution in India arises from various sources, each contributing to the deterioration of
water quality with a plethora of short term and long-term consequences. Examine. (250 words)
.................................................................................................................................................. 100
Microplastics are said to be the ‘Silent Pollutants’ harming Our Planet. What are the health
implications of microplastics for humans and other organisms? Why is finding an effective
solution challenging? (250 Words) ............................................................................................ 105
Noise pollution is a pressing issue in India. Concerted efforts are needed to mitigate noise
pollution and safeguard public health and environmental well-being. Examine. (250 words) . 107
Addressing deforestation requires a multi-faceted approach that includes sustainable land use
planning. Discuss. (250 words) .................................................................................................. 109
Land degradation has negative impacts on the environment, economy, and society. Examine the
causes and consequences of Land degradation. (250 words) .................................................... 112
Bioremediation is a promising approach for cleaning up polluted environments, offering several
advantages. However, it also has limitations and challenges that need to be considered.
Examine. (250 words) ............................................................................................................... 114
What are ecotones? Ecotones deserve high conservation investment, potentially serving as
speciation and biodiversity centres. Elaborate on their importance. (250 words) .................... 116
Discuss importance of biodiversity conservation in light of the services it provides. (150 words)
.................................................................................................................................................. 117
Discuss the major reasons for an increase in man-animal conflict in recent years. What have
been the major steps undertaken by the government for abatement of the conflicts? (250
words) ....................................................................................................................................... 120
The statement from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regarding Carbon
Capture and Storage (CCS) having the highest cost and lowest potential contribution to net
emission reduction in both the energy and industry sectors suggests a critical assessment of CCS
as a mitigation strategy. Analyse. (250 words) ......................................................................... 123
The management of electronic waste, or e-waste, is becoming a critical issue both domestically
and globally due to its environmental and health impacts. Analyse. (250 words) .................... 125
Sacred groves play a crucial role in the conservation of biodiversity, preservation of cultural
heritage, and the spiritual well-being of communities. Do you think sacred groves must be
declared as deemed forests to safeguard their ecological and cultural significance?. Examine.
(250 words) ............................................................................................................................... 127
Single-use plastic contributes to severe environmental pollution. How can we phase out single-
use plastic in the country? (250 words) .................................................................................... 132
Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate. .............................................................. 136
India’s three-stage nuclear policy aims to address India’s energy needs and ensure its strategic
autonomy; it has faced scrutiny on various fronts. Examine. (250 words) ................................ 136
Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social
networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money laundering and its
prevention..................................................................................................................................... 138

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India has taken comprehensive measures to enhance its preparedness against cyber warfare
threats, recognizing the dynamic nature of the cyber landscape. However, India must keep on
evolving its preparedness to meet the changing nature of cyber threats. Evaluate. (250 words)
.................................................................................................................................................. 138

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Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources,

growth, development and employment.
Analyse the macroeconomic factors contributing to high unemployment rates in India.
Is achieving employment goals contingent on a dedicated focus beyond rapid GDP
growth? Comment (250 Words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: ILO: India Employment Report
Why the question: The question addresses the complex issue of unemployment in India and
challenges candidates to critically analyze the macroeconomic factors influencing high
unemployment rates. The question is taken from the recently released ILO: India Employment
Report 2024
Key Demand of the question: To analyze the macroeconomic factors contributing to high
unemployment rates in India, assess whether achieving employment goals depends on factors
beyond rapid GDP growth, and provide a comment on this issue.
Directive word: Analyse – When asked to ‘Analyse,’ candidates are required to examine the topic in
detail, identify key factors, and provide a comprehensive understanding. They should critically assess
the relationship between macroeconomic factors and unemployment rates and evaluate the role of
GDP growth in achieving employment goals.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction: Begin by acknowledging the significance of addressing high unemployment rates in
India in light of ILO: India Employment Report 2024
Body: First, analyse the macroeconomic factors contributing to high unemployment rates in India.
This may include factors such as population growth, technological advancements, labour market
regulations, skill mismatches, and cyclical fluctuations in the economy.
Next, assess whether achieving employment goals depends on factors beyond rapid GDP growth. List
down the limitations of relying solely on GDP growth as a measure of economic progress and
employment generation. Consider the quality of growth, income distribution, and sectoral
composition of the economy in relation to employment generation.
Provide examples of countries or regions where rapid GDP growth has not necessarily translated into
significant improvements in employment opportunities or reductions in unemployment rates.
Highlight the importance of targeted policies and interventions to address structural challenges in
the labour market, promote skill development, encourage entrepreneurship, and foster inclusive
growth.
Conclusion:

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Conclude by emphasizing the need for a multifaceted approach to addressing high unemployment
rates in India, which goes beyond focusing solely on rapid GDP growth.
Introduction

The ILO: India Employment Report 2024 highlights the critical issue of high unemployment rates in
India. Addressing this challenge requires a comprehensive understanding of macroeconomic factors
and targeted policies.

Body

Highlights of the report

 There has been an increase in female labor market participation rates since 2019, especially
in rural areas.

 There has been also a gradual shift in the workforce from agricultural to non-farm sectors.

 There has been predominance of self-employment and casual employment, with nearly 82%
of workers in the informal sector.

 A modest rise in the wages of casual laborers between 2012 and 2022 has been observed
while real wages for regular workers have stagnated or declined.

 India is expected to have a migration rate of around 40 per cent in 2030 and will have
an urban population of around 607 million.

 Almost 90% of workers remain engaged in informal work.

 There has been a rise in contractualisation. There is only a small percentage of regular
workers covered by long-term contracts. The share of regular work increased steadily after
2000 which declined after 2018.
 There are widespread livelihood insecurities with only a small percentage being covered
with social protection measures, precisely in the non-agriculture, organized sector.

 India’s large young workforce is a demographic dividend, but they don’t appear to have the
skills to deliver with 75% of youth unable to send emails with attachments, 60% unable to
copy and paste files, and 90% unable to put a mathematical formula into a spreadsheet.

Macroeconomic Factors Contributing to High Unemployment:

 Population Growth:

o India’s large and growing population puts immense pressure on job creation.

 Technological Advancements:

o Automation and digitization disrupt traditional jobs, leading to skill mismatches.

 Labour Market Regulations:

o Stringent regulations can hinder formal job creation.

 Cyclical Fluctuations:

o Economic cycles impact employment opportunities.

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 Sectoral Composition:

o Overreliance on certain sectors (e.g., agriculture) affects employment diversity.

Limitations of Relying Solely on GDP Growth:

 Quality of Growth:

o High GDP growth doesn’t guarantee quality jobs.

o Informal and low-paying jobs persist despite growth.

 Income Distribution:

o Unequal income distribution exacerbates unemployment.

o Concentrated wealth doesn’t translate to widespread employment.

 Sectoral Composition:

o GDP growth in specific sectors (e.g., finance) may not create sufficient jobs.

o Manufacturing-led growth is essential for employment.

Examples of GDP Growth vs. Employment Opportunities:

 China: Rapid GDP growth but rising inequality and job insecurity.

 India: GDP growth hasn’t consistently translated into adequate employment. Employment
elasticity has declined over time.

 South Africa, Indonesia, Turkey: GDP growth hasn’t significantly impacted employment.

Importance of Targeted Policies:

 Skill Development:

o Upskilling and reskilling programs bridge skill gaps.

 Entrepreneurship Promotion:

o Encouraging startups and small businesses generates jobs.

 Inclusive Growth:

o Policies must benefit all segments of society.

 Labour Market Reforms:

o Flexible regulations can boost formal job creation.

 Social Safety Nets:

o Programs like NREGA provide temporary relief.

Way forward

 There are five key policy areas for further action: promoting job creation; improving
employment quality; addressing labour market inequalities; strengthening skills and active

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labour market policies; and bridging the knowledge deficits on labour market patterns and
youth employment.

 The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could have an impact on employment, the report said,
noting that the outsourcing industry in India could be disrupted because some back-office
tasks would be taken over by AI.

 Investment and regulations are required in the emerging care and digital economies, which
could be an important source of productive employment. The lack of job security, irregular
wages, and uncertain employment status for workers pose significant challenges for gig or
platform work.
 Economic policies are required to boost productive non-farm employment, especially in the
manufacturing sector, with India likely to add 7-8 million youths annually to the labour force
during the next decade.

 More support needs to be provided to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, especially
by providing tools such as digitalisation and AI and a cluster-based approach to
manufacturing.
 A multifaceted approach—combining economic growth, social policies, and skill
development—is essential to tackle high unemployment rates in India.

The Planning Commission and its Five-Year Plans contributed to significant economic
and social development in India; however, they also faced numerous challenges and
limitations. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the successes and limitations of five-year plans and the limitations of planning
commission.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving a brief about aims of the planning commission.
Body:
First, in detail write about the growth of Indian economy in the various FYPs from the first plan to the
twelfth plan. Write about its successes and limitations.
Next, write about the major limitations of the planning commission – No structural mechanism,
Ineffective forum, one size fits all approach, bureaucratic inefficiency, inefficient allocation of
resources, limited private sector participation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning the genesis of NITI Aayog.
Introduction

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The term economic planning is used to describe the long term plans of the government of India to
develop and coordinate the economy with efficient utilization of resources. Economic planning in
India started after independence in the year 1950 when it was deemed necessary for economic
growth and development of the nation.

Body

About 5-year plans:

 After independence, India launched a programme of Five Year Plans to make the optimum
use of country’s available resources and to achieve rapid economic Development

 In India, development plans were formulated and carried out within the framework of the
mixed economy

 In India, economic planning was adopted in the form of Five Year Plans and was seen as a
development tool on account of various reasons.

 The need for social justice as experience of the past five and-a- half decades suggests that in
a free enterprise economy, economic gains do not necessarily trickle down and

 Judicious mobilisation and allocation of resources in the context of overall development

programme in the light of the resource constraint in India

 So far, 12th Five Year Plans have been formulated since the year 12th Five-year Plan (2012-
2017), came into force once it was approved by the NDC on 27th December, 2012.

Achievements of 5 year plans:

 Economic Growth:

o Economic planning in India has been successful in increasing the national income
and the per capita income of the country resulting in economic growth.
o The net national income at factor cost increased from Rs. 4393.45 billion in 1966- 67
to Rs.45, 733 billion in 2011-12 (at 2004-05 prices). The per capita income increased
from Rs.8876 to Rs.38, 048 during the same period (at 2004-05 prices).

o The average growth rate has increased from 3.5 percent during 1950 to 1970 to
about 5.5 percent after 1990’s. The economy recorded a growth rate of 7.8 percent
during the eleventh five- year plan.

 Progress in Agriculture:

o The first five-year plan focused on agricultural development. However, agricultural

sector did not receive priority in the subsequent plans. Yet, with various initiatives
implemented in the agricultural sector such as the green revolution and agricultural
pricing policies, there has been a considerable increase in the output of the
agricultural sector.

o The index of agricultural production increased from 85.9 in 1970-71 to 165.7 in

1999-2000 (Base year- 1981-82). The production of major food grains which includes
rice, wheat, coarse cereals and pulses has increased from 77.14 million tons in 1958-
59 to 252.22 tons in 2015-16. With the introduction of green revolution, the yield

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per hectare of food grains has increased from 662 kg in 1959-60 to 2056 kg in 2015-
16.

o Similarly, the production of commercial crops has also recorded an increasing trend.
Various reforms in the agricultural sector such as the Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana
and Kisan credit cards during the ninth plan and National Food Security Mission and
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana during the eleventh plan have been quite successful in
improving the performance of the agricultural sector.

 Industrial Growth:

 Economic planning has also contributed to the progress of the industrial sector. The index of
industrial production increased from 54.8 in 1950-51 to 152.0 in 1965-66 (Base year- 1960-
61) which is about 176 percent increase in production during the first three five-year plans.

 It went up from 109.3 in 1981-82 to 232.0 in 1993-94 (Base year- 1980-81). Taking 2004-05
as the base year, the index of industrial production recorded an increase from 108.6 in 2005-
06 to 181.1 in 2015-16. The introduction of reforms in 1991 relieved the industrial sector
from numerous bureaucratic restrictions that were prevalent earlier.
 This has led to the rapid growth of the industrial sector in India. India has made remarkable
progress in cotton textiles, paper, medicines, food processing, consumer goods, light
engineering goods etc.

 Public Sector:

 The public sector played a predominant role in the economy immediately after the
independence. While there were only 5 industrial public sector enterprises in 1951, the
number increased to 244 in 1990 with an investment of Rs.99, 330 cores. However, the
number of public sector enterprises fell to 217 in March 2010.

 Very high profits were recorded by petroleum, telecommunication services, power

generation, coal and lignite, financial services, transport services and minerals and metal
industries. The government has eliminated a number of restrictions on the operational and
financial powers of the Navaratnas, Miniratnas and several other profit making public sector
enterprises.

 Infrastructure:

 Development of infrastructure such as transport and communication, power, irrigation etc.,

is a pre-requisite to rapid economic growth and development. Expansion of transport
facilities enables easy movement of goods and services and also enlarges the market.
Irrigation projects contribute significantly to rural development.

 Power projects help in meeting the growing demand for power by both industrial and
household sector. The total road length increased from about 400,000 km in 1951 to about
4.7 million km in 2011.

 The route length of the Indian railway network has increased from about 53,596 km in 1951
to about 64,450 km in 2011. The investment in infrastructure as a percentage of GDP was
about 5.9 percent during the tenth plan and increased to about 7.2 percent during the
eleventh plan.

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 Education and Health Care:

 Education and health care are considered as human capital as they contribute to increased
productivity of human beings. Considerable progress was achieved in the education as well
as health sector during the five-year plans. The number of universities increased from about
22 in 1950-51 to 254 in 2000-01.

 The number of institutions in higher education has increased to over 100 percent since 2008.
With the growth in the number of institutions, the literacy rate in India has increased from
16.7 percent in 1950-51 to 74.04 percent in 2011. With improvements in the health
infrastructure, India has been able to successfully control a number of life threatening
diseases such as small pox, cholera, polio, TB etc.

 As a result, there has been a fall in the death rate from 27.4 per thousand persons in 1950-
51 to 7.3 per thousand persons in 2016. The life expectancy has increased from about 32.1
years in 1951 to 68.01 years in 2014. The infant mortality rate has declined from 149 per
thousand in 1966 to 37.42 per thousand in 2015.

 Growth of Service Sector:

 Service sector is the key contributor to the economic growth of India. The service sector
contributed to about 53.2 percent of the gross value added growth in 2015-16. The
contribution of the IT sector to India’s GDP increased from about 1.2 percent in 1998 to 9.5
percent in 2015. The service sector has recorded a growth rate of about 138.5 percent in the
last decade.

 Financial services, insurance, real estate and business services are some of the leading
services that have been recording a robust growth in the past few years. The rapid growth of
the service sector in India could be attributed to the inflow of huge amount of FDI in this
sector. India’s share of service exports in the world service exports has increased from 0.6
percent in 1990 to 3.3 percent in 2011.

 Savings and Investment:

 Savings and Investments are major driving forces of economic growth. The gross domestic
savings in India as a proportion of GDP has increased from 8.6 percent in 1950-51 to about
30 percent in 2012-13. The gross capital formation has increased from 8.4 percent in 1950-
51 to 34.70 in 2012-13. Capital accumulation is the key to economic development. It helps in
achieving rapid economic growth and has the ability to break the vicious circle of poverty.

 Science and Technology:

 India is the third most preferred destination for technology investments. It is among the top
most countries in scientific research and space exploration. India is also making rapid
progress in nuclear technology. ISRO has made a record of launching 104 satellites in one go
on a single rocket. India today has the third largest scientific manpower after U.S.A and
Russia.

 The government has undertaken various measures such as setting up of new institutions for
science education and research, launching the technology and innovation policy in 2013,
strengthening the infrastructure for research and development in universities, and
encouraging public- private partnership etc.

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 Foreign Trade:

 On the eve of independence, India’s primary exports were agricultural commodities and UK
and US were its major trading partners. India was largely dependent on other countries for
various capital and consumer goods. However, with the development of heavy industries
during the five-year plans, India has been able to reduce its dependence on other countries
and was able to achieve self-reliance in a number of commodities.

 With the liberalisation of trade, India now exports about 7500 commodities to about 190
countries and it imports about 6000 commodities from about 140 countries. The exports of
the country increased from Rs. 54.08 billion in 1977- 78 to Rs. 17,144.24 billion in 2015-16.
And imports have increased from Rs. 60.20 billion in 1977-78 to Rs. 24, 859.27 billion in
2015-16.

Major Failures of Planning:

 Slow Growth:

o The planning process in India has been able to achieve considerable increase in the
national income and per capita income. Yet, the rate of increase has been slow as
compared to developing countries like China, which have been able to achieve more
than 10 percent growth rate consistently. India was able to achieve a growth rate of
only about 4 to 5 percent during the pre-reform period. It was only during the post
reform period that is after 1991, that the country could experience a growth rate of
over 7 percent.

 Neglect of Agriculture:
o The five year plans failed to pay attention to the agricultural sector except for the
first five-year plan. As a result, the agricultural growth rate declined from 3.62
percent in 1991-92 to 0.81 percent during 2009-10. And the share of agriculture in
GDP declined from about 50 percent during 1950-51 to about 16 percent of the GDP
in 2015.

 Unemployment:

o The plans have failed to address the problem of unemployment which is a cause of
many social evils. The unemployment rate has marginally reduced from 8.35 percent
during 1972-73 to about 6.53 percent in 2009-10. It was about 4.19 percent in 2013.
The growth rate of employment has recorded a decline from 2.61 percent in 1972-
73 to 1.50 percent during 2009-10. The employment in primary sector recorded a
negative growth rate of 0.13 percent in 2009-10.

 Widespread Poverty:

o Failure to address the problem of unemployment has resulted in widespread

poverty in the country. The first four plans failed to address the problem of poverty.
It was only during the fifth five-year plan that measures were taken to tackle poverty
directly by introducing various poverty alleviation programmes. These programmes,
however, have achieved only limited success. The poverty rate in India declined
from about 26.1 percent in 2000 to 21.9 percent in 2011.

 Inflation:

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o Poverty is aggravated under the situation of inflation. The five-year plans have not
been able to stabilise the prices due to which there has been a steep rise in the
general prices. The inflation rate was around 10 percent in 2012.

 Rising Inequality:

o With rapid economic growth, the country has been witnessing a rise in the level of
inequality. It has been estimated that the richest 1 percent own about 58 percent of
the country’s wealth. Poor performance of the agricultural sector and lack of
investments in rural infrastructure are cited as the primary reason for such rising
inequalities.

 Political Instability:

o Political instability and inefficient administration are the major hurdles in successful
implementation of the plans. Though the plans are formulated after complete
analysis of the economic situation, most of the plans fail to achieve the targets due
to inefficient administration, corruption, vested interests and red tapism.

Conclusion:

The achievements and failures of the economic planning in India, thus, reveal the underlying gaps in
the process of planning. It is an undeniable fact that the current level of growth and development
that the country has achieved could not have been possible without planning. Yet, systematic and
efficient implementation of the plans and strategic policies to tackle the problem of unemployment
and poverty could take the country to greater heights. It is strongly believed that the NITI Aayog
would address these gaps that existed in the planning process in India and would strive to build a
vibrant economy over the years.

The Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) reforms of 1991 played a

significant role in transforming India’s economy, promoting growth, and attracting
foreign investment. However, they also brought about social, environmental, and
economic challenges that need to be addressed through further policy interventions
and reforms. Critically analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India , Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about achievements and limitations of LPG reforms in India.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context about the LPG reforms.
Body:
First, in detail write about the LPG and their major achievements – increase economic growth, attract
foreign investment, and improve competitiveness. Cite statistic and examples to substantiate.
Next, write about the shortcomings of LPG reforms – increased inequality, dependency on foreign
capital, limited benefits to agriculture, and environmental degradation etc.
Next, write about the measures that are needed to overcome the shortcomings.
Conclusion:

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Conclude by giving a balanced opinion on LPG reforms.

Introduction

The liberalization, privatization and globalization regime launched in 1991 completed its 30 years in
2021. The 1991 was a landmark moment in India’s post-independence history that changed the
nature of the economy in fundamental ways.

A severe balance of payments problem triggered an acute economic crisis in 1991. In response,
India’s economic establishment launched a multipronged reforms agenda to repair India’s
macroeconomic balance sheet and ignite growth.

Body

India’s Post-1990 Economic Strategy

 It dismantled the vast network of controls and permits that dominated the economic
system.

 It redefined the role of the state as a facilitator of economic transactions and as a neutral
regulator rather than the primary provider of goods and services.

 It led to moving away from a regime of import substitution and to integrate fully with the
global trading system.

Positive effects of LPG Reforms

 By the first decade of the 21st century, India began to be seen as one of the fastest growing
emerging markets.

 India’s annual average growth rate from 1990 – 2010 has been 6.6 % which is
almost double than pre reforms era. GDP growth rate surpassed 5% mark in early 1980’s.

 The 1991 reforms unleashed the energies of Indian entrepreneurs, gave untold choice to
consumers and changed the face of the Indian economy.

 Far from poverty increasing, for the first time, there was a substantial reduction in it.

 1991 reforms boosted services sector provided opportunities for individuals to develop their
skills.

LPG reforms and inclusiveness

 During the reform period most Indian states experienced high average growth ratesin
real unskilled informal wage and real unskilled agricultural wage. This explains the fall in
poverty rates.

 Declining urban poverty and increasing income inequality were associated with growth
in manufacturing exports and imports.
 Among manufacturing exports, during the 1990s, there was a phenomenal growth in exports
of skill-intensive high-technology goods.

o This change in the skill compositionof Indian manufacturing export basket offers a
plausible explanation of the rise in income inequality during the 1990s.

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 Three unskilled labour-intensivemanufacturing goodsclothing, textiles, and leather still

account for around 40% of manufacturing exports.

o Expectedly, their growth had a favourable impact on urban poverty through increase
in the unskilled money wage.

 Growth in aggregate output both in per capita net state domestic product (PCNSDP) and
gross domestic product (GDP) is another source of lower urban poverty and higher income
inequality.

 Exports found to be causing GDP growth means that the growth impact of trade may be an
important factor underlying the observed changes in poverty and inequality.

o Growth in exports of high-technology goods seems to be one major source of such

trade growth nexus.

Increasing inequalities post liberalisation

 Post liberalisation, there was more focus on assuring investor confidencefor which the fiscal
deficit ought to be well within limitsand the climate for investment to be conducive.

 Socialist mind set thus far was to spontaneously change to pro-market.

 This saw an illustration of Karl Marx’s “Primitive Capital accumulation” wherein there
was displacement of poor from their places which made them inevitablylose the
opportunity to grow out of their livelihood option that they inherited.

 The job growth has seen only marginal increase of 0.2%in the period of great economic
growth indicates this.

 If we go byGini index pertaining to consumption theinequality is starker as compared with

that we obtain pertaining to income, another fact that reinforces the above claim.

 Thus, poverty has beenreduced in absolute terms butnot in equitable terms making
inequality much deeper. India has to rein in over the income disparity to begin with.

Way Forward

 For reducing inequality, some advocate measures such asredistribution of assets and
wealthin favour of the poor via higher taxes for the rich.

 However, these may not be pragmatic solutions. The tax/GDP ratio has to be raisedwith a
wider tax base.

 Fiscal instruments like public investment in physical andsocial infrastructurecan be used to

reduce inequality.

o The new generation wantsequality of opportunityrather than redistributive

measures.

o Everyone irrespective of caste, class and gender should have equal opportunities
in education, health, employment and entrepreneurship.

 Economic andemployment opportunities improve with education and skills.

 The new generation wants better quality in schools and higher education.

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 Finally, economic reforms should focus more on efficient delivery systems of public services.

 Many reckon that poor governance is the biggest constraint in achieving the aspirations of a
new generation and reduction in poverty and inequality.

 A major institutional challenge is the accountability of service providers, particularly the

public sector.

 Recent literature also focused on eradication of corruption for reduction in inequalities.

 Issues like electoral reforms, crony capitalism, election funding and corruption should be
part of thereform agenda to reduce inequalities.

Conclusion
The 1991 reforms helped the economy stave off a crisis and then bloom. It is time to outline a
credible new reform agenda that will not just bring GDP back to pre-crisis levels, but also ensure
growth rates higher than it had when it entered the pandemic.

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has revolutionized digital payments in India.

Addressing its shortcomings will be essential for ensuring its sustained growth and
relevance in the evolving payments landscape. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India
Why the question:
India should mitigate the risks of an online-transfer monopoly while enabling the UPI system to pay
for itself and innovate.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the achievements of UPI and to comment on the move to levy a fee on UPI
transaction.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining UPI.
Body:
First, write about the mechanism of UPI.
Next, write about the successes of UPI in India – convenience, speed, security, interoperability, and
increasing adoption.
Next, write about the shortcomings of UPI and measures needed to overcome the sortcomings.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a technology that consolidates various bank accounts
into a single mobile app (of any participating bank) – Providing an instant real-time payment system;
Allowing users to transfer money across multiple bank accounts without revealing details of one’s
bank account to the other party. It is an enhanced version of Immediate Payment Service
(IMPS), around–the–clock funds transfer service that enables faster, easier, and more seamless
cashless payments.

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Body

Background

 The Unified Payments Interface (UPI), set up by the NPCI in 2016 in conjunction with the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks Association (IBA), has revolutionized payment practices
in India.
 The number of transactions and amount transacted during February 2024 were 12.1 billion and
₹18.3 trillion, respectively.
 UPI transactions have crossed 80% of the total digital payments through various modes in the
country.

Success of UPI

 Preferred Payment Mode: BHIM UPI has emerged as the preferred payment mode of the
citizens and has recorded 803.6 crore digital payment transactions with the value of ₹ 12.98
lakh crore in January 2023.

 Instant and convenient mode of payment: Unlike cash, money can be instantaneously
transferred to the beneficiary account using digital modes like BHIM-UPI and IMPS.
Moreover, using the BHIM-UPI mode, one can effect a digital transaction via mobile phone
using mobile number or easy-to-remember virtual payment address (email-like address).
BHIM-UPI has enabled access to multiple Bank accounts in a single mobile app, facilitating
ease of payments.

 Enhanced financial inclusion: Digital payments offer anytime, anywhere access to accounts,
thus making it easy for citizens to receive payments in their accounts and to also make
payments using their phone. People who may have been deterred by the time, and travelling
cost involved in physically accessing a bank outlet for transactions can now conveniently
access the bank account digitally and get various benefits of being part of the formal banking
system and becoming financially included. Recently launched UPI 123PAYenables feature
phone users to make digital transactions through UPI in assisted voice mode, facilitating
digital transactions and financial inclusion in rural areas.

 Increased transparency in government system: Earlier cash payments were subject to

“leakage” (payments that do not reach the recipient in full) and “ghost” (fake) recipients,
particularly in the context of social security benefits by government transfers. Now, benefits
are directly transferred to target beneficiary (direct benefit transfer) account through digital
modes of payments.

 Improved speed and timely delivery: In contrast to a cash payment that travels at the speed
of its carrier, digital payments can be virtually instantaneous, regardless of whether the
sender and receiver are in the same town, district or country.
 National Electronic Toll Collection (NETC) system: NETC system enables the customer to
make electronic payments at NETC-enabled toll plazas on the highway without stopping at
the toll, using Radio Frequency Identification technology.

 Bharat Bill Payment System: Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS) provides an interoperable
and easily accessible bill payment service to consumers via multiple channels like Internet
banking, mobile banking, mobile apps, BHIM-UPI etc. Citizens can make easy bill payments
anytime, anywhere through BBPS.

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 Enhanced Credit Access: Unlike cash payments, digital payments automatically establish a
user’s financial footprint, thereby increasing access to formal financial services, including
credit. Banks and other lending institutions can utilise digital transaction histories to take
cashflow-based lending decisions for both retail lending and lending to businesses, including
small businesses who may face difficulty in getting credit in the absence of verifiable
cashflows.

 Safe and secure: Recipients of cash payments not only often have to travel considerable
distances to receive their payments but are also particularly vulnerable to theft. Digital
payments across India are secure as multiple levels of authentication are required for
making transactions.

Shortcomings of UPI

 The threat of cybercrime in the global banking and financial services industry has increased
amid the coronavirus pandemic.

o g. Malicious Software Cerberus

 Fraudulent claims, chargebacks, fake buyer accounts, promotion/coupon abuse, account

takeover, identity theft, card detail theft and triangulation frauds are emerging as
challenges.

 The lack of digital literacy is another challenge facing many.

Way forward & conclusion

 A rightly structured Public-Private Partnership (PPP) policy may provide a 21st century
engine to harness the power of market players for greater digital infrastructure, access, and
literacy for the Indian population.

 In a vibrant Indian democracy, a public policy-driven digital empowerment of the Indian

electorate can help ensure responsible digital conduct in the interest of consumers and the
larger public interest.

Fostering an enabling environment for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
can further enhance their contributions to India’s economic and social development.
Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about contribution of MSME in India’s growth and development.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving factual status of proportion of MSME vis-à-vis the population dependent on it also
adding the dimension of the demographic demand of India.
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Body:
Elaborate upon the importance of MSMEs in socio-economic development of the country. GDP
growth, Job creation, exports and entrepreneurship etc.
Next, Mention about the challenges faced by MSMES – challenges faced by small enterprises,
including limited access to credit, regulatory hurdles, and competition from larger players etc.
Next, mention the steps that are required to overcome the above hurdles.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward and summarising the overall impact of MSMEs in socio-economic
development of India.
Introduction

The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises(MSMEs) sector is an important pillar of the Indian
economy as it contributes greatly to growth of the Indian economy with a vast network contributing
about 45% to manufacturing output. It is termed as “engine of growth “for India, has played a
prominent role in the development of the country in terms of creating employment opportunities.

MSMEs provide about 110 million jobs which is 22-23% of the total employment in India. It is next
highest to Agriculture. However, this sector still faces several challenges. Barely 15% of MSME units
have registered with the UDYAM Platform. Heterogeneity, fragmentation and informalization
highlight the need for reforms in this sector.

Body

MSMEs and socio-economic development

 Contribution to GDP: The share of MSMEs in the country’s gross value added is estimated to be
about 32%.
 Leveraging Exports: It also contributes about 40% to total exports and 45% to manufacturing
output.

 Employment Opportunities: It employs 60 million people, creates 1.3 million jobs every year
and produces more than 8000 quality products for the Indian and international markets.

 Diversity: There are approximately 30 million MSME Units in India and is quite diverse in terms
of its size, level of technology employed, range of products and services provided and target
markets.

 Fostering Inclusive Growth: MSME is constructing inclusive growth in numerous ways through
promoting non- agricultural livelihood at least cost, unbiased regional development, large
female participation, and providing a protection against deflation.

 Boon for Rural Development: Compared with large-scale companies, MSMEs aided in the
industrialisation of rural areas at minimal capital cost. The sector has made significant
contributions to the country’s rural socio-economic growth and complemented major
industries as well.

 Front Runner in Make in India Mission: As India aims that the products that are ‘Make in India’
are also ‘Made for the World,’ adhering to global standards of quality. MSME is acquiring the
centre stage in the mission. It is taken as a backbone in making this dream a possibility.

 Simple Management Structure for Enterprises: Considering India’s middle-class economy,

MSME offers a flexibility that it can start with limited resources within the control of the
owner. From this decision making gets easy and efficient.
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o On the contrary, a large corporation requires a specialist for every departmental

functioning as it has a complex organisational structure.

 Economic Growth and Leverage Exports: It is the most significant driver in India contributing to
the tune of 8% to GDP.

 Nowadays, Multi National Companies are buying semi-finished, and auxiliary products from
small enterprises. It offers immense potential in creating a linkage between India’s MSME base
and big companies.

The challenges and concerns associated with the growth of MSME sector:

 Access to Credit:

 According to Economic Survey (2017-18), MSME sector faces a major problem in terms of
getting adequate credit for expansion of business activities.

 The Survey had pointed out that the MSME received only 17.4 per cent of the total credit
outstanding.

 Most banks are reluctant to lend to MSMEs because from the perspective of bankers,
inexperience of these enterprises, poor financials, lack of collaterals and infrastructure.

 According to a 2018 report by the International Finance Corporation, the formal banking
system supplies less than one-third (or about Rs 11 lakh crore) of the credit MSME credit
need that it can potentially fund

 most of the MSME funding comes from informal sources and this fact is crucial because it
explains why the Reserve Bank of India’s efforts to push more liquidity towards the MSMEs
have had a limited impact.

 Poor Infrastructure:

 With poor infrastructure, MSMEs’ production capacity is very low while production cost is
very high.

 Access to modern Technology:

 The lack of technological know-how and financial constraints limits the access to modern
technology and consequently the technological adoption remains low.

 Access to markets:

 MSMEs have poor access to markets. Their advertisement and sales promotion are
comparatively weaker than that of the multinational companies and other big companies.

 The ineffective advertisement and poor marketing channels makes it difficult for them to
compete with large companies.

 Legal hurdles:

 Getting statutory clearances related to power, environment, labour are major hurdles.

 Laws related to the all aspects of manufacturing and service concern are very complex and
compliance with these laws are difficult.

 Lack of skilled manpower:

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 The training and development programs in respect of MSME`S development has been.
Thus, there has been a constant crunch of skilled manpower in MSMEs

Other issues:

 Low ICT usage.

 Low market penetration.

 Quality assurance/certification.

 IPR related issues.

 Quality assurance/certification.

 Standardization of products and proper marketing channels to penetrate new markets.

Measures needed:

 Government of India and banks should design plans and measures to widen easy, hassle-free
access to credit.

 The RBI should bring stringent norms for Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and it will help
curbing loan defaulters and motivate potential good debts. Further, according to critics, the
Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSME (CGTMSE) run by SIDBI is a growing contingent liability
and needs to be examined with urgency

 Government should provide enhanced development and upgradation of existing rail & road
network and other infrastructure facilities in less developed and rural areas to boost growth
and development of MSMEs

 There should proper research and development in respect of innovative method of

production and service rendering. Further, the government should promote and subsidise
the technical know-how to Micro and small enterprises.

 Government should encourage procurement programme, credit and performance ratings

and extensive marketing support to revive the growth of sick units.

 Skill development and imparting training to MSME workers is a crucial step to increase the
productivity of the sector. The government should emphasise predominantly on skill
development and training programs

 With Aatmanirbhar Bharat, the Centre has taken several steps redefining MSMEs, credit
access, subordinate debt, preference in government tenders towards ‘energising the MSME
sector’.

 It has also launched the MSME Udyam portal for registration, though this is not mandatory.
Information asymmetry on government schemes and incentives on registration must be
addressed.

 MSMEs need to be better integrated into the digital economy to expand their market access,
diversify their customer base and solidify their supply chain.

 Industry and the Indian economy along with MSMEs would reap the benefits of leveraging
technology, that will have positive ripple effects on the nation’s GDP and the creation of
more jobs.
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Way forward:

 The traditional concept of apprenticeship, which involves part-time work and is a widely
accepted skilling practice, especially in weaving, handicraft and manufacturing units, does
not find mention in India’s wage-protection rule-books. This oversight can be fixed via
coverage by either the wage code or social security code rules, or perhaps the Shops and
Establishments Act rules, as deemed appropriate

 Efforts need to focus on quality manufacturing, with the use of automation to enhance
operations, and the exploration of new markets through e-commerce.

 This would require a holistic approach of hand-holding existing manufacturers in the sector,
equipping both managers and their workforces with appropriate skills, and educating them
on new technologies and standardization norms, even as we expose them to new market
avenues and instil confidence in them that the country’s ecosystem would assist them in
their expansion plans.

 New MSMEs, especially, should be encouraged to start off with this advantage.

 Skilling plans in accordance with sector-wise requirements will enable us to create

appropriate job opportunities not just in India but also across the globe, as various
developed economies need skilled manpower in a swathe of industries that cover
manufacturing, software and healthcare.

 Indian policies need to be revisited so that discrepancies are removed and we encourage
small units to take advantage of e-com platforms.

Conclusion:

Thus, Indian MSME sector is the backbone of the national economic structure and acts as a bulwark
for Indian economy, providing resilience to ward off global economic shocks and adversities. Given
the important role played by the sector in the economy, issues faced by it must be addressed on an
urgent basis to revive the economy battered by the pandemic. Apart from the fiscal stimulus, the
sector requires a political-economy approach that prioritizes MSME interests. India needs to ease
the regulatory burden of small units and aid their survival through fiscal support. Above all, they
need a level-playing field vis-à-vis big businesses.

How does inflation affect welfare measures in the country? The government must
carefully monitor inflationary trends and adjust welfare policies accordingly to mitigate
adverse effects on vulnerable populations and ensure the effective delivery of social
assistance programs. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about inflation, its impact and measures needed to keep it under control.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
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Introduction:
Begin by defining inflation.
Body:
First, write about the impact of inflation on various welfare measures – eroding purchasing power,
imposing budgetary constraints, increasing the cost of living, raising borrowing costs, and
exacerbating income inequality.
Next, write about the measures that are taken to keep inflation under tolerable limits – the monetary
policy measures, fiscal policy measures and price control measures.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Inflation refers to the rise in the prices of most goods and services of daily or common use, such as
food, clothing, housing, recreation, transport, consumer staples, etc. Inflation measures the average
price change in a basket of commodities and services over time. The opposite and rare fall in the
price index of this basket of items is called ‘deflation’. Inflation is indicative of the decrease in the
purchasing power of a unit of a country’s currency. This is measured in percentage.

Body

Impact of Inflation on various macroeconomic parameters

 Inflation is a decrease in the purchasing power of currency due to a rise in prices across the
economy.

o For instance, the average price of a cup of coffee was a 50 paisa. Today the price is
closer to 25 Rupees.

 The value of currency unit decreases which impacts the cost of living in the country.

 When the rate of inflation is high, the cost of living also increases, which leads to a
deceleration in economic growth.

 However, a healthy inflation rate (2-3%) is considered positive because it directly results in
increasing wages and corporate profitability and maintains capital flowing in a growing
economy.

Factors for the high rate of inflation in the Indian economy

 Fuel prices: The government has increased taxation of energy to raise resources.

o Since energy is used for all production, prices of all goods and services tend to rise
and push up the rate of inflation.

o Further, this is an indirect tax, it is regressive and impacts the poor

disproportionately It also makes the RBI’s task of controlling inflation difficult.

 Supply shortage: The lockdowns disrupted supplies and that added to shortages and price
rise.

o Prices of medicines and medical equipment rose dramatically.

o Prices of items of day-to-day consumption also rose.

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o Fruits and vegetable prices rose since these items could not reach the urban
markets.

 International factors: Most major economies have recovered and demand for inputs has
increased while supplies have remained disrupted (like chips for automobiles).

o So, commodity and input prices have risen (like in the case of metals).

o Businesses claim increase in input costs underlies price rise.

 Data collection and methodology: In April and May 2020, data on production and prices
could not be collected due to the strict lockdown.

o So, the current data on prices for April to July 2021 are not comparable with the
same months of 2020.

o As such, the official inflation figures for these months in 2021 do not reflect the true
picture.

 Weak Rupee: The weakening of the rupee also added to inflation.

Measures to keep the inflation under control

 Monetary policy Measures: Maintaining price stability is the foremost objective of the
monetary policy committee of RBI. However, during the pandemic, growth has taken centre
stage and RBI has rightly cut interest rates.

 Commodity prices: GoI needs to remove supply side bottlenecks. For example, GoI can
immediately offload 10-20% of its pulses stock with NAFED in the open market.

 Fuel prices: Bringing them under GST would reduce the prices by at least 30 rupees. GST
council must agree to this with haste.

 Policy measures: Navigating out of this will need a fiscal stimulus to shore up consumer
spending, an investment revival to increase the productive capacity of the economy, and a
careful management of inflationary expectations.

 Concomitantly, the government will also need to pursue redistribution of income to reduce
the widening disparity.

 This also calls for fiscal prudence to cut wasteful spending, find new revenue through asset
sales, mining and spectrum auctions, and build investor confidence.

Conclusion

With the rise in inflation amidst a second wave, the balancing acumen of the MPC will now be sorely
tested. Factors like rising commodity prices, supply chain disruptions are expected to raise overall
domestic inflation. Economists have pointed at India’s K-shaped recovery where a few have
benefitted while others have fallen sharply behind. Big companies have benefitted and increased
market share, revenues and profits sharply. They have also taken advantage of low interest rates to
decrease the cost of their borrowings. Small and medium companies, struggling with falling revenues

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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

and cash flows, have not been able to take advantage of the rates. Hence inflation must also be
controlled while growth is focussed upon.

Discuss the measures that are needed to stimulate economic growth, create
employment opportunities, and address the challenges of unemployment and
underemployment in India. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about steps that are needed to overcome unemployment in the country.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving the context regarding the unemployment in India.
Body:
Firstly, write about the important causes that led to the increasing the levels of unemployment –
economic slowdowns, education and skills gaps, dominance of the informal sector, disparities in
labor force participation, urban-rural imbalances etc.
Next, write about the steps that must be taken to reduce the employment levels in the economy –
Labour-intensive measures, Accelerating Investment, diversification of agriculture, decentralised
development and upskilling etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data recently reported a decline in India’s unemployment
rate in urban areas to 6.6% during April-June 2023 against 7.6% a year ago period. The 19th Periodic
Labour Force Survey (PLFS) noted that the unemployment rate (UR) for persons aged 15 years and
above in Urban areas was 7.6% in April-June 2022. It was 6.8% in January-March 2023, 7.2% in July-
September 2022 as well as October-December 2022.

In a jobless growth economy, unemployment remains stubbornly high even as the economy grows.
This tends to happen when a relatively large number of people have lost their jobs, and the ensuing
recovery is insufficient to absorb the unemployed, under-employed, and those first entering the
workforce. Jobless growth of the Indian economy is a “5C” problem: a Complicated Condition
Created by Combinations of Causes.

Body

Causes of unemployment in India

 Jobless growth: There is mounting concern that future growth could turn out to be jobless
due to de-industrialization, de-globalization, the fourth industrial revolution and
technological progress. As per the NSSO Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18, India’s
labour force participation rate for the age-group 15-59 years is around 53%, that is, around
half of the working age population is jobless.
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 Asymmetric demography:The growth in the working-age ratio is likely to be concentrated in

some of India’s poorest states and the demographic dividend will be fully realized only if
India is able to create gainful employment opportunitiesfor this working-age population.

 Lack of skills:Most of the new jobs that will be created in the future will be highly skilled and
lack of skill in Indian workforce is a major challenge. India may not be able to take advantage
of the opportunities, due to alow human capital base and lack of skills.

 Low human development parameters:India ranks 130 out of 189 countries in UNDP’s
Human Development Index, which is alarming. Therefore, health and education parameters
need to be improved substantiallyto make the Indian workforce efficient and skilled.
 Informal nature of economy in Indiais another hurdle in reaping the benefits of
demographic transition in India.

Public sector employment as a remedy: Critical analysis

 The latest data showed that there were 86 lakh vacant jobsamong all central government
civilian posts as of March 2020.
 The government recently announcedAgnipath scheme for youth as a contract employment
of four years.
 But even this measure would be ameliorative in the real economy that continues to remain
distressed, a consequence ofeffects of the pandemic in the last few years.

 The country cannot afford to squander more years in its race to reap the benefits of its
demographic dividend, and the push to provide jobs for those seeking to enter the labour
force, even if belated, will help ease matters for the medium term.

 Real jobs in manufacturing, industries, MSME’s are the key to reaping demographic
dividend. Skill development will also help in youth getting jobs in high paying services sector.

Measure needed and way forward

 Building human capital:Investing in people through healthcare, quality education, jobs and
skills helps build human capital, which is key to supporting economic growth, ending
extreme poverty, and creating a more inclusive society.

 Skill developmentto increase employability of young population. India’s labour force needs
to be empowered with the right skills for the modern economy. Government has established
the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) with the overall target of skilling/ up
skilling 500 million people in India by 2022..

 Education:Enhancing educational levels by properly investing in primary, secondary and

higher education. India, which has almost 41% of population below the age of 20 years, can
reap the demographic dividend only if with a better education system. Also, academic-
industry collaboration is necessary to synchronise modern industry demands and learning
levels in academics.

o Establishment of Higher Education Finance Agency (HEFA)is a welcome step in this

direction.

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 Health:Improvement in healthcare infrastructure would ensure higher number of productive

days for young labourforce, thus increasing the productivity of the economy.

o Success of schemes like Ayushman Bharatand National Health Protection

scheme (NHPS) is necessary. Also nutrition level in women and children needs
special care with effective implementation of Integrated Child Development (ICDS)
programme.

 Job Creation:The nation needs to create ten million jobs per year to absorb the addition of
young people into the workforce. Promoting businesses’ interests and entrepreneurship
would help in job creation to provide employment to the large labourforce.
o India’s improved ranking in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Indexis a good
sign.

o Schemes like Start-up Indiaand Make in India , if implemented properly, would

bring the desired result in the near future.

 Urbanisation:The large young and working population in the years to come will migrate to
urban areas within their own and other States, leading to rapid and large-scale increase in
urban population. How these migrating people can have access to basic amenities, health
and social services in urban areas need to be the focus of urban policy planning.

o Schemes such as Smart City Mission andAMRUT needs to be effectively and

carefully implemented.

Conclusion

India is on the right side of demographic transition that provides golden opportunity for its rapid
socio-economic development, if policymakers align the developmental policies with this
demographic shift.

To reap the demographic dividend, proper investment in human capital is needed by focussing on
education, skill development and healthcare facilities.

Value-addition

Steps taken by government in recent times

 Dedicated Shram Suvidha Portal:That would allot Labor Identification Number (LIN) to units
and allow them to file online compliance for 16 out of 44 labor laws.

 Random Inspection Scheme:To eliminate human discretion in selection of units for

Inspection, and uploading of Inspection Reports within 72 hours of inspection mandatory.

 Universal Account Number:Enables 4.17 crore employees to have their Provident Fund
account portable, hassle-free and universally accessible.
 Apprentice Protsahan Yojana:Government will support manufacturing units mainly and
other establishments by reimbursing 50% of the stipend paid to apprentices during first two
years of their training.

 Revamped Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana:Introducing a Smart Card for the workers in the
unorganized sector seeded with details of two more social security schemes.

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 The National Career Service is being implemented as a mission mode project to provide
various job-related services information on skills development courses, internships etc

Addressing the challenges faced by Regional Rural Banks is crucial for their sustained
success in promoting rural development. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the role of RRBs, challenges faced them and steps to overcome them.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining a Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) as financial institutions and their aims.
Body:
First, write about role played by RRBs in rural development – providing access to credit, promoting
financial inclusion, creating jobs, contributing to rural development, and acting as a channel for the
delivery of government schemes.
Next, write about the limitations of RRBs- including low capital base, asset quality issues, lack of
skilled manpower, inadequate technology, governance issues, and financial sustainability.
Next, write about the steps that are needed to overcome the above challenges.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
The Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in 1975 under the provisions of the Ordinance
promulgated on 26th September 1975 and Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976. RRBs are financial
institutions which ensure adequate credit for agriculture and other rural sectors. RRBs combine the
characteristics of a cooperative in terms of the familiarity of the rural problems and a commercial
bank in terms of its professionalism and ability to mobilise financial resources.

Body

Significance of RRBs

 Every RRB operates as a commercial bank, and in addition to directly granting short-term
and long-term loans, it has the authority to mobilise savings.

 They give loans for agriculture, allied activities, retail trade, and small rural industries.

 They also specifically target the group of small and marginal farmers, landless labourers,
rural artisans, and others through the Integrated Rural Development Programme
by extending credit to the poorest of the poor in rural areas.

 The Regional Rural Banks has a Priority Sector Lending (PSL) target of 75% where loans are
lent to agricultural activities and vulnerable sectors.

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 These banks are also providing financial assistance to regional cooperative institutions inlow-
incomestrengthen their financial bases and enable them to play a more positive role as
viable financial institutions engaged in rural development.

Shortcomings

 RRBs focus mainly on offering government’s schemes like direct benefit transfer in the rural
areas of the country.

 RRBs are dependent on NABARD to collect finance for their further operation.

 Poor rural people are unable to save anything due to poverty and low per capita income.

 The low level of savings of these customers create obstacles for RRBs to collect sufficient
deposits.

 The most troubling aspect of RRB operation is that they are, on average, losing money.

 RRBs are creating this problem by concentrating their branches in some specific states and
districts & losing other prospective groups of customers

 The main factor that has contributed to their loss of profitability is that they exclusively lend
to the poorer sections at low-interest rates, despite the fact that their operational costs in
handling small loans are quite high.

 Aside from that, loan recovery is unsatisfactory, and debts are piling up.

Way forward

 The costs of operations of RRBswere much lower as compared to scheduled commercial

banks but that has increased now and the government wants them to work towards
increasing their earnings.

 The RRB may be permitted to lend up to 25% of their total advancesto the richer section of
the village society.

 The State Governmentshould also take keen interest in the growth of RRB.

 Participation of local people in the equity share capitalof the RRB should be encouraged.

 Cooperative societies may be allowedto sponsor or co-sponsor with commercial banks in

the establishment of the RRB.

 A uniform pattern of interest rate structureshould be devised for the rural financial
agencies.

 The RRB must strengthen effective credit administrationby way of credit appraisal,
monitoring the progress of loans and their efficient recovery.

 The RRB may initiate certain new insurable policieslike deposit-linked cattle and other
animals insurance policy, crop insurance policy or the life insurance policy for the rural
depositors.

 Coordination between district level development planning and district level credit
planningis also required in order to chart out the specific role of the RRB as a development
agency of the rural areas.

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Conclusion

The RRBs have had a great deal of success in bringing banking services to previously unbanked areas
and making institutional credit available to the weaker sections of the population in these areas.

Throw light on major issues facing the banking sector in India in the recent times.
Suggest measures that will ensure long-term viability of the banking sector. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India , Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about various banking reforms, its successes and limitations and further reforms that are
needed for long term viability of baking sector.
Directive word:
Evaluate – When you are asked to evaluate, you have to pass a sound judgement about the truth of
the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence. You must appraise the worth of
the statement in question. There is scope for forming an opinion here.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write about the recent issues in the banking sector – high NPAs, inadequate capitalization,
technological adaptation issues, governance and risk management concerns, financial inclusion gaps
etc.
Next, suggest reforms that must be taken in order to overcome the above mentioned limitations –
strengthening governance, addressing asset quality issues, ensuring adequate capital levels,
investing in technology upgrades, promoting credit growth, and ensuring a robust regulatory
framework.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

The banking system in India defines banking through the Banking Companies Act of 1949. With the
potential to become 3rd largest banking industry by 2025 according to some reports, India’s banking
and financial sector is expanding rapidly. The Indian banking industry is currently worth more than 1
trillion dollars and banks are now expanding fast as the present Central Government wants to spread
the tentacles of the banking industry far and wide.

Body

Evolution of Bank reforms in India

 The government through the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings)
Ordinance, 1969, and nationalizedthe 14 largest commercial banks on 19 July 1969.

 Thereafter, in 1980, six more banks that were nationalized included Punjab and Sind Bank,
Vijaya Bank, Oriental Bank of India, Corporate Bank, Andhra Bank, and New Bank of India.

 After India liberalized its economy in 1991, then finance minister Dr. Manmohan Singh set
up Narasimham Committee – Ito analyze India’s banking sector and recommend reforms.

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 In 1998, Banking Sector Committee(Narasimham Committee – II) was set up to further bring
in reforms. The task of the Committee was to review the progress of the implementation of
reforms and to suggest a design for further strengthening of the sector.

Banking reforms in the recent past

 The Indian government has been promoting the digitization of banking services to improve
the efficiency and reach of banking services in India. The introduction of mobile banking,
internet banking, and digital payment systems has made banking more accessible and
convenient for the people of India.

 Since 2014, the banking sector has witnessed the adoption of the JAM (Jan-Dhan, Aadhaar,
and Mobile) trinity, and the issuance of licenses to Payments Banks and Small Finance Banks
(SFBs) to achieve last-mile connectivity in the financial inclusion drive.

 The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced the concept of Payment Banks in 2015. Payment
Banks are a new category of banks that aim to provide banking services to the unbanked
population of India, by enabling them to open a bank account with a minimum balance of
Rs. 0 and providing them with basic banking services.
 The RBI introduced the concept of Small Finance Banks in 2015 to provide financial services
to the unbanked and underserved sections of the society, including small businesses, low-
income households, farmers, and micro-enterprises. Small Finance Banks are licensed under
Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, and have a minimum paid-up capital of Rs.
100 crore.

 In October 2015, the Government announced Mission Indradhanushunder which 7 key

strategies were proposed to reform public sector banks (PSBs).

 The Ministry of Finance in its Economic Survey 2015-16suggested four R’s – Recognition,
Recapitalization, Resolution, and Reform to address the problem of NPAs.

 The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) was introduced in 2016 to provide a time-bound
and efficient mechanism for resolving insolvency cases in India. The IBC aims to improve the
ease of doing business in India by enabling quick and efficient resolution of distressed assets.

 In 2017, the Indian government announced a plan to recapitalize public sector banks with a
capital infusion of Rs. 2.11 lakh crore over a period of two years. This was aimed at
strengthening the balance sheets of public sector banks and enabling them to lend more.

 The government recently announced new banking reforms, involving the establishment of
a Development Finance Institution (DFI) for infrastructure, creation of a Bad Bankto
address the problem of chronic non-performing assets (NPAs), and privatization of public
sector banks (PSBs) to ease its burden in terms of mobilizing additional capital.

 In 2019, the Indian government announced the merger of 10 public sector banks into four
banks, with the aim of creating stronger and more efficient banks.

Way forward

 The banking sector in India is grappling with a high level of NPAs, which has been a major
challenge in recent years. To address this issue, there needs to be a concerted effort to
strengthen the resolution framework and the recovery mechanism for stressed assets.

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 The Indian banking sector needs to continue to enhance its digital infrastructure to improve
the delivery of banking services. This will require investments in technology, data analytics,
and cybersecurity to ensure that the banking sector is able to meet the growing needs of
customers and stay competitive.

 Risk management can be more specific and the neo-banks can leverage the technology to
further (digital) financial inclusion and finance higher growth of aspirational/new India. In
this context, technologies like Blockchaincan be implemented in Indian Banking.

 Niche Banking caters to the specific and varied requirements of different customers and
borrowers.
 Essentially, these specialised banks would ease the access to finance in areas such as RAM
(retail, agriculture, MSMEs), infrastructure financing, wholesale banking (mid and large
corporates) and investment banking (merchant banking and financial advisory services).

 The proposed DFI/niche banks may be established as specialised banks to have access to
low-cost public deposits and for better asset-liability management.

 Further, the existing strong local area banks and urban cooperative banks may be converted
into RAM banks and be freed from dual control.

 Differentiated Banks also may be encouraged to get listed on a recognised stock exchange
and adhere to ESG (Environment, Social Responsibility, and Governance) framework to
create value for their stakeholders in the long run.

 The government should tighten the loose ends by allowing them to build diversified loan
portfolios, establishing sector-wise regulators, bestowing more powers to deal effectively
with wilful defaulters.

 There is also a need to pave the way for the corporate bond market (shift from bank-led
economy) to create a responsive banking system in a dynamic real economy.

 The Indian banking sector needs to encourage innovation and competition to drive growth
and improve the quality of services. This can be done by promoting new entrants, such as
fintech companies, and by encouraging collaboration between banks and other financial
institutions.

 The Indian banking sector needs to invest in its human capital to ensure that it has the
necessary skills and expertise to meet the changing needs of customers and the evolving
regulatory environment. This will require investments in training and development
programs, as well as initiatives to attract and retain talent.

Conclusion
Thus, Banking sector in India has had multiple issues and is undergoing sea changes
through timely reforms to further serve the goal of socio-economic development of India.

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? Examine the limitations pertaining to GDP as an
economic performance measurement framework of the country. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:

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The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about GDP, its limitations in highlighting the nature of India’s economy.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining GDP.
Body:
First, write about various parameters that can be assessed by measuring GDP.
Next, write about limitations of GDP – leaves out some production in an economy. Even though GDP
is frequently used to capture the wellbeing of a society, it was never intended to do that, and as a
result, it leaves out important aspects of well-being like pollution or even happiness.
Next. Mention the new measurements which are needed for economic performance measurement
and framework.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and
services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. As a broad measure of overall
domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of a given country’s economic
health.

Samuelson and Nordhaus liken the ability of GDP to give an overall picture of the state of the
economy to that of a satellite in space that can survey the weather across an entire continent.

Body

GDP is a poor way of assessing health of our economies

 Simon Kuznets, who developed concept of GDP, warned it was not a suitable measure of a
country’s economic development. He understood that GDP is not a welfare measure, it is
not a measure of how well we are all doing. It counts the things that we’re buying and
selling, but it’s quite possible for GDP to go in the opposite direction of welfare.

 In contemporary times, with the changes brought on by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the
measure is even less of a reflection of the things that really matter.

 GDP counts “bads” as well as “goods.” When an earthquake hits and requires rebuilding,
GDP increases. When someone gets sick and money is spent on their care, it’s counted as
part of GDP. But nobody would argue that we’re better off because of a destructive
earthquake or people getting sick.

 GDP makes no adjustment for leisure time. Imagine two economies with identical standards
of living, but in one economy the workday averages 12 hours, while in the other it’s only
eight.
 GDP only counts goods that pass through official, organized markets, so it misses home
production and black market activity. If people begin hiring others to clean their homes

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instead of doing it themselves, or if they go out to dinner instead of cooking at home, GDP
will appear to grow even though the total amount produced hasn’t changed.

 GDP doesn’t adjust for the distribution of goods. Again, imagine two economies, but this
time one has a ruler who gets 90 percent of what’s produced, and everyone else subsists —
barely — on what’s left over. In the second, the distribution is considerably more equitable.
In both cases, GDP per capita will be the same.

 GDP isn’t adjusted for pollution costs. If two economies have the same GDP per capita, but
one has polluted air and water while the other doesn’t, well-being will be different but GDP
per capita won’t capture it.

 GDP is unable to fully capture the benefits of technology. Think of a free app on your phone
that you rely upon for traffic updates, directions, the weather, instantaneous information
and so on. Because it’s free, there’s no way to use prices — our willingness to pay for the
good — as a measure of how much we value it.

GDP fails as a measure of human well-being:

 Since the institution of GDP figures and country rankings, other measures of the quality of
life have appeared. E.g.:, The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) annually issues a report based on a study of 140 countries, indicating the levels of
happiness in those countries. For at least the last decade, European countries such as
Denmark, Finland, have ranked at the top and India is nowhere to be seen.

 Economists have focused too narrowly on the economic side of human aspirations, setting
aside human yearnings for belonging to social collectives and nations.

 The progress is too unequal. g.: The Oxfam report which shows that 1% of the people own
about 60% of the wealth in India.

 GDP is neither a measure of welfare nor an indicator of well-being.

o That is because it is not set up to recognize important aspects of our lives that are
not captured by the acts of spending and investing.

o There is no room in GDP for volunteering or housework, for example; nor does it
recognize that there is value in community or in time spent with families.

o More measurable things such as damage to our environment are also left out, as is
job satisfaction. GDP doesn’t even measure the state of jobs.

 Capitalist systems founded on a religion of property rights have treated nature that nurtures
as an “externality” to be exploited. Thus, it does not take into account the sustainability of
future GDP.

 GDP also ignores important factors like environment, happiness, community, fairness and
justice. But these are important aspects of development.

 It does not allow for the health of children, the quality of their education or the strength of
marriages; neither wisdom nor learning; neither compassion nor devotion to country which
makes life worthwhile.

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 GDP also assumes all growth is good growth. g.: savings from energy-efficient devices
counts as a negative for GDP growth, even though it is a positive for society.

 GDP does not take into account the value of non-monetized activity. g.: Care activity of
women.

 GDP does not differentiate between more or less productive economic activity (i.e. implicitly
assumes that economic activity is the desirable ends rather than a means to an end).

 All value additions for self-consumption, which are not put out in the market, are not
accounted in the GDP.

Way forward

 Broader, non-monetary measures are required to assess the well-being of citizens.

 Green GDP could be used which attempts to adjust for environmental factors

 The other alternative measures include OECD’s “GDP alternatives,” which adjust for leisure;
the “Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare,” which accounts for both pollution costs and
the distribution of income.

 The “Genuine Progress Indicator,” which “adjusts for factors such as income distribution,
adds factors such as the value of household and volunteer work, and subtracts factors such
as the costs of crime and pollution.”
 There are more direct measures of well-being such as the Happy Planet Index, Gross
National Happiness and National Well-Being Accounts.

 To make the world better for everyone, consumers must learn to be better citizens and to
democratically govern the local systems within which they live.

Value addition

Benefits of GDP as a tool to measure the growth of a nation:

 GDP consists of consumer spending, Investment expenditure, government spending and net
exports.

 It provides an insight to investors which highlights the trend of the economy by comparing
GDP levels as an index.

 GDP is used as an indicator for most governments and economic decision-makers for
planning and policy formulation.

 GDP is not the perfect way to measure growth. But among the alternatives, it is the least
“inaccurate” method to compute the growth rate of the country.
 GDP is also used as an indicator of a nation’s overall standard of living because, generally, a
nation’s standard of living increases as GDP increases.
 If by growth one means the expansion of output of goods and services, then GDP or
preferably real GDP which measures growth without the effects of inflation is perfectly
satisfactory

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 Calculation of GDP provides with the general health of the economy. A negative GDP growth
portrays bad signals for the economy. Economists analyse GDP to find out whether the
economy is in recession, depression or boom.

 GDP growth over time enables central banks and policymakers to evaluate whether the
economy is in recession or inflation. In that sense it is still required.

 GDP has held significance as a universal metric over the years.

 It is inaccurate to say that GDP does not capture wellbeing. It captures at least the wellbeing
that results from the production of goods and services. Indeed, when statisticians quantify
the goods and services produced, they take into account their utility to the consumer.

What is national income? Throw light on various methods of computing national

income. Explain. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about national income, its importance and methods to compute it.
Directive word:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining national income.
Body:
First, write about the various methods of computation of national income – Product Method, Income
Method and Expenditure Method.
Next, write about the importance of national income as a macroeconomic parameter – Economic
growth, Employment, Government revenue, International trade and Planning and policy-making etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

National Income is the total value of all final goods and services produced by the country in certain
year. The growth of National Income helps to know the progress of the country. In other words, the
total amount of income accruing to a country from economic activities in a year’s time is known as
national income. It includes payments made to all resources in the form of wages, interest, rent and
profits. However, National income is not the sum of all incomes earned by all citizens, but only those
incomes which accrue due to participation in the production process.

Body

The Net National Product at factor cost is known as National Income.

NNP @Factor Cost = National Income = NNP @Market Price – Taxes + Subsidies

However, the Central Statistics Office (CSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Program
Implementation defines National Income of India as Net National Income at Market Price.
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Major methods of National Income Calculation

 Production Method

o This method is also called as Output Method or Value Added Method

o The production method gives us national income or national product based on the
final value of the produce and the origin of the produce in terms of the industry.

o All producing units are classified sector wise.

o Primary sector is divided into agriculture, fisheries, animal husbandry.

o Secondary sector consists of manufacturing.

o Tertiary sector is divided into trade, transport, communication, banking, insurance

etc.

o Then, the net value added by each productive enterprises as well as by each industry
or sector is estimated.

 Income Method

o Different factors of production are paid for their productive services rendered to an
organization.

o The various incomes that includes in these methods are wages, income of self
employed, interest, profit, dividend, rents, and surplus of public sector and net flow
of income from abroad.

 Expenditure Method

o The various sectors – the household sector, the government sector, the business
sector, either spend their income on consumer goods and services or they save a
part of their income.

o These can be categorized as private consumption expenditure, private investment,

public consumption, public investment etc.

Conclusion
In India, National Income is calculated by the combined method. It combines two methods i.e
product or output method and the income method. This is done to overcome the problem of
deficiency of statistics. The product method endeavours to find out the net contribution to national
income of all producing units. The income method adds up income and payments accruing of factors
of production. This method is used in the tertiary sector like government services banking etc and
also in the commodity sector if output data is not available.

National income serves as a critical tool for to understand and evaluate the economic
health and progress of a nation. Discuss. Throw light on its shortcomings. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:

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The latest national income data released by the National Statistical Office (NSO) last week have
generated a fair amount of excitement as well as bewilderment.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about national income, its importance and shortcomings
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining national income.
Body:
First, write about the importance of national income as a macroeconomic parameter and what it
indicates.
Next, write about the various shortcomings of national income – non-market transactions, does not
directly measure quality of life, and overlooks income distribution and environmental impact etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

National Income is the total value of all final goods and services produced by the country in certain
year. The growth of National Income helps to know the progress of the country. In other words, the
total amount of income accruing to a country from economic activities in a year’s time is known as
national income. It includes payments made to all resources in the form of wages, interest, rent and
profits. However, National income is not the sum of all incomes earned by all citizens, but only those
incomes which accrue due to participation in the production process.

Body

The Net National Product at factor cost is known as National Income.

NNP @Factor Cost = National Income = NNP @Market Price – Taxes + Subsidies

However, the Central Statistics Office (CSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Program
Implementation defines National Income of India as Net National Income at Market Price.

Importance of National Income

 Economic Policy

o National income figures are an important tool of macroeconomic analysis and policy.

o National income estimates are the most comprehensive measures of aggregate

economic activity in an economy.

o It is through such estimates that we know the aggregate yield of the economy and
can lay down future economic policy for development.

 Economic Planning

o National income statistics are the most important tools for long-term and short-
term economic planning.

o A country cannot possibly frame a plan without having a prior knowledge of the
trends in national income.
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o The Planning Commission in India also kept in view the national income estimates
before formulating the five-year plans.

 Economy’s Structure

o National income statistics enable us to have clear idea about the structure of the
economy.

o It enables us to know the relative importance of the various sectors of the economy
and their contribution towards national income.

o From these studies we learn how income is produced, how it is distributed, how
much is spent, saved or taxed.

 Inflationary and Deflationary Gaps

o National income and national product figures enable us to have an idea of the
inflationary and deflationary gaps.

o For accurate and timely anti- inflationary and deflationary policies, we need regular
estimates of national income.

 Budgetary Policies

o Modern governments try to prepare their budgets within the framework of national
income data and try to formulate anti-cyclical policies according to the facts
revealed by the national income estimates.

o Even the taxation and borrowing policies are so framed as to avoid fluctuations in
national income.

 National Expenditure:

o National income studies show how national expenditure is divided between

consumption expenditure and investment expenditure.

o It enables us to provide for reasonable depreciation to maintain the capital stock of

a community.

o Too liberal allowance of depreciation may prove harmful as it may unnecessarily

lead to a reduction in consumption.

 Distribution of Grants-in-aid

o National income estimates help a fair distribution of grants-in-aid by the federal

governments to the state governments and other constituent units.

 Standard of Living Comparison

o National income studies help us to compare the standards of living of people in

different countries and of people living in the same country at different times.

 International Sphere

o National income studies are important even in the international sphere as these
estimates not only help us to fix the burden of international payments equitably
amongst different nations but also enable us to determine the subscriptions and
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quotas of different countries to international organisations like the UNO, IMF, IBRD.
etc.

 Defence and Development

o National income estimates help us to divide the national product between defence
and development purposes.

o From such figures we can easily know how much can be spared for war by the
civilian population.

 Public Sector

o National income figures enable us to know the relative roles of public and private
sectors in the economy.

o If most of the activities are performed by the state, we can easily conclude that
public sector is playing a dominant role.

Shortcomings of National Income

 The informal sector, which constitutes a significant part of India’s economy, is often not
accounted for in national income estimates.

 The quality and accuracy of data due to the lack of records or poor record-keeping

used for calculating national income in India are often inadequate, leading to inaccurate estimates.

The non-monetized sectors, such as agriculture, are often not accounted for in national income
estimates, leading to an underestimation of the actual level of output.

 Inability to capture the effects of inflation, changes in technology, and changing market
conditions

 Unrecorded transactions, such as those in the black economy, are not captured in national
income accounting, leading to an underestimation of the actual level of output.

 Exclusion of non-monetary transactions, such as barter and non-market production

 Differences in accounting practices and standards between countries may affect

comparability.

Way forward to improve National income calculation

 Efforts should be made to account for the informal sector in national income estimates, such
as conducting surveys to collect data on informal economic activities.

 Steps should be taken to improve the quality and accuracy of data used for national income
accounting in India, such as investing in statistical infrastructure and capacity building.

 Non-monetized sectors, such as agriculture, should be accounted for in national income

estimates, such as by valuing output based on input costs.

 Efforts should be made to capture unrecorded transactions, such as by conducting surveys

or using alternative data sources, to provide a more accurate estimate of national income.

Conclusion

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In India, National Income is calculated by the combined method. It combines two methods i.e
product or output method and the income method. This is done to overcome the problem of
deficiency of statistics. The product method endeavours to find out the net contribution to national
income of all producing units. The income method adds up income and payments accruing of factors
of production. This method is used in the tertiary sector like government services banking etc and
also in the commodity sector if output data is not available.

Government Budgeting.
The budget in India serves as a comprehensive policy document that goes beyond
financial statements. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the weaknesses in the budgetary system and measures to overcome them.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining budget and major objectives of budgeting.
Body:
First, elaborate up on how budget provide framework of achieving annual objectives.
Next, write about the weaknesses in the budgetary system and its implementation – budget
estimates, Skewed expenditure pattern, Poor planning and lack of long-term perspective etc.
Next, suggest measures to overcome the above weaknesses in order to ensure that budgetary
objectives are achieved.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

A budget is a consolidated financial statement prepared by government on expected public

expenditure and public revenue during a financial year. According to Article 112 of the Indian
Constitution, the Union Budget of a year, also referred to as the annual financial statement, is a
statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the government for that particular year.

The Interim Budget or the Vote on Account for 2024 was presented by Finance Minister Nirmala
Sitharaman on February 1, 2024 as the general elections are due in 2024.

Body

how budget provide framework of achieving annual objectives

 Resource Allocation:Budgets outline financial resources allocated to various departments or

projects, ensuring sufficient funding for achieving objectives.

 Priority Setting:By assigning specific amounts to different initiatives, budgets prioritize

objectives based on their importance and impact.

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 Cost Control:Budgets enforce cost management measures, preventing overspending and

ensuring resources are used efficiently.

 Performance Evaluation:Budgets serve as benchmarks for assessing performance against

planned objectives, facilitating adjustments if necessary.

 Strategic Alignment:Budgets align financial plans with strategic goals, ensuring that
resources are directed towards activities that contribute to overall objectives.

 Decision Making:Budgets provide a basis for decision-making, guiding leaders on where to

allocate resources to maximize outcomes.

 Flexibility:Budgets allow for adjustments throughout the year, accommodating changes in

priorities or unforeseen circumstances while still working towards annual objectives.

 Communication Tool:Budgets communicate organizational priorities and expectations,

ensuring alignment across teams towards common objectives.

Weaknesses in budgetary system

 Unrealistic budget estimates:The amounts budgeted are often not realistic. Weakness in
preparing proper estimates leads to frequent revisions and supplementary budgets.

o On the other hand, there are major unspent provisions at the end of the year
leading to march rush.
 Delay in implementation of projects:Resources are being spread thinly with only token
provisions in some cases, often leading to inordinate delays in execution of projects.

 Skewed expenditure pattern:The expenditure pattern is skewed, with a major portion

getting spent in the last quarter of the financial year, especially in the last month.

 Inadequate adherence to the multi-year perspective and missing ‘line of sight’ between
plan and budget: Though the Five-year Plan provides the basis for multi-year perspective,
oftenad hoc deviations from it distort the long-term plan objectives.

o The Plan schemes get dispersed into line-items in the budget estimates and there is
no consolidation afterwards – both in the estimates and the final accounts.

o There is need for alignment between the plan, budgets and accounts.

 No correlation between expenditure and actual implementation: The expenditure figures

do not reflect actual expenditure made towards receipt of goods and services.

 Mis-stating of financial position:Parking of funds by implementing agencies, outside the

government accounts portrays an incorrect picture of the financial position of government.
This also means that the Government’s financial position is not known with reasonable
accuracy at any given point of time.

 Ad hoc project announcements:Indiscriminate announcement of projects/schemes not

included in the plan/budget is regularly made, often without proper consideration and
detailing.

Measure needed

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 Realistic assumptions: The assumptions made while formulating estimates must be realistic.
At the end of each year the reasons for the gap between the ‘estimates’ and ‘actuals’ must
be ascertained and efforts made to minimize them.

o These assumptions should also be subject to audit.

 The method of formulation of the annual budget by getting details from different
organizations/units/ agencies and fitting them into a predetermined aggregate
amount leads to unrealistic budget estimates. This method should be given up along with
the method of budgeting on the basis of ‘analysis of trends’.

o This should be replaced by a ‘top-down’ method by indicating aggregate limits to

expenditure to each organization/agency.

 Projects and schemes should be included in the budget only after detailed
consideration. The norms for formulating the budget should be strictly adhered to in order
to avoid making token provisions and spreading resources thinly over a large number of
projects/schemes.

 No adhoc announcements: The practice of announcing projects and schemes on an ad-hoc

basis in budgets and on important National Days, and during visits of dignitaries,
functionaries to States needs to be stopped.

o Projects/schemes which are considered absolutely essential may be considered in

the annual plans or at the time of mid-term appraisal.

Conclusion

When it comes to budgeting, identifying areas of weakness helps the govt to allocate resources in a
useful and sustainable manner. This is one of the most fundamental objectives behind framing a
government budget. It’s important for the government to ensure that funds reach where it’s
required the most. Therefore, using past data to identify sections of the society in need of economic
welfare policies and implementing those policies helps the government demonstrate efficient
governance and achieve economic stability in the country. A good budget is backed by evidence and
data analysis.

An emphasis on capital expenditure will lead to investment in long-term assets such as

infrastructure and development projects. This can have several positive impacts on the
Indian economy. Elaborate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of increased capital expenditure on the economy of India.
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining a capital expenditure as part of the budget.
Body:

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First, write about the various measures proposed in the Budget 2022 to boost capital expenditure in
India.
Next, write about the positive impact the increased capital expenditure will have on the economy of
India – speedy and sustainable revival, crowding in private investment, boost to investment activity
and support economic growth in the next year etc.
Next, write the downside of increased capital expenditure – higher inflation, higher fiscal deficit etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to have a prudent increase in capital expenditure whilst adhering
to fiscal limits of borrowing.
Introduction

Government expenditure is of two types—revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

Expenditure incurred by the government for operational expenses and liabilities is revenue
expenditure. Salaries, wages, pensions, subsidies, interest on loans, grants made to state
governments, etc., fall under this. Capital expenditure is money spent to create or acquire fixed
assets—machinery, equipment, land, building, investment in shares, health facilities, education,
purchase of new weaponry, etc. While capital expenditure creates assets for the future, revenue
expenditure is recurring in nature.

Body

Impact of emphasis on capital expenditure in the Union Budget will have on the Indian economy

 Capital expenditure, which leads to the creation of assets are long-term in nature and allow
the economy to generate revenue for many years by adding or improving production
facilities and boosting operational efficiency.

 Capital asset creation leads to value creation and has a multiplier effect on the economy.

 It also increases labour participation, takes stock of the economy and raises its capacity to
produce more in future.
 The hike in capital expenditure will be a huge boost for the economy and for crowding in
private investment to spur job creation.
 Virtuous cycle of investment expected to revive on the back of capex and crowd in private
investment

 Capital investments play a huge role in ensuring speedy and sustained economic revival and
consolidation by creating employment opportunities, inducing enhanced demand for
manufactured inputs from large industries and MSMEs, services from professionals,
and helping farmers through better agri-infrastructure.

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 Increased government spending by way of awarding increased contracts also gives

an impetus to private capital expenditure.

 Along with the creation of assets, repayment of loan is also capital expenditure, as it reduces
liability.

 However, the government has to be cautious with the expenditure.

Conclusion

However, States also have an equally important role in capital expenditure. They carry a greater
responsibility on capital formation than the central government. For public investment to flourish,
States’ capital expenditure too has to grow.

Value addition

Capital spending is associated with investment or development spending, where expenditure has
benefits extending years into the future. Capital expenditure includes money spent on the following:

 Acquiring fixed and intangible assets

 Upgrading an existing asset

 Repairing an existing asset

 Repayment of loan

Topic: Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, – different types of irrigation
and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and
related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers

5. What is agrobiodiversity? Discuss the role played by climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in

preserving agrobiodiversity. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India

Why the question:

In July 2023, Dasra, a strategic philanthropy organisation, along with think tank Observer Research
Foundation (ORF) launched a report titled Our Uncommon Future: Intersectionality of Climate
Change and SDGs in the Global South, which explores the impact of climate change on Sustainable
Development Goals and on food insecurity and malnutrition.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about agrobiodiversity and the role climate smart agriculture can play in preserving it.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining agrobiodiversity.

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Body:

First, write about describing various threats faced agrobiodiversity in the country.

Next, write about how climate smart agriculture can play a part in preserving it – increase
sustainable productivity, strengthen farmers’ resilience, reduce agriculture’s greenhouse gas
emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Substantiate with examples.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Agrobiodiversity is the result of natural selection processes and the careful selection and inventive
developments of farmers, herders and fishers over millennia. Agrobiodiversity is a vital sub-set of
biodiversity. Many people’s food and livelihood security depend on the sustained management of
various biological resources that are important for food and agriculture.

In July 2023, Dasra, a strategic philanthropy organisation, along with think tank Observer Research
Foundation (ORF) launched a report titled Our Uncommon Future: Intersectionality of Climate
Change and SDGs in the Global South, which explores the impact of climate change on Sustainable
Development Goals and on food insecurity and malnutrition.

Body
Agricultural biodiversity, also known as agrobiodiversity or the genetic resources for food and
agriculture, includes:

 Harvested crop varieties, livestock breeds, fish species and non domesticated (wild)
resources within field, forest, rangeland including tree products, wild animals hunted for
food and in aquatic ecosystems (e.g. wild fish);

 Non-harvested species in production ecosystems that support food provision, including soil
micro-biota, pollinators and other insects such as bees, butterflies, earthworms, greenflies;
and
 Non-harvested species in the wider environment that support food production ecosystems
(agricultural, pastoral, forest and aquatic ecosystems).

AGROBIODIVERSITY IS CENTRAL TO OVERALL BIODIVERSITY

various threats faced agrobiodiversity in the country

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· India’s agricultural ecosystem is distinguished by high monsoon dependence and with 85%
small and marginal landholdings, it is highly sensitive to weather abnormalities.

· There has been less than normal rainfall during the last four years, with 2014 and 2015
declared as drought years.

· There are also reports of an escalation in heat waves, which in turn affecting crops, aquatic
systems and livestock.

· The Economic Survey 2017-18 has estimated farm income losses between 15% and 18% on
average, which could rise to 20%-25% for unirrigated areas without any policy interventions.

· Locally varied food production systems are under threat, including local knowledge and the
culture and skills of women and men farmers.

· With this decline, agrobiodiversity is disappearing; the scale of the loss is extensive.

· With the disappearance of harvested species, varieties and breeds, a wide range of
unharvested species also disappear.

· More than 90 percent of crop varieties have disappeared from farmers’ fields; half of the
breeds of many domestic animals have been lost.

· In fisheries, all the world’s 17 main fishing grounds are now being fished at or above their
sustainable limits, with many fish populations effectively becoming extinct.
· Loss of forest cover, coastal wetlands, other ‘wild’ uncultivated areas, and the destruction of
the aquatic environment exacerbate the genetic erosion of agrobiodiversity.

· Fallow fields and wildlands can support large numbers of species useful to farmers. In addition
to supplying calories and protein, wild foods supply vitamins and other essential micro-nutrients.

· In general, poor households rely on access to wild foods more than the wealthier.
· However, in some areas, pressure on the land is so great that wild food supplies have been
exhausted.

Climate Smart Agriculture: Solving food security and climate change problems

 Increased productivity: Produce more food to improve food and nutrition security and boost
the incomes of 75 percent of the world’s poor who live in rural areas and mainly rely on
agriculture for their livelihoods.

 Enhanced resilience:Reduce vulnerability to drought, pests, disease, and other shocks; and
improve capacity to adapt and grow in the face of longer-term stresses like shortened
seasons and erratic weather patterns.

 Reduced emissions: Pursue lower emissions for each calorie or kilo of food produced, avoid
deforestation from agriculture and identify ways to suck carbon out of the atmosphere.

 The climate-smart agriculture approach seeks to reduce trade-offs to make crop and
livestock systems, forestry, and fisheries and aquaculture more productiveand more
sustainable.

 Climate-smart agriculture explicitly looks for where there are synergies and trade-offs
among food security, adaptation and mitigation. Climate smart agriculture works through
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several dimensions to reorient agricultural development and managementto take climate

change into account.

 Management of farms, crops, livestock, aquaculture and capture fisheries to balance near-
term food security and livelihoods needs with priorities for adaptation and mitigation.

 Ecosystem and landscape management to conserve ecosystem servicesthat are important

for food security, agricultural development, adaptation and mitigation.

Way forward

 Farmers, especially smallholder farmers, need handholding during their scaling up to adopt
CSA.

 Mobile telecommunicationsystems are increasingly cost-effective and an efficient way of

delivering weather-based agro-advisories to farmers at a large scale (Kisan app).
Radio (especially community radio), television, newspapers, folk media, and village level
public address systems will also need to be used to bridge this “communication divide.”

 Weather-based agro-advisories must be locale-specific, crop-and farmer-specific; need to

also recommend soil, water, and biodiversity conservation practices. Integrating this
with Soil Health Card schemewill be a good step forward.
 Build adaptive capacities to climate variability and strengthen the sustainability of farming
systems.

 On-site training and awareness campaigns, technology demonstrations, farmer-specialist

interactions, and engagement with local governance bodies.

 Soil health and need-based irrigationmanagement need to be addressed adequately.

 Closer collaboration between public, civil society, and private technology and financial
service providers so that farmers get access to accurate information, and affordable
technologies.

Conclusion
Overall, climate-smart agriculture is a crucial approach for ensuring the sustainability and resilience
of agricultural systems in the face of climate change, while also contributing to broader
environmental and socio-economic goals.

Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.

To achieve inclusive growth and realize the vision of Viksit Bharat, India needs
comprehensive policy interventions that address structural barriers to inclusive
development. Explain. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
Key Demand of the question:
To explain about inclusive growth, impediments to it and measures needed to overcome them.
Directive word:

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Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining inclusive growth and its key components vis-à-vis the aim of Viksit Bharat.
Body:
In the first, in detail write the impediments for inclusive growth – Poverty, lack of adequate
employment opportunities, lack of adequate education and skill development and governance deficit,
especially in backward regions etc. Mention the impact of covid-19 pandemic on inclusive growth
efforts.
Suggest measures and solutions to address these issues.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

The concept of inclusive growth focuses on equitable growth for all sections of society. This
involves ensuring that fruits of growth and development reach the poor and marginalized sections as
well. Inclusiveness is a multi-dimensional concept. Inequalities that include, social exclusion,
discrimination, restrictions on migration, constraints on human development, lack of access to
finance and insurance, corruption – are sources of inequality and limit the prospect for economic
advancement among certain segments of the population, thereby perpetuating poverty.

Body

Major impediments to inclusive growth:

 Poverty alleviation is one of the big challenges for India. Eradication of poverty in India is
generally only considered to be a long-term goal. Poverty alleviation is expected to make
better progress in the next 50 years than in the past, as a trickle-down effect of the growing
middle class.

 Increasing stress on education, reservation of seats in government jobs and the increasing
empowerment of women and the economically weaker sections of society, are also
expected to contribute to the alleviation of poverty

 Government schemes should target eradication of both poverty and unemployment (which
in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search
of livelihoods) attempt to solve the problem, by providing financial assistance for setting up
businesses, skill honing, setting up public sector enterprises, reservations in governments,
etc.

 Disparity

o The disparity between -> Rich and Poor

o The disparity between -> Urban and Rural

o The disparity between -> Educated and Uneducated

 Demography: We have 550 million young people below 25 age, we have the ready
workforce for the world, everything we do today must focus on this population, we need to
provide them nutrition food, skills, and job opportunities to grow.

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 Improving the delivery of core public services: The incomes rise, citizens are demanding
better delivery of core public services such as water and power supply, education, policing,
sanitation, roads and public health. As physical access to services improves, issues of quality
have become more central.

 Maintaining rapid growth while making growth more inclusive: The growing disparities
between urban and rural areas, prosperous and lagging states, skilled and low-skilled
workers, the primary medium term policy challenge for India is not to raise growth from 8 to
10 percent but to sustain rapid growth while spreading its benefits more widely.

 Developmental challenges:
 Expansion: Expansion is happening every day in developing countries like India, but perhaps
not happening in the pace we would like. We have roads but we need more roads likewise
we need to expand energy, infrastructure, facilities, etc.

 Excellence: Leaving of our top 5 or 10% quality of our education, our services, our
governance, is really not that so great, we must collectively work towards improving quality
in everywhere.
 Equity: We need to make sure that the poorest to the poorer can indeed get the best
education, health, jobs, and other facilities.

 Social development is possible through achieving Women Empowerment and eradicating

the regional disparities. Though the Government is giving the women empowerment by
giving special reservations, the women’s advancement in India is still not matched the
expectations for inclusive growth.

Measures needed to overcome:

 Lowering the incidence of poverty and inequality requires a comprehensive strategy.

 Important steps need to be taken like framing policies to improve health, nutrition and
education.

 Labour market reforms and reforms of direct taxation will have redistributive effects on the
system.

 Schemes like National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), provide 100 days or more
of employment at a wage determined by government are already in progress but there is a need
to check the cost effectiveness of these schemes
 Reforms to plug the leakages in the PDS, introduction of GPS tracking, activating vigilance
committees, must be undertaken across the country.

 Research needs to be carried out by government agencies to document the ‘best practices’ in
the implementation of government schemes.

 Minorities and other excluded groups, including the poor in upper castes, also need special
programmes to bring them into the mainstream.

 Rapid investments from public and private sectors are necessary to translate India’s high growth
to meaningful human development.

 Only then can our Human Development Index rise to levels worthy of a developed nation.
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 Our private sector and financial system should gear up to enable this effort for a more equitable
growth benefiting all of India.

Conclusion

A democratic political system, stable governance, liberalized economy, demographic advantage,

consumption trends, upgrading infrastructure and a strong financial sector embodied by robust
regulators are contributing to India’s economic resilience. Reducing poverty is to be taken as key
element in our inclusive growth strategy and there has been some progress in that regard.

Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their

effects on industrial growth.
India’s issues with the WTO are emblematic of broader tensions between free trade
and development objectives, as well as debates about the role of international
organizations in setting global trade rules. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the issues of India with WTO, reforms that are needed in the WTO.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving the aims and objectives of WTO.
Body:
First, Explain the factors that have led to India’s chequered relationship with the World Trade
Organisation (WTO). – disagreements over agricultural subsidies, intellectual property, services
trade, special and differential treatment for developing countries, and the functioning of the dispute
settlement mechanism.
Next, suggest reforms that are needed to overcome the above – Appellate body reform, clarity on
Special and differential treatment and Sustainable Development Goal-oriented trade negotiation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

WTO as an organization was expected to play larger role for improved living standards, employment
generation, trade expansion with increasing share for developing countries and overall sustainable
development. Trade liberalization was seen as means for achieving the above-mentioned objectives.

A democratic inclusive WTO however, started showing signs of discontent. The issues came to
surface in the very first Singapore Ministerial (1996). Singapore issues spilled over to Seattle, Cancun
and finally to Doha Ministerial. The recent trade war between US and China where US is increasing
import tariffs is a symptom of the larger rot

Body

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India and WTO: A chequered relationship

 Stalled Doha Development Round negotiations: They focused on reducing important trade
barriers in sectors, such as agriculture, industrial goods and services.

o However, after a decade of talks, it still remains to be concluded.

 Growing protectionism: Over the past two years, governments have introduced trade
restrictions covering a substantial amount of international trade — affecting $747 billion in
global imports in the past year alone.

o WTO has been less affective in addressing them, including US China trade war.

 New emerging issues: Groups of members are also working towards new rules on a range of
issues — electronic commerce, investment facilitation, domestic regulation in services —
that aim to make trade more efficient and predictable in cutting-edge sectors of the
economy.

o However, the rising differences among developed and developing countries is

delaying any early settlement.

o India has made it clear that no discussion can go on without settling the question of
Peace clause and Doha rounds.

 Side stepping WTO: Since the launch of the Doha Round, countries have turned to free trade
agreements (FTAs) in order to gain significant trade access in new markets and to explore
new trade-related issues that are currently not addressed within the WTO.

o As more FTAs have been concluded, the central role of the WTO in liberalizing trade
has been called into question.

 Limited success in major issues: WTO has played a very limited role in helping address other
global issues related to trade, such as food security, climate change and global trade
imbalances.

Way forward
 A vibrant WTO cannot accommodate conflicting economic models of market versus state. All
WTO members will have to accept the operative assumption of a rules-based order steered
by a market economy, the private sector, and competition.

 Launch negotiations to address the intertwined issues of agricultural subsidies and market
access, while recognising that food security concerns will not disappear.

 A credible trading system requires a dispute settlement system that is accepted by all.

 Launch serious negotiations to restore the balance, and we must do so in an open-ended

plurilateral manner that cannot be blocked by those who do not want to move ahead.

 GATT/WTO rules in a number of areas are outdated. New rules are required to keep pace
with changes in the market and technology. Rules and disciplines on topics ranging from
trade-distorting industrial subsidies to digital trade require updates.

Conclusion

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The World Trade Organization remains an indispensable organisation but it requires urgent
modernisation. Members have to face the reality that the organisation requires non-cosmetic,
serious root-and-branch reform for a WTO adapted to 21st century economic and political realities.

Value addition

Organizational Structure of WTO

 Ministerial Conference – It Includes all members, meets once in 2 year and the 11th
Ministerial Conference was held in Argentina)

 General Council – It acts a Dispute Settlement Body and Trade Policy Review Body

Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of
irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural
produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), while offering various benefits, it also presents
challenges that need to be addressed for successful implementation. Comment. (250
words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the ZBNF, its pros and challenges.
Directive word:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall
opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining ZBNF.
Body:
In the first part, examine the potential of this technique if implemented on a nationwide scale,
especially in light of productivity. Mention without using any credit, and without spending any money
on purchased inputs. ‘Natural farming’ means farming with Nature and without chemicals.
Next, write about its benefits – reduced production costs, environmental sustainability, improved soil
health, resilience to climate change, and health benefits etc.
Next, write about its challenges – yield variability, faces market challenges, demands effective pest
management, and has limited scalability etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by way forward to ramp up its application.
Introduction

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a set of farming methods, and also a grassroots
peasant movement, which has spread to various states in India. It has attained wide success in
southern India, especially the southern Indian state of Karnataka where it first evolved. The
movement in Karnataka state was born out of collaboration between Mr Subhash Palekar, who put

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together the ZBNF practices, and the state farmers association Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha
(KRRS).

Body

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About Zero budget natural farming

 The “four wheels” of ZBNF are ‘Jiwamrita’, ‘Bijamrita’, ‘Mulching’ and ‘Waaphasa’.

 Jiwamrita is a fermented mixture of cow dung and urine (of desi breeds), jaggery, pulses
flour, water and soil from the farm bund. This isn’t a fertiliser, but just a source of some 500
crore micro-organisms that can convert all the necessary “non-available” nutrients into
“available” form.

 Bijamrita is a mix of desi cow dung and urine, water, bund soil and lime that is used as a
seed treatment solution prior to sowing.

 Mulching, or covering the plants with a layer of dried straw or fallen leaves, is meant to
conserve soil moisture and keep the temperature around the roots at 25-32 degrees Celsius,
which allows the microorganisms to do their job.

 Waaphasa, or providing water to maintain the required moisture-air balance, also achieves
the same objective.

 Palekar also advocates the use of special ‘Agniastra’, ‘Bramhastra’ and ‘Neemastra’
concoctions again based on desi cow urine and dung, plus pulp from leaves of neem, white
datura, papaya, guava and pomegranates for controlling pest and disease attacks.

Benefits of ZBNF to farm incomes

 Low input cost: Zero budget’ farming promises to end a reliance on loans and drastically cut
production costs, ending the debt cycle for desperate farmers.

 Higher yield: Besides reduced input cost, farmers practising ZBNF gets higher yields. In
Andhra Yields of five crops (paddy, groundnut, black gram, maize and chillies) have
increased by 8-32 per cent for ZBNF farmers.

o Farmers are able to get five quintals of red gram under ZBNF compared to three
quintals under non-ZBNF.

o Farmers use bio fertilizers and that make the soil fertile, thus giving higher yields.

 Net income raised: There will be increase in net income for farmers and will improve the
cash flow of poor and vulnerable farmers, and may enhance their ability to deal with
economic shock

o Crop cutting experiments from 2016 and 2017 indicate that ZBNF farmers in AP earn
better net incomes and can raise their disposable incomes. Farmers vulnerable to
economic shocks have an important safety net against short-term shocks.

 Andhra Pradesh: With its combination of delta regions, arid and hilly tribal areas, districts
in Andhra Pradesh are similar to those in other parts of the country and could
therefore serve as a model for replication.

o The approach taken to monitor the improvements is vital to understanding

the outcomes of large-scale changes that are under way; this is critical to expanding
the ZBNF to other States.

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o As ZBNF is applied in India’s various agro-ecological zones, making farmers the

innovators is essential.

 Resilient food systems are the need of the day given the variability of the monsoons due to
global warming and declining groundwater in large parts of India.

o The drought-prone Rayalaseema region (Andhra Pradesh) is reportedly seeing

promising changes already in farms with the ZBNF.

 Mixed cropping is the key to recover the cost of production:

 The farmers have to practise mixed cropping, the cost of main crop is recovered by the sale
of cash crops that you sow alongside.

o Also, it is about using organic manure,” It takes time but ultimately yields positive
results.

Conclusion

The implementation of this project at scale will impact a multitude of stakeholders, and also help
India progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United
Nations (UN) to facilitate the post-2015 development agenda.

Agricultural scientists in India have to rework their entire strategy so that farming is in consonance
with nature. The dominant paradigm of chemical-based agriculture has failed and regenerative
agriculture is the emerging new science.

The world is at critical junctures on many planetary boundaries, and establishing a system that
shows promise in improving them while supporting people sustainably is surely one worth
pursuing.

The heavy reliance on imports for country’s edible oil requirement can have several
economic, social, and strategic implications. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: https://www.moneycontrol.com
Why the question:
Around 60% of the country’s edible oil requirement is met through imports. Among palm oil, soybean
oil, sunflower oil and mustard oil, the first three largely depend on imports.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of import of edible oil and ways to address it.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write about the shortage of edible oil imports and its impact.
Next, write about the measures that are needed to overcome the overcome the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

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India’s edible oil imports have risen almost 1.5 times and more than doubled in rupee value terms
during the last 10 years. India needs 25 million tonnes of edible oils to meet its requirement at
current consumption level of 19 kg per person per year. Out of the total requirement, 10.50 million
tonnes are produced domestically from primary (Soybean, Rapeseed & Mustard, Groundnut,
Sunflower, Safflower & Niger) and secondary sources (Oil palm, Coconut, Rice Bran, Cotton seeds &
Tree Borne Oilseeds) and remaining 70%, is met through import.

Around 60% of the country’s edible oil requirement is met through imports. Among palm oil,
soybean oil, sunflower oil and mustard oil, the first three largely depend on imports.

Body

Import of edible oil

 Imports of vegetable oils — used in cooking and frying of foods, as opposed to petroleum
fuels — touched a record 16.5 million tonnes (mt) in the year ended October 2023,
according to data from the Solvent Extractors’ Association of India (SEA).

 While up from the 14 mt of the 2021-22 oil year, the value of imports fell both in dollar
(from $19.6 billion to $16.7 billion) and rupee (Rs 156,800 crore to Rs 138,424 crore) terms,
on the back of a crash in global prices.

 From a 10-year perspective, India’s edible oil imports have increased from 11.6 mt (valued at
Rs 60,750 crore) in 2013-14 to 16.5 mt (Rs 138,424 crore) in 2022-23, with the jump
pronounced in the last three years.

 During the previous 10 years between 2004-05 and 2013-14, imports had shot up even
more, from 5 mt to 11.6 mt.

Reasons for edible oil import dependence in India

 India’s import dependence in this has worsened to over 70%. Oilseed growers in India are in
distress as a result of increased imports.

 The planted acreage has stagnated and the yields also continue to be abysmally low.

 This is primarily because growers have no incentive to improve agronomic practices.

 The marketability of the crop grown is also weak as the price support mechanism is nearly
non-existent.

 Market – Liberal policies with zero or low rate of duty and free market operations of the last
25 years have contributed to unfettered imports.

 This has worked against protecting the interests of domestic growers.

 About 10-15% of the current import volume is speculation driven. It often represents stock
transfer from Indonesia and Malaysia to India.

 Huge inventories of as much as 2 million tonnes are often piled up in India, in turn affecting
the domestic market.

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Measures to boost domestic production of edible oils

India has a serious import dependency in edible oil. One of the biggest constraints to raising oilseed
output has been that production is largely in rain-fed areas. Only one fourth of the oilseed producing
area in the country remains under the irrigation.

 In 1986, government had launched a Technology Mission on Oilseedsto improve

productivity. This resulted in some growth but then growth in this field has been sluggish
only.

 Current Government is promoting National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm

(NMOOP)during 2012-17. This mission has some clear cut objectives such as:

o Increasing Seed Replacement Ratio (SRR) in oil crops with focus on Varietal
Replacement;

o Increasing irrigation coverage under oilseeds from 26% to 36%;

o Diversification of area from low yielding cereals crops to oilseeds crops; inter-
cropping of oilseeds with cereals/ pulses/ sugarcane;

o Use of fallow land after paddy /potato cultivation;

o Expansion of cultivation of Oil Palm and tree borne oilseeds in watersheds and
wastelands;
o Increasing availability of quality planting material enhancing procurement of
oilseeds and collection; and

o Processing of tree borne oilseeds.

 National Mission on Edible Oils (NMEO): To increase domestic availability and reduce
import dependency, a National Mission on Edible Oils (NMEO) is proposed for next five years
(2020-21 to 2024-25). NMEO covering three Sub-Missions to increase production of oilseeds
and edible oils from

o Primary Sources (Annual Crops, Plantation Crops and Edible TBOs),

o Secondary Sources (Rice bran oil and Cotton seed oil) and
o Consumer Awareness for maintaining edible oil consumption constant at 19.00 kg
per person per annum.

 The proposed mission will aim to increase production from 30.88 to 47.80 million tonnes of
oilseeds which will produce 7.00 to 11.00 million tonnes of edible oils from Primary Sources
by 2024-25. Similarly edible oils from secondary sources will be doubled from 3.50 to 7.00
million tonnes.
 The following action point will be initiated for increasing production and productivity of
oilseeds and promotion of Secondary Sources of Edible oils:

o Increasing seed replacement rate and varietal replacement rate

o Promotion of oilseed in rice fallow/ potato areas

o Promotion of oilseeds through intercropping

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o Extending oilseed cultivation in non-traditional area

o Targeting 100 low productivity districts

o Crop diversification in different reasons

o Promotion of community-based oil extraction unit

o Value addition and promotion of export

o Promotion of rice bran and cotton seed oil

o Consumer awareness for judicious consumption of oils for good health

Conclusion

India must become self-sufficient in edible oil production and this must become a part of India’s
Atmanirbharta. Certain WTO compliant incentives must be given to farmers in increasing the growth
of oilseed production in the country to ensure domestic cultivation.

Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices;
Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues
of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-
rearing.
Recognizing the importance of the livestock sector is essential for supporting rural
livelihoods, improving food security, and promoting inclusive agricultural growth in
India. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To examine the role of livestock in India farmers’ economy and ways to further augment it.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving the statistic related to livestock as part of agriculture in India.
Body:
First, explain the contributions of livestock in ensuring better returns to Farmers, additional income,
giving choice and security in the period of distress.
In the next part, write about the various measures taken by promote livestock in the country and
further measures that are required so that it yield maximum returns.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

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India’s livestock sector is one of the largest in the world. About 20.5 million people depend
upon livestock for their livelihood. Livestock contributed 16% to the income of small farm
households as against an average of 14% for all rural households. Livestock provides livelihood to
two-third of rural community. It also provides employment to about 8.8 % of the population in India.
India has vast livestock resources. Livestock sector contributes 4.11% GDP and 25.6% of total
Agriculture GDP.

Body

Trends in livestock population: (Source: 20th Livestock Census)

 Total Livestock population is 535.78 million- an increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census-2012.

 Total Bovine population (Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun and Yak)-79 Million in 2019- an increase of
about 1% over the previous census.

 A decline of 6 % in the total Indigenous/ Non-descript cattle population over the previous
census.

 The population of cows in the country has risen by 18 per cent in the last seven years, while that
of oxen dipped by 30 per cent, according to the latest census of livestock.

 there was a spectacular 16.8 per cent increase in the poultry population in the country to 851.81
million, mainly on account of a 46 per cent rise in backyard poultry birds, whose numbers have
gone up to 317 million.

 The number of female cattle is 145.12 million, which is 18 per cent over the 122.98 million in
2012. The number of male cattle, on the other hand, dropped to 47.4 million as against 67.92
million in 2012.

 While cattle accounted for 35.94 per cent of total livestock in the country, goats accounted for
27.80 per cent, buffaloes: 20.45 per cent, sheep: 13.87 per cent and pigs: 1.69 per cent.

Role of livestock in socio-economic life of India:

The livestock plays an important role in the economy of farmers. The farmers in India maintain
mixed farming system i.e. a combination of crop and livestock where the output of one enterprise
becomes the input of another enterprise thereby realize the resource efficiency. The livestock serve
the farmers in different ways.

 Income:

 Livestock is a source of subsidiary income for many families in India especially the
resource poor who maintain few heads of animals.

 Cows and buffaloes if in milk will provide regular income to the livestock farmers
through sale of milk.
 Animals like sheep and goat serve as sources of income during emergencies to meet
exigencies like marriages, treatment of sick persons, children education, repair of houses
etc.

 The animals also serve as moving banks and assets which provide economic security to
the owners.

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 Employment:

 A large number of people in India being less literate and unskilled depend upon
agriculture for their livelihoods.

 But agriculture being seasonal in nature could provide employment for a maximum of
180 days in a year.

 The land less and less land people depend upon livestock for utilizing their labour during
lean agricultural season.

 Food:

 The livestock products such as milk, meat and eggs are an important source of animal
protein to the members of the livestock owners.

 The per capita availability of milk is around 355 g / day; eggs is 69 / annum;

 Social security:

 The animals offer social security to the owners in terms of their status in the society.

 The families especially the landless which own animals are better placed than those who
do not.

 Gifting of animals during marriages is a very common phenomenon in different parts of

the country.

 Rearing of animals is a part of the Indian culture. Animals are used for various socio
religious functions.

 Cows for house warming ceremonies; rams, bucks and chicken for sacrifice during
festive seasons;

 Bulls and Cows are worshipped during various religious functions. Many owners develop
attachment to their animals.

 Gender equity:

 Animal husbandry promotes gender equity.

 More than three-fourth of the labour demand in livestock production is met by women.
 The share of women employment in livestock sector is around 90% in Punjab and
Haryana where dairying is a prominent activity and animals are stall-fed.

 Draft:

 The bullocks are the back bone of Indian agriculture.

 The farmers especially the marginal and small depend upon bullocks for ploughing,
carting and transport of both inputs and outputs.

 Dung:

 In rural areas dung is used for several purposes which include fuel (dung cakes), fertilizer
(farm yard manure), and plastering material (poor man’s cement).

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Measures to strengthen Livestock sector

 Increase in the market share depends on how dairy firms’ capabilities and their resources
are utilised given the opportunities and threats emanating from emerging markets
economies.

 Contract/corporate dairying and emerging global dairy trade are required to rope in dairy
supply chains stakeholders in order to expand their outreach and “on-the-go” product
positioning into the target segment.

 Digital technology-enabled dairy firms need to identify their compatible partners and
competitors for co-creation through product-process innovation via relationship/value-
based marketing.

 Freshness in milk, and convenience to store milk or milk products can be a technology
innovation brought in by large dairy firms in association start-ups.

 Education and Training at Panchayat level for small and medium size farmers

 Subsidizing cattle production and encouraging cattle markets

 Facility of logistics for produced milk

 Improved Veterinary facility specially in artificial insemination of cattle

 Encouraging private sector firm to procure dairy produced at rural level

 Low interest loans for small and medium scale farmers for cattle purchase

 Encouraging rural women to take up animal husbandry

 Insurance of cattle against diseases like Anthrax, Foot and Mouth, Peste des Ruminantes,
etc.

 Nurture dairy entrepreneurs through effective training of youth at the village level coupled
with dedicated leadership and professional management of farmers’ institutions.

 Agricultural practices, sanitation, quality of drinking water & fodder, type and quality of
pipelines – all of these need to be aligned to the goal of healthy milk

Conclusion

With increasing population, persistent rise in food inflation, unfortunate rise in farmer’s suicide and
majority of the Indian population having agriculture as the primary occupation, the practice of
animal husbandry is no more a choice, but a need in contemporary scenario. Its successful,
sustainable and skilful implementation will go a long way in ameliorating the socio-economic
condition of lower strata of our society. Linking the animal husbandry with food processing industry,
agriculture, researches & patents has all the possible potential to make India a nutritional power
house of the world. Animal husbandry is the imperative hope, definite desire and urgent panacea for
India as well as the world.

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Doubling the income of India’s farmers requires a comprehensive and integrated

strategy that addresses the various challenges faced by the agricultural sector. Analyse.
(250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India
Why the question:
At least in major cereals, the long-term impact of such tight control seems to insulate the Indian
farmer from global price volatility, rather than result in structurally lower prices for Indian
consumers.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the measures needed to double farmers income.
Directive:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write about the causes for the falling crop incomes and unsustainable agriculture – Small
holdings make agriculture uneconomic, Perpetual indebtedness, Inability to procure quality seeds,
Lack of water and poor yields etc.
Next, suggest measures that are needed in order to overcome the above and double farmers income
in India – Crop Diversification, Irrigation Facilities Providing Credit and Insurance, Strengthening
Market Linkages, Investing in Agricultural Research and Development etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

In 2016, the Government had set the target of doubling farmers’ income by 2022-23. To achieve this
goal, the government had set up a committee to recommend changes to all parts of the agricultural
production and supply chain. The Committee listed its recommendations in a 14-volume report. At
the time, by the government’s own calculations, a farming household in India earned an average of
INR 8,059 per month, or about INR 97,000 per year. The Government is likely to miss the target as
less than a year remains in the timeline. No individual state is likely to achieve it either.

Body

Challenges in achieving the goal of Doubling Farmer’s Income

 Decreasing Profitability in agriculture sector: Profitability has been declining in recent years
due to plummeting agricultural prices and rising cultivation costs. Recently, prices of critical
inputs such as fuel and fertilizers have risen sharply as well. Further there have been issues
in land and labour productivity on farms, post-harvest processing, agricultural research and
extension, among others.

 Web of Middlemen: There exists a strong web of intermediaries that enjoy maximum profit
and leaves bare minimum revenue for the farmers. A major share of the income is cornered
by the middlemen.

 Policy Lacunae: According to many experts, the policies to achieve the growth rates have
not been clearly articulated by the Centre to the states. This becomes extremely crucial
considering agriculture is a State subject. In addition, there have been issues in the
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implementation of policy initiatives. For example, many States have opted out of PMFBY due
to implementation issues.

 High Input costs: Land degradation has become a major challenge and cost of farming is
constantly rising with usage of fertilizer, pesticides, expensive seed varieties, machinery,
labour cost, rise in fuel prices, vagaries of monsoon. This further complicates the livelihood
of farmers

o In India, farmers are poor due to low productivity (yield per hectare) of all major
crops.

o Growth in rural lending has decreased and indeed most of the rural lending is
indirect rather than direct.

 Credit, finance and Insurance: Raising the MSP, price deficiency payments or income
support schemes can only be a partial solution to the problem of providing remunerative
returns to farmers.

o A functional institutional credit system which is accessible and accountable to all

cultivators.

o This covers not only land-owning farmers but also sharecroppers, tenants, adivasi
and women farmers, and animal-rearers.

o Credit products for agriculture need to be tailor-made based on cropping and rain
cycle, specific to a particular region. The regional offices of commercial banks should
contribute in this exercise. Registration of all cultivators and providing Kisan credit
cards.

o The period of crop loan should be extendable to four years, given that, on average,
every second or third year the spatial distribution of rain pattern is erratic in India.

 Land holdings: The average size of farm holdings declined from 2.3 hectares in 1970-71 to
1.08 hectares in 2015-16.

o Policies for land consolidation along with land development activities in order to
tackle the challenge of the low average size of holdings.

o Farmers can voluntarily come togetherand pool land to gain the benefits of size.
Through consolidation, farmers can reap the economies of scale both in input
procurement and output marketing.
 Remunerative Prices: Extending reach of minimum support price which has been dedicated
to few crops and in a narrow geographical area is important.

o Set up of Futures and Trade markets, tie up of farmer and private companies for
procurement should be looked into as alternative methods against distress sale.

Reforms to envision doubling of farmer’s income

 Intervention of the Government: The government schemes will not help them double their
income unless the government policies on agriculture are comprehensive, grant freedom
of technology and market, and infuse more money into infrastructure development.

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o Ad hoc policies and schemes will not help farmers as long as the government
intervenes in the market to control prices to keep the consumers happy at the cost
of farmers.

 Need for Technology & New Practices: The country needs to increase the use of quality
seed, fertiliser and power supply for agriculture. Adoption of agronomic practices like
precision farming to raise production and income of farmers substantially.

o Since India is a diverse country where the majority of agriculture is monsoon

dependent therefore interventions are needed which include research, technology
promotion, extension, post-harvest management, processing and marketing, in
consonance with the comparative advantage of each State/region and its diverse
agro-climatic features.

 Expansion in Required Areas: Area under irrigation has to be expanded by 1.78 million
hectares and area under double cropping should be increased by 1.85 million hectares every
year.

o Besides, the area for fruits and vegetables is required to increase by 5% each year.
 Improvement in Livestock Management: In the case of livestock, improvement in herd
quality, better feed, increase in artificial insemination, reduction in calving interval and
lowering age at first calving are the potential sources of growth.

 Need for Comprehensive Reforms: About one-third of the increase in farmers’ income is
easily attainable through better price realization, efficient post-harvest management,
competitive value chains and adoption of allied activities.
o This requires comprehensive reforms in market, land lease and raising of trees on
private land.

 Enhance Participation: Most of the development initiatives and policies for agriculture are
implemented by the States. Therefore, it is essential to mobilise States and UTs to own and
achieve the goal of doubling farmers’ income.

 Need to Liberalise Agriculture: To attract responsible private investments in production and

the market. Similarly, FPO (Farmers Producer Organisation)/FPC (Farmers Producer
Company) can play a big role in promoting small farm businesses.

Conclusion

To achieve government’s goal of doubling farmers’ incomes by 2022-23, the Dalwai Committee
points out that farmers real incomes need to grow at 10.4 per annum, that is 2.8 times the growth
rate achieved historically. To secure future of agriculture and to improve livelihood of half of India’s
population, adequate attention needs to be given to improve the welfare of farmers and raise
agricultural income. It is essential to mobilize States and UTs to own and achieve the goal of
doubling farmers’ income with active focus on capacity building (technology adoption and
awareness) of farmers that will be the catalyst to boost farmers’ income.

White Revolution 2.0 in India aims to revitalize the dairy sector and extend the success
of the original White Revolution to other agricultural domains. Discuss steps to bring
about White Revolution 2.0. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
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Reference: Indian Express. , Insights on India

Why the question:
The government’s latest Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) for 2022-23 shows milk
emerging as India’s top food spend item, both in rural and urban areas.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about white revolution 2.0 and steps to boost milk production.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context regarding the White Revolution 2.0 in India.
Body:
First, mention about the factors that made White revolution possible and its impact on milk
production and economy of India. write about the various issues in the diary sector in the country.
Next, write about the potential of White Revolution 2.0 in India and steps that are needed to achieve
the same.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction

The huge increase in milk supply through concerted efforts on a cooperative level is known as
the White Revolution. Forty-eight years after Operation Flood – that made India the world’s largest
milk producer – India continues to be on the lookout for the next breakthrough in agricultural
produce and productivity. White Revolution 2.0 has effectuated dairy firms’ marketing strategy for
milk and milk products, resuscitating the outlook of product-market mix.

The government’s latest Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) for 2022-23 shows milk
emerging as India’s top food spend item, both in rural and urban areas.

Body:

Milk production in India:

 India emerged as the largest milk producer and consumer in 2019.

 Niti Aayog estimates that the country is expected to increase its milk production to 330
million metric tonnes (mt) in 2033–34 from the current level of 176 mt.
 Currently India has 17% of world output of dairy products, surpassing USA in 1998 as world’s
largest producer of dairy. All this was achieved by operation Flood which was launched in
1970’s.

 According to market research company IMARC, the milk and dairy products industry reached
Rs7.9 lakh crore in 2017.

 In 2016, the milk sector alone was valued at Rs3 lakh crore and is projected to scale Rs7.3
lakh crore by 2021.

 The per capita milk availability in India has gone up from 126 gm per day in 1960 to 359 gm
per day in 2015.

Potential of White Revolution 2.0:

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 Post-liberalisation and Milk and Milk Products Order (2002) was abolished, dairy businesses
observed a radical shift toward a strategic product diversification towards functional and
traceable foods like nutrition-based health drinks, packaged milk products (such as paneer),
and frozen/probiotic products and so on.

 Market structure, conduct, and performance has dramatically changed post 2000s. Besides
the established cooperative federations like Amul, other state cooperative federations and
multinationals (namely, Nestle, Danon, and Lactalis) are aggressively harnessing the
untapped business potential.

 White revolution 2.0 can strengthen the scope of vertical integration between cattle feed
industries, dairy machinery firms, producer cooperatives unions, state marketing
federations, advertising and marketing firms, logistics and distribution agencies.

 The dairy industry in India is unique. With six lakh villages housing about 90 crore people,
dairying is not just a large economic activity but also an integral part of our social and
cultural heritage

 Can help small farmers to reduce dependence on crop sales

 Can increase source of income of farmers in low yielding areas like Marathwada,
Bundelkhand etc

 India is surrounded by countries and regions that are milk-deficient, such as the Middle East,
South Asia and Southeast Asia.

 There is ample scope for export of value-added milk products to Bangladesh, China,
Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, the UAE, Oman and other gulf countries,
all of which are located close to India.

 At present, the population of South Asia alone is growing at 1.3 per cent a year; it is likely to
be 2.2 billion by 2050. This presents an opportunity for India’s dairy industry

Challenges to White Revolution 2.0:

 The Indian cows and buffaloes are generally low yielding and non-descript because of the
lack of healthy cattle-feed and fodder, tropical heat and diseases.

 Despite lack of water and gradually declining arable land, dairy farming is on the rise.

 Free trade agreements, or FTAs, for instance, will allow EU government-subsidised products
to be imported from Europe with little entry barriers. This will pose a big challenge to cow-
farmers.

 Due to unhygienic production, handling conditions and high temperatures, the quality of
milk is adversely affected.

 Because of inadequate marketing facilities, most of the marketable surplus is sold in the
form of ghee which is the least remunerative of all milk products.

Measures needed:

 Increase in the market share depends on how dairy firms’ capabilities and their resources
are utilised given the opportunities and threats emanating from emerging markets
economies.
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 Contract/corporate dairying and emerging global dairy trade are required to rope in dairy
supply chains stakeholders in order to expand their outreach and “on-the-go” product
positioning into the target segment.

 Digital technology-enabled dairy firms need to identify their compatible partners and
competitors for co-creation through product-process innovation via relationship/value-
based marketing.

 Freshness in milk, and convenience to store milk or milk products can be a technology
innovation brought in by large dairy firms in association start-ups.

 Education and Training at Panchayat level for small and medium size farmers

 Subsidizing cattle production and encouraging cattle markets

 Facility of logistics for produced milk

 Improved Veterinary facility specially in artificial insemination of cattle

 Encouraging private sector firm to procure dairy produced at rural level

 Low interest loans for small and medium scale farmers for cattle purchase

 Encouraging rural women to take up animal husbandry

 Insurance of cattle against diseases like Anthrax, Foot and Mouth, Peste des Ruminantes,
etc.

 Nurture dairy entrepreneurs through effective training of youth at the village level coupled
with dedicated leadership and professional management of farmers’ institutions.

 Agricultural practices, sanitation, quality of drinking water & fodder, type and quality of
pipelines – all of these need to be aligned to the goal of healthy milk

Investment models.
The PPP model can be an effective and sustainable option to strengthen the nation’s
infrastructure. Examine the role the PPP model can play in bringing India closer to the
goal of five trillion-dollar economy. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the PPP model, its ability of improve infrastructure and role to in bring India close to 5
trillion-dollar economy.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:

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Begin by explaining the PPP model in brief.

Body:
First, write about the importance of PPP model in promoting and developing infrastructure in the
country. Substantiate with fact/examples the achievements of PPP model in the country.
Next, write about how PPP model can contribute to pushing India towards 5 trillion dollar economy.
Evaluate its strengths and limitations.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward on how to overcome the limitations.
Introduction

According to World Bank, public-private partnership (PPP) is a long-term contract between a

private party and a government entity, for providing a public asset or service, in which the private
party bears significant risk and management responsibility, and remuneration is linked to
performance. Public-private partnerships typically are long-term and involve large corporations on
the private side. Some of the commonly adopted forms of PPPs include build-operate-transfer
(BOT), build-lease-transfer (BLT), design-build-operate-transfer (DBFO), operate-maintain-transfer
(OMT), etc. A key element of these contracts is that the private party takes on a significant portion
of the risk.

Body

Advantages of PPP model

 Access to private sector finance: India has a very large infrastructure need and an associated
funding gap. PPPs can help both to meet the need and to fill the funding gap. PPP projects often
involve the private sector arranging and providing finance. This frees the public sector from the
need to meet financing requirements from its own revenues (taxes) or through borrowing.

 Better infrastructure: They provide better infrastructure solutions than an initiative that is
wholly public or wholly private. By shifting the responsibility for finance away from the public
sector PPPs can enable more investment in infrastructure and increased access to infrastructure
services.

 Increased transparency in the use of funds: A well-designed PPP process can bring procurement
out from behind closed doors. The PPP tender and award process based on open competitive
bidding following international best practice procedures lead to transparency.

 Less delays: They result in faster project completion and reduced delays on infrastructure
projects by including time-to-completion as a measure of performance and therefore of profit.
 Risk distribution: Transfer of risks is the most important advantage of PPP projects. In PPP
projects, there is a possibility to transfer most or all of the risks to the private entity. The private
entities explore opportunities, even though they involve risks.

 Constant cash flow: The state budget is formed of fixed budgets for each ministry. Major
investments are temporary modifications of the budget of a ministry, and this problem can be
difficult to deal with within the budgetary process. Avoiding major investments by having a
constant cash flow is an important driver when the state looks at the advantages of PPP.

Issues with PPP that need to be resolved

 Uncertainties: PPPs often cover a long-term period of service provision (eg. 15-30 years).
Any agreement covering such a long period into the future is naturally subject to

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uncertainty. If the requirements of the public sponsor or the conditions facing the private
sector change during the lifetime of the PPP, the contract may need to be modified to reflect
the changes. This can entail large costs to the public sector.

 Policy and regulatory gaps: Inadequate regulatory framework and inefficiency in the
approval process have been considered as serious disincentives for developers and
contractors. For example, more than two years were needed for the Gujarat Pipavav port
project to receive the necessary clearances after achieving financial closure. Moreover, most
of the large projects involve dealings with various ministries where coordination remains
inefficient.

 Crony capitalism: In many sectors, PPP projects have turned into conduits of crony
capitalism. It is worth noting that a large chunk of politically connected firms in India are in
the infrastructure sector, which have used political connections to win contracts in the past.

 Renegotiation: While private firms accept stringent terms of PPP contracts initially, they lose
no opportunity for renegotiating contracts, in effect garnering a larger share of public
resources than originally planned. Rather than being an exceptional clause, renegotiation
has become the norm in PPP projects in India.

Conclusion

The success of Public-Private Partnership to a large extent depends on optimal risk allocation among
stakeholders, the environment of trust and robust institutional capacity to timely implementation of
PPP projects. To foster the successful implementation of a PPP project, a robust PPP enabling
ecosystem and sound regulatory framework is essential.

Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

What do you understand by ‘Multimodal Transport Systems’? Discuss its role in
addressing urban transportation challenges. How can the creation of the Unified
Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) further help in addressing those challenges?
(250 Words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Business Standards
Why the question?
The question addresses the concept of multimodal transport systems and their significance in
tackling urban transportation challenges. The BS article discusses the need for Indian cities to create
a Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA).
Key Demand of the question: To explain the concept of multimodal transport systems, discuss their
role in addressing urban transportation challenges, and analyze how the creation of the Unified
Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) can help in overcoming these challenges.
Directive word: Discuss – When asked to ‘Discuss,’ candidates are required to examine the topic from
various perspectives, present arguments for and against, and provide a well-rounded analysis.
Structure of the Answer: Introduction:
Begin by defining multimodal transport systems and highlighting their significance in urban
transportation planning.
Body:

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First, explain the concept of multimodal transport systems, emphasizing their integration of different
modes of transportation, such as road, rail, waterways, and air, to provide seamless and efficient
mobility options for urban residents.
Next, discuss the role of multimodal transport systems in addressing urban transportation
challenges. Explore how they can improve accessibility, reduce congestion, enhance mobility, and
promote sustainability in cities.
Next, Analyze how the creation of the Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) can help
in addressing urban transportation challenges. Discuss the functions and responsibilities of UMTA,
such as coordinating transportation planning, implementing integrated transport policies, and
regulating transportation services across metropolitan areas.
Provide examples of cities or regions where the establishment of UMTA has led to improvements in
transportation planning, infrastructure development, and service delivery.
Conclusion:
Highlight the need for integrated and collaborative approaches to urban transportation planning to
create more efficient, equitable, and sustainable cities.
Introduction

Multimodal is a transportation term. Multimodal transportation includes public transportation, rail

and waterways, bicycle and pedestrian. Multimodal access supports the needs of all users whether
they choose to walk, bike, use transit or drive. It means more connections and more
choices. Multimodal transportation is designed to be affordable and efficient.

Body

Significance in Urban Transportation Planning:

 Seamless Mobility: Multimodal systems provide integrated options, ensuring efficient
movement across different modes.

 Efficiency: They optimize resources, reduce travel time, and enhance accessibility.

 Sustainability: By combining various modes, they promote eco-friendly transportation.

Components of Multimodal Transport Systems:

 Road Transportation:

o Trucks play a crucial role in last-mile delivery, connecting other modes.

o Road networks provide accessibility and flexibility.

 Rail Transportation:

o Efficient for bulk cargo over long distances.

o Economical and eco-friendly for certain commodities.

 Air Transportation:

o Swift for high-value goods or urgent deliveries.

o Connects distant regions globally.

 Waterways:

o Suitable for bulk cargo, especially for international trade.

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o Ports act as vital multimodal hubs.

Role of Multimodal Transport Systems in Addressing Urban Challenges:

 Accessibility:

o Seamless connections enhance accessibility for residents.

o Efficient last-mile delivery ensures goods reach their destination.

 Congestion Reduction:

o Integrating modes reduces road congestion.

o Efficient rail and water transport alleviate pressure on highways.

 Enhanced Mobility:

o Multimodal options cater to diverse travel needs.

o Public transit integration encourages usage.

 Sustainability:

o Reduced emissions due to efficient modes.

o Promotes eco-friendly choices.

Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA): UMTA coordinates transportation planning,

policies, and services across metropolitan areas.

 Functions and Responsibilities:

o Policy Coordination: Ensures integrated transport policies.

o Regulation: Monitors and regulates transportation services.

o Infrastructure Development: Oversees projects for efficient mobility.

o Route Integration: Integrates public transport routes.

o Combined Ticketing: Facilitates seamless travel across modes.

o Examples of UMTA Implementation:

 Hyderabad: UMTA oversees traffic and transportation measures in the

Hyderabad Metropolitan Region.

 Chandigarh: UMTA coordinates public transportation and addresses urban

transport challenges.

o Integrated and Collaborative Approaches:

 Holistic Planning: Consider land use, infrastructure, and public transit

together.

 Inclusive Solutions: Prioritize equity, accessibility, and environmental

sustainability.

 Smart Technologies: Use real-time data for efficient operations.

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 Public Participation: Involve citizens in decision-making.

Conclusion

UMTA and Multimodal Systems together, they pave the way for efficient, equitable, and sustainable
urban transportation. Cities must collaborate across agencies and modes to create vibrant, people-
centric transport networks.

In the light of frequent coal shortages, diversifying energy sources, promoting energy
efficiency, and increased domestic coal supplies are crucial for a more stable energy
future. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu ,Insights on India
Why the question:
The spectre of electricity shortages rises again as hot weather descends across the country.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of coal for India and steps that are needed to harness it effectively
and efficiently.
Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:

Begin by giving facts regarding the coal production in the country.

Body:
First, write in detail about the importance of coal to India’s energy security and economy. Cite
statistics to substantiate.
Next, write about the measures that are needed for better planning, infrastructure development and
increase of domestic supplies of coal
Next, write about the need to cut dependency of coal and move towards renewable source of energy.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction

India, along with China, is the world’s largest coal producer, consumer and importer. Its own coal
production will surpass a billion tonnes by 2025, the annual report of the International Energy
Agency (IEA) has predicted. India’s coal consumption has doubled since 2007 at an annual growth
rate of 6 per cent.

With coal use set to be a key topic during the ongoing COP28 summit, India recently said it
would continue to rely on coal for electricity generation for the foreseeable future, even as it
rapidly expanded its renewable energy sources. In recent years India has steadily increased its coal
production. However, it stands in stark contrast to the country’s ambitious plans of achieving net-
zero..

Body

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The prosperous future of the coal industry in India:

 Increased output: The production in the first 10 months of FY22 reached 25 million tonnes,
up 16% over the same period a year ago.

o It will jump to around 1.4 billion tonnes per annum by 2030 from around 1 billion
tonnes currently.

 Acceleration in Imports: India’s imports (10.19 mt in February) of seaborne thermal coal are
likely to accelerate, especially since the government mandated power plants to operate at
full capacity as the summer demand peaks.

 Increased imports of coking coal: It is expected that coking coal imports will rise from
around 63 mt a year currently to around 100 mt by 2030, given the expected increase
in steel production.

 Increased private participation: Private mining companies are expected to make a bigger
contribution to domestic output as they start bringing mines to production.

Extent of India’s Dependence on coal:

 The installed capacity for coal based power generation across the country was 2.04 lakh
megawatt (MW). This accounts for about 5% of power from all sources.

 Coal based power stations are retired periodically which happens all the time. But is not fast
enough nor are new additions being halted.

 Coal is still most inexpensive compared with other present sources of energy.

 According to the IEA’s Coal Report 2021,India’s coal consumption will increase at an average
annual rate of 9% to 1.18billon tonnes in 2024.

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Reasons for increasing coal demand:

 Iron and steel production uses coal and there are not many technologies to replace the fuel
immediately.

 Continued expansion of India’s economy is expected during 2022-2024, with annual average
GDP growth of 7.4%, fuelled at least partially by coal.

 India’s push to domestic coal mining through both Coal India and auction of coal blocks to
private companies, coal usage in India will increase as it plateaus in other parts of the world,
including China.

 The central government has opened up coal mining for the private sector, claiming it as one
of its most ambitious coal sector reforms.

 The government anticipates that it will bring efficiency and competition in coal production,
attract investments and best-in-class technology, and help create more jobs in the coal
sector.

Need to cut coal demand

 The international cost of natural gas has increased in the recent past from a level that was
considered already too high to be financially viable.
 Of the 25,000 MWof gas based power plants, about 14,000 MW remains stranded, or idle,
because they are financially unviable.

 While renewable energy sources are cheaper than coal, their ability to generate power
consistently is subject to the whims of nature, the wind and the Sun.

 Storage technologies are still not mature enough to help renewable energy sources become
reliable generators of power.

Measures needed to move away from Coal

 India must enhance investments in the deployment of clean coal technologies throughout
the coal value chain. Government power utilities must show the way by investing in the
deployment of advanced clean coal technologies.

 India should also be very cautious of adding new coal capacity beyond 2030 as it risks locking
in resources.

 With government’s efforts to push renewable energy due to international conventions on

climate change, increase in carbon cess and other initiatives for lesser use of coal, there is a
need for ‘Vision 2030 for the coal sector’, which takes into account the environmental
factors such as reduction of carbon footprint, abatement of global warming.

 Strategic Decommissioning of Old and Inefficient Power Plants: It may be prudent to let old
capacity fade away in due course and saving some of them as they are efficient, while
focusing on such detailed analysis and weeding out the needless capacity in the pipeline, to
derive long-term economic and environmental benefits.

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 We need an energy transformation through which we would realize the co-benefits of local
and global emission reduction. We also need the right to energy for all, as energy poverty
and inequity is not acceptable.

Way forward

 Optimal Energy Mix in Power Generation: Power is generated through various sources of
energy such as coal, hydro, natural gas, and renewables (solar, wind). This gains tremendous
importance as the future generation capacity mix should be cost effective as well as
environmentally friendly.

 Cost Effective Solar Plants: The average cost of coal-fired projects is Rs.4 per unit and
generally sees an upward escalation, whereas new solar power plants are being bid out at
less than Rs.3 per unit.

 New Technologies for Coal Based Units: The government has commissioned more efficient
supercritical coal based units and old and inefficient coal based capacity is being retired. A
range of new technologies (like Coal gasification, Coal beneficiation, etc.) can be deployed to
make coal-fired power plants more environmentally compatible.

India’s progress in infrastructure development in the recent past is commendable, but it

must continue to address funding gaps, regulatory hurdles, and sustainability concerns,
to fully harness the benefits of improved infrastructure. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the progress made in infrastructure, challenges and areas for improvement.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, Write the about the progress made in developing infrastructure in the country and major
initiatives taken for it and its achievements.
Next, write about the various limitations of the above – funding, slow paced development,
environmental challenges etc.
Next, write about the steps that are needed for increased investment in infrastructure to support
economic growth and improve the quality of life.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Infrastructure sector is a key driver for the Indian economy. The sector is highly responsible
for propelling India’s overall development and enjoys intense focus from Government for initiating

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policies that would ensure time-bound creation of world class infrastructure in the country.
Infrastructure sector includes power, bridges, dams, roads, and urban infrastructure development.

Basic infrastructure facilities in the country provide the foundation of growth. In the absence of
adequate infrastructure, the economy operates at a suboptimal level and remains distant from its
potential and frontier growth trajectory.

Body

Background

The infrastructure sector will be the key to overall economic growth and macroeconomic stability,
the Survey said emphasising that the year after the crisis (2021-22) will require sustained and
calibrated measures to facilitate the process of economic recovery and enable the economy to get
back on its long-term growth trajectory.

Role of infrastructure in transformation of economy leading to economic development

 Foundation for growth:

o Basic infrastructure facilities in the country provide the foundation of growth.

o In the absence of adequate infrastructure, the economy operates at a suboptimal

level and remains distant from its potential and frontier growth trajectory.

 Increases employment:

o Infrastructure development such as road construction, real estate, railway

construction, etc. is labour intensive, leading to increase in employment
opportunities in formal and informal sectors and thus, fuelling domestic demand.

 Raises Farmer’s Income:

o Investment in infrastructure would play critical role in ensuring doubling of farmers

income through focus on increased irrigation infrastructure and storage, processing
and marketing infrastructure.

 Health and Well-being:

o Infrastructure development of superior healthcare facilities, electronic health

records and better equipped health infrastructure at primary levels. (Telemedicine)

 Reduces Logistic Cost:

o Building world class roads, railways, ports, inland water ways, will cut down logistic
costs and improve competitiveness and promote exports.

o This would bring more revenues to government and may promote socio – economic
development.

Major Policies on Infrastructure

 Government of India has launched National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP)in 2019, wherein it
has planned to invest about INR 102 lakh crores on infrastructure projects by 2024-25.

 In 2020, NITI Aayog and Quality Council of India (QCI) launched the ‘National Program and
Project Management Policy Framework’ (NPMPF).
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 The government of India has launched the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP), a
roadmap for asset monetisation of various brownfield infrastructure assets across sectors.

 NMP will help in evolving a common framework for monetisation of core assets. The NMP
estimates aggregate monetisation potential of Rs 6 lakh crores through core assets of the
Central Government, over a four-year period, from FY 2022 to FY 2025.

 Union budget 2021-22 gave a massive push to infrastructure sector by allotting Rs 233083
crore to enhance transport infrastructure and through National Infrastructure Pipeline
(NIP) a Rs 111 lakh crore plan for financial year 2019-25.

Way forward

 Rs 111 trillion National Infrastructure Pipeline for 2020-2025 will be a game-changer for the
Indian economy. Sectors like energy, roads, urban infrastructure, railways have a lion’s share
in it that will help boost growth.

 To boost private investment in infra sector, it said the government has set up the Public
Private Partnership Appraisal Committee (PPPAC) for appraisal of PPP projects.
 Revamping of the proposed VGF scheme will attract more PPP projects and facilitate the
private investment in social sectors (Health, Education, Waste Water, Solid Waste
Management, Water Supply etc.)

 The Aatmanirbhar Bharat has brought manufacturing at centre stage and emphasized its
significance in driving India’s growth and creating jobs.

Inland waterways in India offer cost-effective transportation, environmental

sustainability, connectivity, and trade promotion potential. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the potential and challenges of inland waterways in India.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write in detail about the major inland waterways function and proposed in the country.
Next, write about the advantages offered by inland waterways – Cost-Effective, Reduced Congestion,
Environmentally Friendly etc.
Next, write about the limitations of the above – Limited Infrastructure, Seasonal Constraints, Limited
Routes etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction

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Inland waterways in India encompass a network of rivers, canals, lakes, and backwaters that
offer a unique mode of transportation, often overshadowed by their terrestrial counterparts. IWT is
the most economical mode of transportation, especially for bulk cargo like coal, iron ore, cement,
food grains and fertilizer. Presently, it remains underutilized at a share of 2% in India’s modal mix.

Government intends to increase the share of Inland Water Transport (IWT) to 5% as

per Maritime India Vision (MIV)-2030.

Body

Inland waterways in India

 India has approximately 14,500 km of navigable waterways (out of which about 5,200 km of the
river and 4,000 km of canals can be used by mechanized crafts) with significant potential to be
developed as a mode of transportation.

 Still, these inland waterways are un-utilized in India as compared to other countries in the world.

 The National Waterways Act aids in the management of the country’s waterways. It became
effective in the year 2016.

 Out of the 111 national waterways proclaimed by the National Waterways Act, 13 are active for
shipping and navigation and are used by cargo or passenger vessels.

 In addition to the pre-existing one, the act suggested 106 national waterways and consolidated 5
existing statutes that had designated the 5 national waterways.

Pros

 IWT is the most economical mode of transportation, especially for bulk cargo like coal, iron ore,
cement, food grains and fertilizer. Presently, it remains underutilized at a share of 2% in India’s
modal mix.

 India possesses an extensive network of rivers, canals, and lakes, offering significant potential
for inland water transport (IWT).

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 The National Waterways Act, 2016 has declared 111 inland waterways as ‘National Waterways’
(NWs) in the country to promote shipping and navigation on them.

 Inland waterways offer a greener alternative to road and rail transport, emitting fewer
greenhouse gases per ton-km of cargo transported.

 Utilizing water transport can help reduce congestion on roads and railways, thereby easing the
burden on transportation infrastructure.

 Improved connectivity through water transport can spur economic activities, generate
employment, and boost regional development.

 Priority development of National Waterway-1 was undertaken through the Jal Vikas Marg
Project (JVMP), which includes Arth Ganga, and they will give an economic boost of Rs 1,000
crore over the next five years.

Cons

 Some rivers are seasonal and do not offer navigability through the year. Around 20 out of the
111 identified national waterways have reportedly been found unviable.

 Water transport can be slower than other modes, making it less suitable for time-sensitive
shipments.

 Infrastructural constraints and waterway depth limit the operating area.

 The identified waterways require intensive capital and maintenance dredging, which could be
resisted by the local community on environmental grounds, including displacement fears,
thereby posing implementation challenges.

 Waterways do not provide direct door-to-door cargo transportation, thereby affecting the last
mile connectivity.

 Water also has important competing uses, viz. need for living as well as for irrigation, power
generation etc. It would not be possible for the local government/others to overlook these
needs.
 The exclusive jurisdiction of the Central Government is only in regard to shipping and navigation
on inland waterways declared to be ‘national waterways’ by an act of Parliament.

 Utilisation/sailing of vessels, in other waterways, is within the ambit of the concurrent list or is in
the jurisdiction of the respective state governments.

Way forward

 To promote inland water transport in the country, 111 ‘inland Waterways’ has been declared as
‘National Waterways’ under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
 Strengthening public-private partnerships plays a pivotal role in developing India's inland
waterways sector.
 Private entities can contribute to terminal development, cargo handling, and the construction of
low-draft vessels.
 Measures should be taken to develop essential infrastructure, address technological
bottlenecks, and ensure the year-round navigability of waterways.

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 Seamless last-mile connectivity to and from hinterlands will further reduce trans-shipment costs
and enhance the economic viability of inland water transport.

Conclusion

India's inland waterways represent an untapped potential for economic growth and sustainable
transportation, offering a promising alternative to traditional road and rail networks. With the right
investments and policies, these waterways can pave the way for a greener, more efficient future of
transportation in the country.

Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in

everyday life; Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of
technology and developing new technology.
What is Mixed Reality (MR)? MR has diverse applications, as well as associated
concerns. Addressing these concerns is crucial for realizing MR’s potential responsibly.
Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , en.wikipedia.org
Why the question:
When Apple unveiled its Vision Pro in June 2023, it called the device a “revolutionary spatial
computer”. But most tech enthusiasts preferred calling it a ‘mixed reality headset’.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about MR, its applications and concerns.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining MR.
Body:
First, write about the various applications of MR – gaming, education, enterprise, healthcare, and
retail etc.
Next, write about the concerns associated with it – privacy, health effects, ethics, accessibility, and
the need for integration and standardization etc.
Next, write about the measures that are needed to overcome the above issues.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Mixed reality (MR) is a term referring to a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world
environment whose elements are augmented by computer-generated sensory input, such as sound,
graphics, labels or 3D (animated) models.

MR is a hybrid technology that combines AR and VR to provide an interactive virtual experience

over the real world. It merges the real and virtual worlds to create a new environment where
physical and 3D digital objects coexist and interact in real-time. With MR, the users are not totally
removed from their real environment, like with VR.

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When Apple unveiled its Vision Pro in June 2023, it called the device a “revolutionary spatial
computer”. But most tech enthusiasts preferred calling it a ‘mixed reality headset’.

Body

Applications

 Gaming and Entertainment:

 MR can revolutionize gaming by merging virtual objects with the real environment. Imagine
battling virtual creatures in your living room or exploring historical sites through
holographic overlays.

 Example: Pokémon GO combines AR and MR, allowing players to catch Pokémon in real-
world locations using their smartphones.

 Education and Training:

 MR enhances learning experiences by visualizing complex concepts. Medical students can

dissect virtual organs, and engineers can simulate machinery maintenance.

 Example: Microsoft HoloLens provides interactive anatomy lessons for medical students.

 Enterprise and Industry:

 MR improves productivity by overlaying digital information on physical objects. Engineers

can visualize 3D models during construction, and factory workers receive real-time
instructions.

 Example: Ford uses MR to design cars collaboratively and streamline assembly processes.

 Healthcare and Rehabilitation:

 MR aids in medical visualization, surgical planning, and physical therapy. Surgeons can
practice complex procedures, and stroke patients regain motor skills.

 Example: AccuVein uses MR to visualize veins for easier blood draws.

 Retail and Marketing:

 MR enhances shopping experiences by allowing customers to virtually try products.

Furniture buyers can see how a couch fits in their living room.

 Example: IKEA Place lets users visualize furniture in their homes using MR.

Challenges

 Privacy and Data Security:

 MR devices collect sensitive data about users’ surroundings. Ensuring data protection and
preventing unauthorized access are critical.

 Example: Unauthorized access to a user’s home layout through MR glasses.

 Health Effects:

 Prolonged MR use may cause eye strain, motion sickness, and fatigue. Balancing immersion
with user comfort is essential.

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 Example: Extended use of MR headsets leading to discomfort.

 Ethical Considerations:

 MR can manipulate perception, blur reality, and create deepfakes. Ensuring responsible
content creation and preventing misinformation are vital.

 Example: Misleading MR advertisements or altered historical events.

 Accessibility Challenges:

 MR experiences may exclude people with disabilities. Designing inclusive interfaces and
addressing accessibility gaps are crucial.

 Example: Lack of MR solutions for visually impaired users.

 Integration and Standardization:

 MR ecosystems involve various hardware, software, and platforms. Achieving seamless

integration and industry standards is a challenge.

 Example: Compatibility issues between different MR devices.

Way forward

 Regulation and Guidelines:

 Governments and industry bodies should establish guidelines for MR development, usage,
and privacy.

 User Education:

 Educating users about MR risks, privacy settings, and safe practices is essential.

 Collaboration:

 Developers, researchers, and policymakers must collaborate to address concerns

collectively.

 Ethical Design:

 MR creators should prioritize ethical content, transparency, and user well-being.

Conclusion

MR’s potential lies in its ability to transform how we interact with the world. Responsible
development, user education, and ethical considerations will shape its impact positively.

Despite significant scientific advances made by Artificial intelligence (AI), there are
concerns associated with it which needs immediate addressing. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: business-standard.com , Live Mint
Why the question:
In a year when more than 50 countries are holding national elections, a new study shows the risks
posed by the rise of artificial intelligence chatbots in disseminating false, misleading or harmful
information to voters.
Key Demand of the question:

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To write about the potential and concerns associated with AI.

Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Define AI and its contributions in general.
Body:
First, explain that Artificial intelligence (AI) is competent to have a revolutionary impact on
businesses and consumers globally.
Next, list down the advantages of AI in detail. Cite statistics and examples.
Next, Discuss the concerns associated with AI such as – job losses, robot bosses, human errors, high
cost, ethical issues etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

New technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, big data, and networks are
expected to revolutionize production processes, but they could also have a major impact on
developing economies. The opportunities and potential sources of growth that, for example,
the United States and China enjoyed during their early stages of economic development are
remarkably different from what Cambodia and Tanzania are facing in today’s world.

In a year when more than 50 countries are holding national elections, a new study shows the risks
posed by the rise of artificial intelligence chatbots in disseminating false, misleading or harmful
information to voters.

Body

Significant advances and applications of Artificial intelligence

 It has the potential to overcome the physical limitations of capital and labour and open up
new sources of value and growth.

o It has the potential to drive growth by enabling

o Intelligent automationability to automate complex physical world tasks.

o Innovation diffusionpropelling innovations through the economy.

 Heavy Industries & Space: Through AI an entire manufacturing process can be made totally
automated, controlled & maintained by computer system.

o Example: car manufacturing machine tool production, computer chip production.

Etc.

o They carry out dangerous tasks like handling hazardous radioactive materials.

 Finance: Banks use intelligent software application to screen & analyse financial data.

o Software that can predict trends in stock market have been created which have
been known to beat humans in predictive power.

 Aviation: Air lines use expert system in planes to monitor atmospheric condition & system
status.

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 Role in social development and inclusive growth: Access to quality health facilities,
addressing location barriers, providing real-time advisory to farmers and help in increasing
productivity, building smart and efficient cities etc.

o The exponential growth of data is constantly feeding AI improvements.

o AI has varied applications in fields like Healthcare, Education, Smart Cities,

Environment, Agriculture, smart Mobility etc.

 Examples of AI use in India: A Statement of Intent has been signed between NITI Aayog and
IBM to develop Precision Agriculture using Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Aspirational Districts.

o National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI) launched Pai which is an AI based

chatbot, to create awareness around NPCI’s products like FASTag, RuPay, UPI, AePS
on a real time basis.

Concerns associated with Artificial Intelligence

 Ethical concerns:With popularization of a new technology, its virtues are not guaranteed.
For instance, the internet made it possible to connect with anyone and get information from
anywhere, but also easier for misinformation to spread.

o There are real concerns about the potential negative consequences of AI, from deep
fakes to nefarious uses of facial recognition technology.

 Data Management:As there is lack of clarity on data flow and data ownership which might
result into data colonialism (data generated by developing countries yet not benefitting
them).

o Further, data collection for feeding AI algorithms has its associated privacy concerns
e.g. mass surveillance.

o AI could contribute to the forgery of documents, pictures, audio recordings, videos,

and online identities which can and will occur with unprecedented ease.

 Biasedness: The algorithms used in artificial intelligence are discrete and, in most cases,
trade secrets.

o They can be biased, for example, in the process of self-learning, they can absorb and
adopt the stereotypes that exist in society or which are transferred to them by
developers and make decisions based on them.

 Excessive Regulation: Since the AI is still in its preliminary stages, some critics believe that,
excessively strict regulation is neither necessary nor desirable.

 Lack of consensus & Conflict of Interests amongthe countries over the mechanisms and
tactics in regulation of AI.
 Absence of widespread expertise in Al technologies: This could lead to policy decisions
being taken based on a narrow spectrum of opinions. There are large gaps in data collection,
preparation, and benchmarking capabilities.

Conclusion

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Regulation must be continuous and adapt with evolution of technology. There is need to find
country specific data, trained workforce, fine-tuned algorithms and technology suited to local needs.

For India to maximally benefit from the AI revolution, it must adopt a deliberate policy to drive AI
innovation, adaptation, and proliferation in sectors beyond consumer goods and information
technology services.

Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-

technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
Critically analyse the National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy, aimed to
promote creativity and innovation in the country while protecting intellectual property
rights. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To evaluate the performance of IPR regime in India and to suggest changes to IPR policy to balance
protecting patents while prioritising national interest.
Directive word:
Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature
of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’
is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a
balanced judgment on the topic.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start the answer by giving an overview of IPR regime in India. Give stats with respect to applied and
approved IPR’s.
Body:
In the first part, give brief overview of National IPR Policy, 2016 and mention the challenges in
enforcing Intellectual property rights (IPR) in India – procedural and substantive constraints, legal
aspects, conflict with competition law, low awareness, counterfeiting and piracy, IP Financing, etc.
Mention IPR regime has gained further significance in light of the Government’s focus on ‘Make in
India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ and Covid-19 pandemic.
Next write about changes that are needed to National IPR Policy in order balance between protecting
the rights of the IPR holders and national interest.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are legal rights, which result from intellectual invention,
innovation and discovery in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic fields. These rights entitle an
individual or group to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creation. The National IPR
Policy (2016) is a vision document that aims to create and exploit synergies between all forms of
intellectual property (IP), concerned statutes and agencies. It sets in place an institutional
mechanism for implementation, monitoring and review. It aims to incorporate and adapt global best
practices to the Indian scenario.

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Body

National IPR Policy, 2016

A comprehensive National IPR policy was adopted in May 2016, to stimulate innovation and
creativity across sectors, and provide a clear vision regarding IPR issues. Objectives enshrined in
the policy are hereunder:

 IPR Awareness – Outreach and Promotion – To create public awareness about the
economic, social and cultural benefits of IPRs among all sections of society;

 Generation of IPRs – To stimulate the generation of IPRs;

 Legal and Legislative Framework – To have strong and effective IPR laws, which balance the
interests of rights’ owners with larger public interest

 Administration and Management – To modernize and strengthen service-oriented IPR

administration;

 Commercialization of IPRs – Get value for IPRs through commercialization;

 Enforcement and Adjudication – To strengthen the enforcement and adjudicatory

mechanisms for combating IPR infringements; and

 Human Capital Development – To strengthen and expand human resources, institutions and
capacities for teaching, training, research and skill building in IPRs

Important highlights of National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy

 The Policy aims to push IPRs as a marketable financial asset, promote innovation and
entrepreneurship, while protecting public interest.

 In order to have strong and effective IPR laws, steps would be taken — including review of
existing IP laws — to update and improve them or to remove anomalies and inconsistencies.

 The policy is entirely compliant with the WTO’s agreement on TRIPS.

 Special thrust on awareness generation and effective enforcement of IPRs, besides

encouragement of IP commercialisation through various incentives.

 India will engage constructively in the negotiation of international treaties and agreements
in consultation with stakeholde

 The government will examine accession to some multilateral treaties which are in India’s
interest, and become a signatory to those treaties which India has de facto implemented to
enable it to participate in their decision making process, the policy said.

 It suggests making the department of industrial policy and promotion (DIPP) the nodal
agency for all IPR issues. Copyrights related issues will also come under DIPP’s ambit from
that of the Human Resource Development (HRD) Ministry.

 Films, music, industrial drawings will be all covered by copyright.

 The Policy also seeks to facilitate domestic IPR filings, for the entire value chain from IPR
generation to commercialization. It aims to promote research and development through tax
benefits.

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Issues with the current policy:

 Policy is aimed at a gold rush towards IPR. A blind rush towards IP could be a deterrent to
innovation itself by restricting knowledge flow.

 Policy recommends scientist and professors to convert all their discoveries into IP which in
turn has the potential to curb the free flow of knowledge

 IPR policy is driven by the agenda of IP maximalism, where IP owners’ rights will be
maximised at the cost of public interest. This (policy) will influence courts and judges who
might consider rights of patentees above that on common man in certain cases.

 Connection between patenting and application of patented knowledge is yet to be

established. Hence, patenting and not applying the new invention could deter progress

 Policy recommends criminalization of unauthorised copying of movies – which is just a civil

wrong.

 Not understanding the modes of creativity and sharing in “shadow economy “, the policy
leans towards superimposition of formal IP framework.

 While IP could accelerate innovation in certain technologies it in turn impedes in others.

Policy recommends scientist and professors to convert all their discoveries

 According to USTR, Patent applicants face costly and time-consuming patent opposition
hurdles, long timelines for receiving patents, and excessive reporting requirements

Measures needed:

 Fostering an environment where innovation flourishes and a knowledge economy is built, is

the key idea. Hence, the policy should have a balance.

 It should encourage patenting and at the same time ensure that patentability of a
product/process does not deter further innovation and progress.

 Intellectual Property must not be about patents on paper but dearth of application in reality.
T

 The organisations such as CSIR and others must be encouraged to work upon socially useful
applications of their patents.

 Support for innovation has to be accompanied with instruments that guard local companies
against the misuse of market power, coercive bargaining and aggressive acquisition
strategies.

 India needs to spread awareness on IPR in public and for its traditional industries to enable
fair monetisation of IP Rights.
 It needs to safeguard its patents, copyrights and traditional knowledge by ensuring easy IPR
rules.

Conclusion

Beliefs, attitudes and approaches towards IPRs in India must change for the sake of the ambitions
articulated in this government’s many initiatives—from Make in India to Startup India and Smart
Cities. Indian policymakers do not adequately appreciate the fundamental reality that IP laws and
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policies are meant to incentivize innovation by establishing enforceable boundaries to protect new
products, processes, and original works of expression. Adequate safeguards though necessary
should not cripple innovation or new technology that can come to India and benefit the larger
public.

India has made significant strides towards achieving ‘Aatmanirbharta’ in defence

production. However, there is still a considerable distance to cover to achieve self-
reliance. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Print
Why the question:
Success of ‘Aatmanirbharta’ in defence can be seen with India’s tanks, cannons, fighter jets,
helicopters & missile systems operated by three forces
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the measures taken by India in becoming self-reliant in defence production and
suggest measures of what more can be done.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by showing data or facts about India’s defence sector with respect of self-reliance.
Body:
First, write about India’s spending on defence and how self-reliance is important in this sector.
Next, write about measures taken by India – Make in India, Defense procurement from indigenous
manufacturers etc. How far they have been successful?
Next, write about the issues hovering indigenous defence industry and what measures can be taken
to tackle them.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a forward.
Introduction

In the last 10 years, equipment worth Rs 6 lakh crore had been procured from Indian companies.
During this period, defence production doubled to more than Rs 1 lakh crore. In the last 10 years,
more than 150 defence startups had started and defence forces had given them orders worth Rs
1,800 crore, the Prime Minister said during Bharat Shakti exercise.
The Government has taken several policy initiatives and brought reforms to promote self-reliance in
defence manufacturing. These policy initiatives are aimed at encouraging indigenous design &
development, innovation and manufacture of defence equipment in the country, thereby reducing
dependency on imports in long run.

Body

Background

 The Bharat Shakti exercise included the T-90 (IM) Tanks, Dhanush and Sarang Gun Systems,
Akash Weapons System, Logistics Drones, Robotic Mules, Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH)
and an array of UAVs among others.

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 Indian Navy’s assets included Naval Anti-Ship Missiles, Autonomous Cargo Carrying Aerial
Vehicles, and Expendable Aerial Targets, highlighting maritime strength and technological
sophistication.

 The Indian Air Force (IAF) deployed the indigenously developed Light Combat Aircraft Tejas,
Light Utility Helicopters, and Advanced Light Helicopters, demonstrating air superiority and
versatility in air operations.

Measures taken to make India self-reliant in defence production

 Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP 2020) is promulgated to maximize acquisition of

defence equipment through indigenous sources and promote domestic manufacturing.

 Government of India has ensured that the most preferred option for capital acquisition is
‘Buy Indigenously Designed Developed and Manufactured (IDDM)’ category equipment
followed by ‘Buy (Indian)’ category. The ‘Make’ categories aim to achieve the objective of
self-reliance by involving greater participation of Indian industrial eco-system including
private sector.

 The provisions of Government funding have been introduced for Make-I, Technology
Development Fund (TDF) and Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) projects.

 TDF Scheme executed by DRDO supports indigenous development of components, products,

systems and technologies by MSMEs and Start-ups. Funding under TDF scheme was
enhanced from Rs 10 crore to Rs 50 crore per Project, and the same under iDEX Prime
scheme has been enhanced from Rs 1.5 crore to Rs 10 crore It will give further boost to the
vision of ‘Aatmanirbharta in defence’.
 Four ‘Positive Indigenization Lists’ of defence equipment and platforms for which there
would be an embargo on the import.

 The ‘Development cum Production Partner (DcPP)’ model of DRDO is implemented where-in
Industry is taken up as DcPP in system development projects. Both development and
production units are manufactured by industry along with life cycle support.

 DRDO test facilities have been opened to the industries for utilisation. The test facilities have
been listed on DRDO website and have been communicated to them. The facilities are being
utilized by the industries.

 Two Defence Industrial Corridors have been set up in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu to
catalyse indigenous production of defence and aerospace-related items.
 Defence R&D has been opened up for industry, start-ups and academia with 25% of defence
R&D budget earmarked for the purpose. This is being implemented through various existing
schemes and new schemes have been proposed.

 In order to promote indigenous design and manufacturing, funds have also been earmarked
for procurement from indigenous sources. For the FY 2023-24, funds have been earmarked
in the ratio 67.75:32.25 between Domestic and Foreign procurement in the Capital
Acquisition Budget of the Ministry of Defence (MoD). In addition, the MoD has also directed
for spending an amount of Rs 1,500 crore towards procurement from start-ups.

 Nil Transfer of Technology (ToT) fees are being charged from DcPPs/PAs/LSI.

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 Industries have been provided with free access for DRDO patents.

 Lists of systems which will be developed by industry only have been identified by DRDO. The
same has been promulgated by MoD. DRDO will not develop such systems.

 DRDO is skilling youth (Internships, apprenticeship, electives in B Tech, M Tech courses) to

make ready for Defence industries.

More reforms that can be implemented

 The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) could examine the defence acquisitions from a tri-service
angle, this may avoid delays and speed up the defence procurement process.

 Mandatory Transfer of Technology for Subsystems: It is imperative that when India imports
any weapon systems, there should be a plan for the ammunition and spares to be eventually
manufactured in India so that we are not driven to seek urgent replenishments from abroad
during crises.

o The same goes for repair, maintenance and overhaul facilities for the upgrading of
the weapons platforms.

 Modernising Ordnance Factories Board: Over the decades, ordnance factories have been
the backbone of indigenous supplies to India’s armed forces, from weapons systems to
spares, ammunition and auxiliaries.

o Their structure, work culture and the product range now need to be responsive to
technology and quality demands of modern armed forces.

 Overhauling of Existing Regulations and Practices: A long-term integrated perspective plan

of the requirements of the armed forces should give the industry a clear picture of future
requirements.

o The next Defence Procurement Procedure should incorporate guidelines to

promote forward-looking strategic partnerships between Indian and foreign
companies, with a view to achieving indigenisation over a period of time for even
sophisticated platforms.

 Promoting Defence Exports: Investment, Indian or foreign, will be viable when the door to
defence exports is promoted with a transparent policy.

 Resolving Conflict of Interest: The role of Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) as the government’s sole adviser, developer and evaluator of technologies creates a
conflict of interest for entry of private players.

o Thus, the role of DRDO should be revised, in order to give private industry a level
playing field for developing defence technologies.

Conclusion

Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defence capability and to

maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority. The attainment of this will ensure
strategic independence, cost-effective defence equipment and may lead to saving on defence import
bill, which can subsequently finance the physical and social infrastructure.
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What is Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology?

Mission Divyastra marks a very important milestone in India’s march towards greater
geo-strategic role and capabilities. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Print , pib.gov.in
Why the question:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi today announced the development of “Mission Divyastra” — an
indigenously developed, landmark weapons system that alters the country’s geopolitic and strategic
position and significantly changes the situation in southeast Asia.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about MIRV technology and significance of Mission Divyastra.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of Agni-V and mission Divyastra.
Body:
First, explain the MIRV technology in detail.
Next, write about the importance of Mission Divyastra – advancement in India’s strategic
capabilities, strategic deterrence, demonstrates India’s technological prowess and places it among a
select group of nations with MIRV capability, mastering miniaturized nuclear warhead technology
etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing about importance of the above.
Introduction

A Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) is a ballistic missile payload designed
for exo-atmospheric deployment, housing multiple warheads, each capable of targeting distinct
objectives. While primarily associated with intercontinental ballistic missiles equipped with
thermonuclear warheads, the concept extends beyond strict limitations. An intermediate variant,
the Multiple Re-entry Vehicle (MRV) missile, disperses multiple warheads without individual
targeting.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the development of “Mission Divyastra” — an

indigenously developed, landmark weapons system that alters the country’s geopolitic and strategic
position and significantly changes the situation in southeast Asia.

Body

Background

 India on Monday carried out maiden flight test of the indigenously developed Agni-5
missile with the Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV) technology
which allows the weapon system to tackle multiple nuclear warheads, strengthening the
country’s strategic deterrence capability.

 The missile launch carried out under Mission Divyastra (divine weapon), made India’s entry
into the elite list of the countries that have the capability to deploy MIRV missile systems,
including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia and China.

MIRV technology
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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

 According to the Washington-based Centre for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation (CACNP),
MIRVs were originally developed in the early 1960s to permit a missile to deliver multiple
nuclear warheads to different targets.

 Right now, some countries are reported to have the capabilities to have a single missile carry
up to 16 warheads, each in a separate re-entry vehicle.

 Warheads on MIRVed missiles can be released at different speeds and in different

directions, with such missiles capable of hitting targets as far as 1,500 km apart.

 MIRV is a complex technology because it needs a very delicate combination of large missiles,
small warheads, accurate guidance, and a complex mechanism for releasing warheads
sequentially during flight.

 The US was the first country to develop MIRV technology, deploying a MIRVed
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) in 1970 and a MIRVed Submarine-Launched Ballistic
Missile (SLBM) in 1971.

 The Soviet Union caught up quickly and developed their own MIRV-enabled ICBM and SLBM
technology by the end of the 1970s.

 Besides these two countries, the UK, France and China have MIRV technology.
 However, deploying MIRV technology also poses complex challenges, including
miniaturisation of warheads, development of advanced guidance systems, and ensuring the
reliability of individual re-entry vehicles

Importance of Mission Divyastra

 Deployment of MIRV can enhance first-strike proficiency for strategic forces and also
provide greater target damage for a given thermonuclear weapon payload.

 Moreover, as it can release multiple warheads, it serves the purpose of a cluster munition,
as it reduces the number of missiles and launch facilities required.

 A single missile by India can deploy multiple war heads at different locations or at the same
location with a time gap.

 These warheads could also include decoys to hoodwink the enemy’s ballistic missile defence
programme.

 With the MIRV, the effectiveness of an anti-ballistic missile system that relies on intercepting
individual warheads is also reduced.

 Possession of MIRV technology not only exhibits a country’s nuclear prowess but plays a
crucial role in shaping international security and nuclear deterrence strategies.

Conclusion

The Agni-V adds to India’s existing arsenal of the Agni missile series, enhancing its deterrence
capabilities. With missiles ranging from Agni-I to Agni-IV, India joins an elite league of nations
possessing intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities, including the US, Russia, China, France, and
Britain.

Value addition

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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

Agni-V

 The Agni-5 weapon system is equipped with indigenous avionics systems and high-accuracy
sensor packages, which ensured that the re-entry vehicles reached the target points within
the desired accuracy.

 Weighing close to 50,000 kilograms and standing at 1.75 meters tall with a diameter of two
meters, the Agni-V boasts impressive specifications.

 It carries a formidable 1,500-kilogram warhead atop three-stage rocket boosters powered by

solid fuel.

 The missile can clock at 24 times faster than the speed of sound, reaching a staggering 8.16
km per second or 29,401 km per hour.

 Equipped with advanced navigation systems including a ring laser gyroscope inertial
navigation system (NavIC) and satellite guidance, the missile ensures precise targeting
capabilities, further enhanced by its launch flexibility from mobile launchers.

 With a range extending across Asia, Europe, and parts of Africa, the Agni-V significantly
bolsters India’s strategic capabilities.

 Having undergone seven successful trials, the missile, with a range exceeding 5,000
kilometers, has attracted attention from global players, particularly China.

 India’s relentless testing regime underscores its commitment to bolstering its defence
capabilities.

Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact

assessment
The price of India’s development is evident in the degradation of its soil. How can India
achieve a balance between development and preventing soil degradation? (250 Words)
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Reference: Insights ias
Why the question?
The question addresses the pressing issue of soil degradation in India, which is a significant concern
for sustainable development. The question is part of the static syllabus of General Studies Paper – 3
and mentioned as part of the Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question: To discuss strategies for achieving a balance between development
and preventing soil degradation in India.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction: Begin by acknowledging the impact of development on soil degradation in India.
Body:
First, discuss the major developmental factors contributing to soil degradation in India, such as
agricultural practices, industrial activities, urbanization, and deforestation.
Next, explore potential strategies for preventing soil degradation while promoting development. This
may include implementing sustainable agricultural practices, afforestation programs, soil
conservation measures, and stricter regulations on industrial pollution.
Provide examples of successful initiatives or policies implemented in India or other countries to
address soil degradation.

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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

Conclude by emphasizing the importance of finding a balance between development and

environmental conservation to ensure the long-term sustainability of India’s soil resources.
Introduction

Soil plays a central role for economic and social development. It ensures food, fodder and renewable
energy supplies to sustain human, animal and plant life. About one-third of the earth’s soils is
already degraded and alarmingly, about 90 per cent could be degraded by 2050 if no corrective
action is taken. While soil degradation is believed to be occurring in 145 million hectares in India, it is
estimated that 96.40 million hectares — about 30 per cent of the total geographical area — is
affected by land degradation.

World Soil Day (WSD) 2022, annually observed on December 5, aligns with this. WSD 2022, with its
guiding theme, ‘Soils: Where food begins’, is a means to raise awareness on the importance of
maintaining healthy soils, ecosystems and human well-being by addressing the growing challenges in
soil management, encouraging societies to improve soil health, and advocating the sustainable
management of soil.

Body

Relation b/w Soil health and Food & Nutrition Security

 Nearly 95 per cent of global food production depends on soil.

 Soil degradation on an unprecedented scale is a significant challenge to sustainable food

production.

 Extensive use of fertilisers and pesticides led to the deterioration of soil health and
contamination of water bodies and the food chain, which pose serious health risks to people
and livestock.

Reasons for soil degradation

 Soil erosion

o It is the removal of soil by forces of nature, particularly wind & water, more rapidly
than the soil forming process can replace it

o It affects agricultural productivity and economy of country as whole

 Water Erosion

o It is the detachment and removal of soil material by water

o It manifests in the form of rilling, gullying, sheetwash and rain peeling process

o The rate of erosion depends on soil properties, slope and vegetation cover

 Wind Erosion

o The blowing wind removes the top soil layer, and wind erosion is accentuated when
soil is dry, weakly aggregated and devoid of vegetation cover

 The Human factors of soil erosion include:

o Deforestation, that leaves the soil devoid of binding material

o Overgrazingloosens the soil structure

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o Faulty agricultural methods such as ploughing, lack of crop rotation and practice of
shifting cultivation

o Excessive use of fertilizers over a period of time renders the soil infertile.

o The global annual production of industrial chemicals has doubled since the
beginning of the 21st century, to approximately 2.3 billion tonnes, and is projected
to increase by 85 per cent by the end of the decade.

 Desertification

o This is the spread of desert like conditions in arid/semi-arid regions due to man’s
influence or climate change

o This process can be attributed to factors such as:

1. Uncontrolled grazing

2. Reckless felling of trees

3. Population pressures

o It has the potential to result in excessive wind erosion, decreasing productivity and
increasing frequency of droughts

 Waterlogging

o The flat and saucer like depressions make movement of surface water sluggish
leading to accumulation of rain water, thereby resulting in waterlogging

o Also, seepage from unlined channels or canal systems leads to waterlogging in

contiguous arable lands

o Around 12 million hectares of land suffers from waterlogging in India

 Salinity and Alkalinity

o These are the result of over irrigation in irrigated areas

o When farmers indulge in over irrigation, the ground water level rises resulting in salt
deposition, due to capillary action

o Alkalinity implies dominance of sodium salts

 Wasteland and urban development

o Soil toxicity through chemicals is increasing with urbanisation.

o More municipal and industrial wastes are being dumped in the soil with heavy
metals having carcinogenic effects

o Studies indicate the high concentration and accumulation of heavy metals in urban
soils

 Industrialisation affecting Soil

o Industrialisation is progressively taking away considerable areas of land from

agriculture, forestry, grassland and pasture, and unused lands with wild vegetation

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o Example: Opencast miningis of particular focus because it disturbs the physical,

chemical, and biological features of the soil and alters the socioeconomic features of
a region.

o Also, Mineral production generates enormous quantities of waste/overburden and

tailings/slimes and hence soil from a huge land area gets degraded

Measures needed

 Adopting innovative policies and agro-ecological practices that create healthy and
sustainable food production systems

 There is an urgent need for action to reduce dependence on pesticides worldwide and to
promote policies advocating healthy and sustainable food systems and agricultural
production.

 Alternatives such as bio fertilisers and organic chemicals to be promoted.

 Human settlement must be encouraged in barren lands to save fertile land for agriculture

 Contour bunding, terrace farming, afforestation etc, must be practised which help in soil
runoff

 More research labs and boost to the initiative of soil health card with awareness campaigns
to educate people about soil health.

 Industrialization should be promoted on barren, unproductive land and away from agri land.

 Making compulsory waste treatment plant for industries

Conclusion

As soil is a fragile and finite resource, sustainable land management practices are essential to ensure
healthy soil. They are critical not only to preventing degradation but also to ensuring food security.
Every effort must also be made to prevent soil erosion as it not only affects fertility but also
increases the risk of floods and landslides.

Water pollution in India arises from various sources, each contributing to the
deterioration of water quality with a plethora of short term and long-term
consequences. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the causes of water pollution, its short term and long term consequences and ways to
deal with it.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
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Begin by defining water pollution.

Body:
First, cite statistics indicating the level and extent of water pollution in the country.
Next, write about the causes of water pollution in the country – Industry, agriculture and livestock
farming, Rubbish and faecal water dumping, Maritime traffic and Fuel spillages etc.
Next, write about the short and long-term consequences for the above. Cite examples and facts to
substantiate.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning various measures that need taken to tackle water pollution.
Introduction

Water Pollution refers to the deterioration of physical (such as colour, odour, turbidity, taste,
temperature), chemical (such as acidity, alkalinity, salinity, etc.), and biological (presence of bacteria,
coliform MPN, algae, etc.) characteristics of water through natural and anthropogenic processes to
such an extent that it becomes harmful to human beings, plants, and animal communities.

NITI Aayog and WaterAid, amongst others, have found that over 70% of India’s surface and
groundwater is contaminated by human and other waste and is likely to carry viruses. According to a
World Bank Report – Quality Unknown: The Invisible Water Crisis in 2019, heavily polluted water is
reducing economic growth by up to a third in some countries.

Body:

Extent of pollution of water sources across Globe:

 There are two unpolluted fresh water sources left in India. The first is the water lying below
our forests; the second is the aquifers that lie below the floodplains of rivers.
 India’s 14 major, 55 minor and several hundred small rivers receive millions of liters of
sewage, industrial and agricultural wastes.

 The most polluting source for rivers is the city sewage and industrial waste discharge.
Presently, a very small portion of the wastewater generated is treated; the rest is discharged
as it is into our water bodies. Due to this, pollutants enter rivers, lakes, and groundwater.

 Such water, which ultimately ends up in our households, is often highly contaminated and
carries disease-causing microbes.

 Agricultural run-off, or the water from the fields that drains into rivers, is another major
water pollutant as it contains fertilizers and pesticides.

 In England, Wales and Scotland, several wastewater samples were tested and were found to
carry traces of SARS-CoV-2.

 Remnants of the virus have also been detected in raw sewage across Sydney.

 Research at the University of Stirling in Scotland indicates that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can
spread through sewage water.

Causes of water pollution:

 Sewage and wastewater

o Inadequate sewage collection and treatment are sources of water pollution.

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o According to the United Nations, more than 80% of the worldwide wastewater goes
back in the environment without being treated or reused.

 Urbanization and deforestation

o Even though it does not have a direct impact on water quality, urbanization and
deforestation have a lot of indirect effects.

o For instance, cutting down trees and concreting over large areas generates an
acceleration of flows which does not give enough time for water to infiltrate and be
purified by the ground.

 Agriculture

o Agriculture has an impact on water pollution due to the use of chemicals such as
fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides or insecticides running off in the water,
as well as livestock excrement, manure and methane (greenhouse effect).

o Regarding aquaculture, pollution is directly in the water, as excess food and

fertilizers are causing dystrophication.

 Industries

o Industries produce a lot of waste containing toxic chemicals and pollutants.

o A huge amount of the industrial waste is drained in the fresh water which then flows
into canals, rivers and eventually in the sea.

o Another source of water pollution is the burning of fossil fuels, causing air pollution
like acid rain which then flows to streams, lakes, and other stretches of water.

 Marine dumping

o Every day, garbage such as plastic, paper, aluminium, food, glass, or rubber are
deposited into the sea.

o These items take weeks to hundreds of years to decompose, and thus they are a
major cause for water pollution.

 Radioactive waste

o Generated – among others – by power plants and uranium mining, radioactive

waste can linger in the environment for thousands of years.

o When these substances are released accidentally or disposed improperly, they

threaten groundwater, surface water, as well as marine resources.

Threats posed by water pollution:

 On Human health:

 Domestic and hospital sewage contain many undesirable pathogenic microorganisms, and its
disposal into water without proper treatment may cause an outbreak of serious diseases,
such as typhoid, cholera, etc.

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 Metals like lead, zinc, arsenic, copper, mercury and cadmium in industrial wastewaters
adversely affect humans and other animals.

 Consumption of such arsenic polluted water leads to accumulation of arsenic in the body
parts like blood, nails and hairs causing skin lesions, rough skin, dry and thickening of the
skin and ultimately skin cancer.

 Mercury compounds in wastewater are converted by bacterial action into extremely

toxic methyl mercury, which can cause numbness of limbs, lips and tongue, deafness,
blurring of vision and mental derangement.

 Pollution of water bodies by mercury causes Minamata (neurological syndrome) disease in

humans.

 Lead causes lead poisoning (Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to
many organs and tissues).

 The compounds of lead cause anaemia, headache, loss of muscle power and bluish line
around the gum.
 Water contaminated with cadmium can cause itai disease also called ouch-ouch disease (a
painful disease of bones and joints) and cancer of lungs and liver.

 On the Environment

 Micro-organisms involved in biodegradation of organic matter in sewage waste consume a

lot of oxygen and make water oxygen deficient killing fish and other aquatic creatures.

 Presence of large amounts of nutrients in water results in algal bloom(excessive growth of

planktonic algae. This leads to ageing of lakes.

 A few toxic substances, often present in industrial wastewaters, can undergo biological
magnification (Biomagnification) in the aquatic food chain. This phenomenon is well-known
for mercury and DDT.

 High concentrations of DDT disturb calcium metabolism in birds, which causes thinning of
eggshell and their premature breaking, eventually causing a decline in bird populations.

 New species invasion: Eutrophication may cause the ecosystem competitive by transforming
the normal limiting nutrient to abundant level. This cause shifting in species composition of
the ecosystem.

 Loss of coral reefs: Occurs due to decrease in water transparency (increased turbidity).

 Affects navigation due to increased turbidity; creates colour (yellow, green, red), smell and
water treatment problems; increases biomass of inedible toxic phytoplankton, benthic and
epiphytic algae and bloom of gelatinous zooplankton.

 On Aquatic Ecosystem

 Polluted water reduces Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content, thereby, eliminates sensitive
organisms like plankton, molluscs and fish etc.

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 However, a few tolerant species like Tubifex (annelid worm)and some insect larvae may
survive in highly polluted water with low DO content. Such species are recognized
as indicator species for polluted water.

 Biocides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)and heavy metals directly eliminate sensitive

aquatic organisms.

 Hot waters discharged from industries, when added to water bodies, lowers its DO content.

Measures needed:

 Treatment of sewage water and industrial effluents should be done before releasing them
into water bodies.

 Hot water should be left to cool off before its release from the power plants.

 Domestic cleaning (of clothes and utensils) should be prohibited in water bodies which
supply drinking water such as tanks, streams, and rivers

 Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides should be avoided.

 Organic farming and efficient use of animal residues as fertilizers should be encouraged.

 Water hyacinth (an aquatic weed) can purify water by absorbing toxic materials and a
number of heavy metals from water.

 Oil spills in water can be cleaned with the help of bigoli – a byproduct of paper industry
resembling sawdust, oil zapper microorganisms.

Way forward:

 Tapping and Recycling waste water resources

 Need of national Water policy, on lines of Rajasthan – 1st state to implement sewage water
policy

 Extraction of by-products: such as salt, nitrogen, phosphorous will be useful for local
businesses.

 Industrial applications: for cooling purposes in power stations, industrial machinery etc;
Singapore uses reclaimed water called ‘NEWater’ to serve 30% of its needs.

 Role of government, municipalities: need to enforce stricter norms regarding dumping of

wastewater, improve process for treatment of wastewater.

 Improve infrastructure: setting up more wastewater treatment plants in every municipality

funding them through municipality bonds.

 Cultural change: the culture of wasting water needs to be changed through educational
campaigns.
 New technology: like sequencing batch reactor – C-TECH technology that was adopted in
Navi Mumbai, meets the standards of EUROPEAN UNION in terms of treated water quality.

 A paradigm shift from “use and throw – linear” to a “use, treat, and reuse –
circular” approach is needed to manage wastewater.

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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

 Investment in wastewater treatment has associated risks as well. It is therefore important to

understand the underlying social, political, technical, and financial factors that will drive,
facilitate, and sustain wastewater management interventions in India.

Conclusion:

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 specifically focuses on water and sanitation, with Target 3
addressing water quality, but the availability of water is a cross-cutting issue upon which every
aspect of development hinges. Put simply, water is life, and without a sustained commitment to
improving and benefiting from effective wastewater management, that precious resource, and the
billions of lives it nourishes, is in peril.

Microplastics are said to be the ‘Silent Pollutants’ harming Our Planet. What are the
health implications of microplastics for humans and other organisms? Why is finding an
effective solution challenging? (250 Words)
Difficulty Level: Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights ias
Why the question?
The question addresses the significant environmental issue of microplastic pollution and its health
implications for humans and other organisms. The question is part of the static syllabus of General
Studies Paper – 3 and mentioned as part of the Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question: To examine the health implications of microplastics for humans and
other organisms, as well as the challenges associated with finding effective solutions to this issue.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction: Start by defining microplastics and highlighting their status as ‘Silent Pollutants’ that
pose significant threats to the environment and human health.
Body:
First, discuss the health implications of microplastics for humans, including potential risks associated
with ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure. Also, explore the impacts on other organisms, such
as marine life and terrestrial wildlife.
Next, list down the challenges in finding effective solutions to mitigate microplastic pollution. This
may include factors such as the ubiquity and persistence of microplastics in the environment, limited
understanding of their long-term effects, difficulties in monitoring and regulation, and the
complexities of cleaning up existing pollution.
Provide examples of ongoing research or initiatives aimed at addressing microplastic pollution and
their limitations or areas for improvement.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasizing the urgency of addressing microplastic pollution to safeguard human
health and environmental integrity.
Introduction

Microplastics are small plastic particles in the environment that are generally smaller than 1mm
down to the micrometer range. The researchers found huge amounts of them in the Arctic snow;
their study claims to be the first that contains data on contamination of snow by microplastics.

Scientists from South Korea have developed a new water purification system that can quickly and
efficiently filter out microplastics. Crucially, the polymer used is relatively inexpensive with excellent
adsorption performance and good photothermal properties.

Body

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Microfibres from washing of textiles, microbeads used in cosmetics and even paint from land run-
offs can dump microplastics in the ocean. Plastic bottles, bags, fishing nets, and food packaging are
some examples of the larger pieces that break down into microplastics, eventually finding their way
into the soil, water and the air we breathe. According to a 2017 International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) report, microplastics are estimated to constitute up to 30% of
marine litter polluting the oceans.

Threats posed by Microplastics:

 Microplastics escape the filtration and treatment processes for waste water and end up in
sites of nature.

 This is resulting in significant global impacts on wildlife from marine environment pollution.

 Microplastics are killing the fish before they reach reproductive age, stunted growth and
altering the behaviour in some fishes.

 Microplastics are found in the viscera of dead sea birds, reptiles like turtles, whales etc.

 World’s coastal countries currently do not have the concerned recycling policies or the
technical capabilities, and so large quantities of plastic are not recycled and enter landfill.

 The durable properties of plastics make them persistent and slow to degrade in the
environment entering the food chains.

 It holds the potential for both bioaccumulation and biomagnification.

 Once the microplastics enter foodchain, they carry synthetic chemical compounds such as
PCBs and PAHs, which are carcinogenic.

 Unlike POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) or chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Plastic pollution

has received little attention in terms of international agreements.

 Microplastics make up 94 percent of an estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic in the patch.
But that only amounts to eight percent of the total tonnage

Measures needed:

 Local actions are required for mitigating plastic pollution, using mechanisms such as bans on
plastic bags, maximum daily limits for emissions into watersheds, and incentives for fishing
gear retrieval.

 Microbeads in cosmetics, daily use items must be banned globally.

 Countries should come together to establish measurable reduction targets for plastic waste.
A meaningful international agreement—one with clearly defined waste reduction targets is
the need of the hour.
 Effective policies must take into account all stages of the lifecycle of plastic—connecting
producers to users and ultimately to waste managers.

 Nonprofits like 5 Gyres are now pushing an agenda toward public awareness, corporate
responsibility and the idea of a circular economy — an economy that focuses on keeping
waste to a minimum while maximizing materials’ use.

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 Fossil fuel subsidies incentivise the plastic market. Hence, Countries should end fossil fuel
subsidies. Annually, 4–8% of oil is used to produce raw plastic.

 India has a major problem dealing with plastics, particularly single-use shopping bags that
reach dumping sites, rivers and wetlands along with other waste.

 The most efficient way to deal with the pollution is to control the production and
distribution of plastics.

 Banning single-use bags and making consumers pay a significant amount for the more
durable ones is a feasible solution.

 Enforcing segregation of waste will retrieve materials and greatly reduce the burden on the
environment.

 Waste separation can be achieved in partnership with the community, and presents a major
employment opportunity.

 Eco-friendly substitutes (cloth/paper/jute bags, leaves/areca leaf plates, paper straws)

should be developed. For this, scientific and financial support (soft loans and subsidies) is
required.

Conclusion

Marine plastic pollution is a “planetary crisis,” and we should hope for a “Paris-style” global treaty
aimed at tackling it. We cannot transform our world into a ‘plastic planet’. What is needed is
collective public effort to stop plastic pollution and safeguard our ecosystem/biodiversity.

Noise pollution is a pressing issue in India. Concerted efforts are needed to mitigate
noise pollution and safeguard public health and environmental well-being.
Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of noise pollution and steps needed to combat it.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining noise pollution.
Body:
First, write about the impact of noise pollution on human health and on environment.
Next, write about the various steps that are needed to tackle noise pollution in the country –
regulatory measures must be strengthened and enforced, noise monitoring improved, public
awareness campaigns conducted, and noise control measures implemented in urban planning and
transportation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
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Introduction

Noise pollution is generally defined as regular exposure to elevated sound levels that may lead to
adverse effects in humans or other living organisms. According to the World Health Organization,
noise above 65 decibels (dB) is defined as noise pollution. To be precise, noise becomes harmful
when it exceeds 75 decibels (dB) and is painful above 120 dB.

A recent report commissioned by the United Nations Environment Programme shows that a subset
of 61 cities and the range of dB (decibel) levels that have been measured. Delhi, Jaipur, Kolkata,
Asansol and Moradabad are the five Indian cities mentioned in this list and Moradabad in Uttar
Pradesh was shown as having a dB range from 29 to 114. At a maximum value of 114, it was the
second-most-noisiest city in the list.

Body

Impact on Human health

 Hypertension is, in this case, a direct result of noise pollution caused elevated blood levels
for a longer period of time.
 Hearing loss can be directly caused by noise pollution, whether listening to loud music in
your headphones or being exposed to loud drilling noises at work, heavy air or land traffic,
or separate incidents in which noise levels reach dangerous intervals, such as around140 dB
for adult or 120 dB for children.

 Sleep disturbances are usually caused by constant air or land traffic at night, and they are a
serious condition in that they can affect everyday performance and lead to serious diseases.

 Child development. Children appear to be more sensitive to noise pollution, and a number
of noise-pollution-related diseases and dysfunctions are known to affect children, from
hearing impairment to psychological and physical effects. Also, children who regularly use
music players at high volumes are at risk of developing hearing dysfunctions. In 2001, it was
estimated that 12.5% of American children between the ages of 6 to 19 years had impaired
hearing in one or both ears

 Various cardiovascular dysfunctions. Elevated blood pressure caused by noise pollution,

especially during the night, can lead to various cardiovascular diseases.

 Dementia isn’t necessarily caused by noise pollution, but its onset can be favored or
compounded by noise pollution.

 Psychological dysfunctions and noise annoyance. Noise annoyance is, in fact, a recognized
name for an emotional reaction that can have an immediate impact.

Impact on Environment

 Our oceans are no longer quiet. Thousands of oil drills, sonars, seismic survey devices,
coastal recreational watercraft and shipping vessels are now populating our waters, and that
is a serious cause of noise pollution for marine life.

 Whales are among the most affected, as their hearing helps them orient themselves, feed
and communicate.

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 Noise pollution thus interferes with cetaceans’ (whales and dolphins) feeding habits,
reproductive patterns and migration routes, and can even cause hemorrhage and death.

 Other than marine life, land animals are also affected by noise pollution in the form of
traffic, firecrackers etc., and birds are especially affected by the increased air traffic.

Steps to check noise pollution

 International bodies like the WHO agree that awareness of noise pollution is essential to
beat this invisible enemy.

 For example: avoid very noisy leisure activities, opt for alternatives means of transport such
as bicycles or electric vehicles over taking the car, do your housework at recommended
times, insulate homes with noise-absorbing materials, etc.

 Educating the younger generation is also an essential aspect of environmental education.

 Governments can also take measures to ensure correct noise management and
reduce noise pollution.

 For example: protecting certain areas — parts of the countryside, areas of natural
interest, city parks, etc. — from noise, establishing regulations that include preventive and
corrective measures —

 mandatory separation between residential zones and sources of noise like airports, fines for
exceeding noise limits, etc.,

 installing noise insulation in new buildings, creating pedestrian areas where traffic is only
allowed to enter to offload goods at certain times.

 replacing traditional asphalt with more efficient options that can reduce traffic noise by up
to 3 dB, among others.

Conclusion

Although noise pollution may seem harmless, it, in fact, has far-reaching consequences. The adverse
effects on the health of the environment are quite severe. Not only is the local wildlife affected by
pollution but humans also face a number of problems due to it.

Addressing deforestation requires a multi-faceted approach that includes sustainable

land use planning. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about causes, consequences, and strategies for addressing deforestation in India,
considering its wide-ranging impacts.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:

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Introduction:
Begin by giving context for the issue of deforestation in India.
Body:
First, write about the primary drivers of deforestation in India, such as agricultural expansion,
logging, urbanization, and infrastructure development. Discuss any regional or local factors
contributing to deforestation.
Next, write about the steps that are needed prevent deforestation – environmental conservation with
sustainable development and social equity, involving policies and interventions that promote forest
conservation, community participation, and sustainable land-use practices.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

Indiscriminate felling of trees as a result of urbanization, industrialization, mining operations, and

use of wood for domestic and other purposes have caused heavy depletion of forests. This is
called deforestation. Deforestation results in conversion of forest land to non-forest use.

Body

Causes of Deforestation

 Agriculture:As per UNFCCC, agriculture is the direct cause of deforestation. Subsistence

farming, commercial agriculture, shifting cultivation and industrial logging all cause
deforestation.

 Developmental Projects like hydroelectric projects, reservoirs etc. require immense

deforestation.

 Raw Material requirements

 Overgrazing by cattle

 Other causes like mining, overpopulation and urbanization, floods, forest fires due to
climate change etc.

Impacts of Deforestation

Environmental Impacts:

 Deforestation is a contributor to global warming,and is often cited as one of the major

causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect as it causes carbon stores held in soil to be
released.

 Deforestation affects wind flows, water vapor flowsand absorption of solar energy thus
clearly influencing local and global climate.

 The water cycle is also affected by deforestation. Trees extract groundwater through their
roots and release it into the atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no
longer transpire this water, resulting in a much drier climate.

 Increase in the rate of soil erosion. This can further lead to flooding in rivers and makes the
soil susceptible to landslides.

 Removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded

environment with reduced biodiversity.

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 Deforestation can destroy genetic variations (such as crop resistance) irretrievably.

Economic Impacts:

 A short-term economic gain made by conversion of forest to agriculture, or

overexploitation of wood products, typically leads to a loss of long-term income and long-
term biological productivity.

Social impacts

 It has led to eviction of tribals and forest dwellers rendering them homeless and destitute.

 Many people dependent on forests for livelihood are deprived of their earnings.

Measures needed to stop deforestation

 The first and foremost task to conserve forests is to protect the existing forests from the
merciless and reckless cutting of trees by greedy economic men. This task may be achieved
through government legislation and by arousing public interest in the importance of the
forest resources. The National Forest Policy of India has also laid down certain basic
principles for proper management and conservation of the forest resources of the country
such as –

o Classification of forests according to functional aspects into protected forests,

reserved forests, village forests, etc.

o Expansion in the forest cover by planting trees in order to ameliorate the physical
and climatic conditions for the welfare of the people,

o Provision for ensuring progressive increasing supplies of fodder for animals and
timber for agricultural implements and firewood to local inhabitants nearer to the
forests,

o Opposition to the reckless extension of agricultural land at the cost of forest land,
o Extension of the forested area by the massive plan of tree plantation on a large-scale
at war-footing so as to bring 33 percent of the country’s geographical area under
forest etc.

 An important measure of effective conservation of natural forest is to adapt the scientific

and judicious method of cutting of trees by following a selective approach. Only mature
and desired trees should be cut and unwanted trees of low economic value should be
avoided.

 To cover more and more wasteland and already deforested land with forests through
vigorous planning of afforestation. Forests should not be replaced by commercially
important fruit orchards.

 For example, the cultivation of apples in many parts of the Himalayas in general and
Himachal Pradesh (India) in particular has done great damage to the original stands of
natural forests.

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Land degradation has negative impacts on the environment, economy, and society.
Examine the causes and consequences of Land degradation. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the causes and consequences of land degradation
Directive:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving statistic related to degrading land.
Body:
First, write about the causes of land degradation – agricultural practices, deforestation, urbanization
and industrialization, and climate change.
Next, write about the negative impact of Land degradation and how it impacts on human ecosystem
and health.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward on overcoming the above shortcomings.
Introduction
Land degradation is defined as the temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the
land, and the diminution of the productive potential, including its major land uses (e.g., rain-fed
arable, irrigation, forests), its farming systems (e.g., smallholder subsistence), and its value as an
economic resource.

Body

Status of Land Degradation in India

 About 29.32% of the Total Geographical Area of the country is undergoing the process of
desertification/land degradation.

 This equals nearly 94.6 million hectares in India.

 Approximately 6.35% of land in Uttar Pradesh is undergoing desertification/degradation.

 The State of India’s Environment report, 2017 calculates that nearly 30 per cent of India is
degraded or facing desertification. This figure touches 40 to 70 percent in eight states—
Rajasthan, Delhi, Goa, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Nagaland, Tripura and Himachal Pradesh.

 Various estimates put the economic costs of degradation in the country at 2.54% of its GDP.

Causes of Land Degradation

 Nearly 30% of India’s land area has been degraded through deforestation, over-cultivation,
soil erosion and depletion of wetlands, as per a 2016 study by Space Applications Centre of
the Indian Space Research Organisation.

 Agricultural production systems made less resilient by the loss of biodiversity.

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 Natural factors such as climate variability and extreme weather events.

 Overgrazing and over grafting, inappropriate irrigation, Urban sprawl and commercial
development and Soil Pollution.

Steps taken to check growing land degradation in India

 To fight this menace, India will convert degraded land of nearly 50 lakh (5 million) hectares
to fertile land in the next 10 years (between 2021 and 2030).

 A Centre for Excellence would be set up in Dehradun for land degradation neutrality.

 Bonn Challenge: “Bonn Challenge” is a global effort to bring 150 million hectares of the
world’s deforested and degraded land into restoration by 2020, and 350 million hectares by
2030.

o 5 million hectares are part of the Bonn Challenge

o At the UNFCCC (COP) 2015 in Paris, India joined the voluntary Bonn Challenge and
pledged to bring into restoration 13 million hectares of degraded and deforested
land by 2020, and an additional 8 million hectares by 2030.

o India’s pledge is one of the largest in Asia.

 Soil Health Card: Farmers will be provided with a scientific assessment card of their field soil.
This will help in mixing right amount of fertiliser to ensure fertility of land.

 Micro-irrigation: This will prevent soil-erosion and land degardation by preserving top soil.

o Government has set up Micro-irrigation fund under NABARD to help states

increasing land under drip irrigation.

 National Afforestation & Eco Development Board (NAEB) Division of the MoEFCC is
implementing the “National Afforestation Programme (NAP)” for ecological restoration of
degraded forest areas.

 Various other schemes like Green India Mission, fund accumulated under Compensatory
Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA), Nagar Van Yojana also
help in checking degradation and restoration of forest landscape.
 MoEF&CC also promote tree outside forests realizing that the country has a huge potential
for increasing its Trees Outside Forest (TOF) area primarily through expansion
of agroforestry, optimum use of wastelands and vacant lands.

Conclusion

India must commit itself towards Land degradation neutrality. The impact can be reduced by proper
management of mining process, using advanced technologies rather than conventional methods.
Agricultural intensification needs to be managed properly to reduce the environmental effect. This
can be done through education of the farmers. The government must take the warning on
desertification seriously because land has synergistic benefits for biodiversity and creating carbon
sink.

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Bioremediation is a promising approach for cleaning up polluted environments, offering

several advantages. However, it also has limitations and challenges that need to be
considered. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: investopedia.com
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the different types of bio-remediation techniques and their advantages and
limitations in cleaning up polluted environments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining bio-remediation and explain it briefly.
Body:
In brief, write about the different types of bio-remediation techniques like phytoremediation,
mycoremediation, and microbial remediation, and how they work.
Next, write about the advantages of bio-remediation, such as being cost-effective, environmentally
friendly, and non-invasive, among others.
Next, write about the limitations of bio-remediation, such as long timeframes, lack of predictability,
and inability to remove certain pollutants, among others.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning about the potential of bio-remediation.
Introduction

Bioremediation is a process where biological organisms are used to remove or neutralize an

environmental pollutant by metabolic process. The “biological” organisms include microscopic
organisms, such as fungi, algae and bacteria, and the “remediation”—treating the situation. The
main principle is degrading and converting pollutants to less toxic forms. Bioremediation is highly
involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical wastes and
physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of
microorganisms.

Bio-remediation and bio-mining are clearly specified as the first choice under Rule 15 (zj) of The
Rules for the Safe Treatment of Legacy Waste in all open dumpsites and existing operational
dumpsites in India.

Body

Different types of bio-remediation techniques

Advantages
 The contaminations of soil through heavy metals become a major problem among all
other environmental problems.

 These metals can also be removed by the use of various biological agents like yeast, fungi,
bacteria, and algae etc. which act as bio sorbent for sequestering the metals.

 In solid waste, about 12% constitute of rubber. A rubber can neither degrade easily nor
recycled due to its physical composition. This can be removed due to bioremediation.

 Bioremediation of Agricultural Waste

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 Each year, human, livestock, and crops produce approximately 38 billion metric tons of
organic waste worldwide. Disposal and environmental friendly management of these wastes
has become a global priority.these can be managed through vermicomposting.

 A vermicompostingis nothing but a joint action between the earth warms and
microorganism. Here microorganism helps in degradation of organic matter and earth warm
drives the process and conditioning to the substrate and altering the biological activity.

 It leads to near-zero emission of harmful gases (such as methane, hydrogen sulphide, and
ammonia) and leachate

 Organic fraction of the original waste is degraded biologically by the bioculture. Specific
microbes are also used for leachate treatment.

o Once the waste is stabilised, it is ready for bio-mining, and can be separated into
different fractions which can then be used for different purposes — for compost,
road subgrade, making RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) pellets, recycling plastics, or inert
for landfills etc.

 The major advantage of the bioremediation methods is that it allows for contamination to
be treated, neutralized or removed and then produces a waste product itself that is more
easily disposed of.

 In some cases, there is no need for disposal at all. In the case of the plants used
in phytoremediation and rhizofiltration,the plant is able to do something called
bioaccumulation. This means is holds onto the contaminant. As the plant is still growing,
there is no need to remove and destroy it.

Disadvantages

 Not applicable to heavy metal contamination or chlorinated hydrocarbons such as

trichloroethylene.

 Non-permeable soil requires additional processing.

 The contaminant can be stripped from soil via soil washing or physical extraction before
being placed in bioreactor.

 Depending on specific site, some contaminants may not be absolutely transformed to

harmless products.

 If transformation stops at an intermediate compound, the intermediate may be more toxic

and/or mobile than parent compound some are recalcitrant contaminants cannot be
biodegradable.

 When incorrectly applied, injection wells may become blocked by profuse microbial growth
due to addition of nutrients, electron donor and electron acceptor.

 Heavy metals and organic compounds concentration inhibit activity of indigenous

microorganisms.

 In-situ bioremediation usually required microorganism’s acclimatization, which may not

develop for spills and recalcitrant compounds.

Conclusion
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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

Thus, it is not only a process of removing the pollutant from the environment but also it an eco-
friendly and more effective process. The purpose of bioremediation is to make environment free
from pollution with help of environmentally friendly microbes.

What are ecotones? Ecotones deserve high conservation investment, potentially

serving as speciation and biodiversity centres. Elaborate on their importance. (250
words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the ecotones and their importance and the need to conserve them.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin defining ecotone.
Body:
First, mention briefly how ecotones are formed. Mentioned about the edge effect.
Next, write about the importance of ecotones – providing an area for a large number of species,
nesting, food provisions, greater genetic diversity, serve as bridges of “gene flow” and buffer-zone”
protecting the neighbouring ecosystem from possible environmental damage.
Next, write about the need to conserve them.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising the importance and how Ecotones provide a sensitive indicator of global
change.
Introduction

The transition zone between two ecosystems is called an ecotone. It is an area that represents
the boundary between two ecosystems. This area is of high environmental and scientific
importance. Marshy land, grassland ecosystem are few examples of Ecotones.

Body

Significance of Ecotones

 Ecotones, in simple terms, are transitional lands, which is why they provide such valuable
insights and information regarding the evolution of the topography.

 Ecotones are also very special when it comes to species diversity.

 The transitioning region boasts species richnessand elaborate biodiversity.

 This is because they contain animal and plant species from both the adjacent ecosystems.

 This phenomenon is formally referred to as the edge effect.

 Ecotones act as biodiversity hotspotsbetween two ecosystems.

 Because this region borders two well-defined ecosystems, it promotes gene flowfrom one
community to another, thereby giving rise to interesting variations.
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 As such, ecotones hold evolutionary significance for researchers.

 Ecotones are the biological analogues of buffer states. They act as buffer regions when
catastrophic conditions strike and protect the adjacent ecosystem from any prospective
dangers.

 For instance, if a tsunami hits a coast, it’s usually the mangrove vegetation that acts as the
shock absorbers. It prevents a massive amount of danger from infiltrating the terrestrial
region.

Conclusion

Moreover, such a region is also very susceptible to climate- and human-induced changes. These
changes result in modifications related to the biodiversity, structure, and functioning of the thriving
flora and fauna.

Discuss importance of biodiversity conservation in light of the services it provides. (150

words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of biodiversity conservation in light of
the services it provides.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining biodiversity.
Body:
First, Write about the reasons as to why Biodiversity is important to humans. Economic—biodiversity
provides humans with raw materials for consumption and production, Ecological life support,
Recreation—many recreational pursuits rely on our unique biodiversity, Cultural and scientific.
Next, bring out the major threats to bio diversity and ways to conserve it.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Biological diversity is the resource upon which families, communities, nations and future generations
depend. It is the link between all organisms on earth, binding each into an interdependent
ecosystem, in which all species have their role. It is the web of life.

The Global Reporting Initiative Biodiversity Standard was developed by the Global Reporting
Initiative (GRI), an international independent standards organisation that assists businesses,
governments and other entities understand and report their impacts on issues related to climate
change, human rights and corruption.

Body

Biodiversity in India
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 India hasfour biodiversity hotspots and 90% of this area has been lost, according to the
Centre for Science and Environment’s (CSE) new report entitled ‘State of India’s
Environment in Figures 2021’.

 As per the data compiled in the report, theIndo-Burma hotspot is the worst affected and
has lost 95% of its vegetation area, going from 23.73 lakh sq. km to 1.18 lakh sq. km.

 Another worrying aspect is that in these four hotspots, 25 species have also become extinct.

Importance of biodiversity conservation

 Ecosystem Services: Biodiversity provides essential services such as air and water purification,
climate regulation, and pollination of crops.

 Genetic Resources: It preserves genetic diversity which is vital for food security, medicine, and
adapting to environmental changes.

 Sustainable Utilization: Conserving biodiversity ensures sustainable use of natural resources,

benefiting economies and livelihoods.

 Ecological Balance: It maintains ecological balance and supports the life cycles and food chains
of various species.

 Cultural Value: Biodiversity has immense cultural significance and contributes to the well-being
and identity of communities.

 Scientific Knowledge: It provides a vast knowledge base for scientific research, leading to
discoveries and innovations.

 Resilience: Healthy ecosystems are more resilient to disturbances like natural disasters and can
recover more quickly.

 Recreational Value: Biodiversity enriches our lives through recreational activities like
birdwatching, hiking, and nature photography.

Loss of biodiversity: Impact on human health

 Prone to disaster: Biodiversity builds resilience against natural disasters like floods and
storms, besides offering protective barriers against pandemics.

 Loss of over 35% of the earth’s mangrove forests has made us vulnerable to floods and
is resulting in rising sea levels that threaten coastal agriculture.

 Deforestation and zoonosis: Deforestation, with loss of multiple plant species, is damaging soil
integrity and causing landslides precipitated by loose soil.

 Deforestation also leads to increased spread of zoonotic infections, by removing the

protective boundaries between wildlife and human communities.
 Food security: The availability of biodiversity is often a “safety net” that increases food security
and the adaptability of some local communities to external economic and ecological
disturbances.

 Farming practices that maintain and make use of agricultural biodiversity can also
improve food security.

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 Ecosystem services: According to IUCN, the World Conservation Union, the monetary value of
goods and services provided by ecosystems is estimated to amount to some US$33 trillion per
year.

 Energy security: Wood fuel provides more than half the energy used in developing countries.
Shortage of wood fuel occurs in areas with high population density without access to alternative
and affordable energy sources.

 Clean water: The continued loss of forests and the destruction of watersheds reduce the quality
and availability of water supplied to household use and agriculture.

 Health: A balanced diet depends on the availability of a wide variety of foods, which in turn
depends on the conservation of biodiversity. Moreover, greater wildlife diversity may decrease
the spread of many wildlife pathogens to humans.

 Global warming: Carbon sequestration refers to the long term removal or capturing of carbon
from the atmosphere to control or mitigate global warming, and this is done naturally using
biological, physical and chemical processes.

 A decline in these services means a decline in the capturing of carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere.

Conclusion

Biodiversity in natural ecosystems is of the utmost importance. It helps provide the

resources and services that we rely on every day. The development and urbanization of humans
poses a serious risk for natural biodiversity.

If nothing is done to reduce these changes, there will be disastrous consequences. There are many
things we can do in politics, science, and even in our daily lives to help fix these issues. As humans
we need to understand the risks associated with our consuming lifestyles and work hard to fix what
is already damaged and prevent future harm.

Value Addition

Goods and Services provided by ecosystems include:

 Provision of food, fuel and fibre

 Provision of shelter and building materials

 Purification of air and water

 Detoxification and decomposition of wastes

 Stabilization and moderation of the Earth’s climate

 Moderation of floods, droughts, temperature extremes and the forces of wind

 Generation and renewal of soil fertility, including nutrient cycling

 Pollination of plants, including many crops

 Control of pests and diseases

 Maintenance of genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties and livestock breeds,
medicines, and other products
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 Cultural and aesthetic benefits

 Ability to adapt to change

Discuss the major reasons for an increase in man-animal conflict in recent years. What
have been the major steps undertaken by the government for abatement of the
conflicts? (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To explain the major causes for rising cases of man-animal conflict and steps taken by government to
control it.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
start with what you understand by Man-Animal conflicts.
Body:
Start by explaining what you understand by man-animal conflicts. Discuss what the main causes of
man wildlife conflict are – The cause of human wildlife conflict was human settlement, agricultural
expansion, illegal grass collection, over grazing by livestock and deforestation in national park. As a
result, local communities disliked wildlife inhabiting in and around their surroundings. human
population growth and expansion, habitat degradation and fragmentation, land use transformation
and increasing densities of livestock grazing in protected areas are considered as major causes of
man-carnivore conflicts.
Write about the various government policies and programmes in this direction.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

According to data from the Union environment ministry, more than 1,608 humans were killed in
human-wildlife conflict cases involving tigers, leopards, bears and elephants between 2013 and
2017. Most recently, Wayanad is on the boil after a radio-collared wild elephant chased a 47-year-
old man and trampled him to death.

A deadly conflict is underway between India’s growing masses and its wildlife, confined to ever-
shrinking forests and grasslands, with data showing that about one person has been killed every day
for the past three years by roaming tigers or rampaging elephants.

Body

Reasons for rise in Man-Animal Conflicts

 Unbridled Development: The existing space for Tigers, Elephants and other big wild animals
is shrinking due to encroachment of wildlife habitats. Unsustainable land use is the biggest
problem in this regard.

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o Animals are increasingly finding their usual corridors and pathways blocked by
roads, rail tracks and industries.

o The Ken-Betwa Riverinterlinking project will submerge 100 sq. km of Panna Tiger
Reserve.

 Urbanization: Urbanization and growth agendas alter landscape dynamics, which has a
cascading effect on the ecological dynamics of wildlife.

o Eg: In the area of Gwal Pahari on the Gurugram-Faridabad Road, for example, the
district town and country planning department has issued change of land use
permissions

o Recent relaxations in norms toallow for a widening of highway and railway

networks near these protected areas are the new threats

 Primary reason for the increasing human-animal conflicts is the presence of a large number
of animals and birds outside the notified protected areas.

o Wildlife experts estimate that 29 per cent of the tigers in India are outside the
protected areas

 Poor Enforcement of laws: No buffer zone is maintained between critical wildlife habitats
and human settlements.

 Climate Change and Biodiversity: Withthe food chain undergoing rapid changes and pool of
species declining, the forage is decreasing for wild animals. Hence, they come in search of
livestock in fringe areas of human settlements.

 Less Protected Area: Only 5% of India’s geographical area is in the protected area category.
This space is not enough to have a full-fledged habitat for wild animals.

o A territorial animal like a male tiger needs an area of 60-100 sq km. But the area
allocated to an entire tiger reserve, like the Bor Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra, is
around 140 sq km.

o The territorial animals do not have enough space within reserves and their prey
does not have enough fodder to thrive on.

Government Initiatives to reduce Man-Animal conflict

 A network of Protected Areas namely viz., national park, Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves
and Community Reserving covering important wildlife habitat have been created all over the
country under the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 to conserve wild animals
and their habitat.

 Wildlife corridors: Wildlife corridors have been developed in many parts of the country.
o For example: In 2017, to protect elephant habitats, the Odisha government had
identified 14 corridors.

o Tiger corridor around Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserves is built.

 “Plan Bee”: Indian Railways launched ‘Plan Bee’ to prevent elephantsgetting hurt on rail
tracks, thereby reducing the elephant death toll.

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o Nearly 50 buzzing amplifiers have been deployed as part of “Plan Bee” at a dozen
“elephant corridors” in the vast forests of Assam, home to nearly 6,000 elephants,
20% of the country’s total.

 State governments:

o Assistance to state government for construction of boundary walls and solar fences
around the sensitive areas to prevent the wild animal attacks

o Supplementing the state government resources for payment of ex gratia to the

people for injuries and loss of life in case of wild animal attacks.

o Encouraging state government for creation of a network of protected areas and

wildlife corridors for conservation of wildlife.

 Provisions under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 empower concerned authorities take
necessary steps to handle problematic wild animals.

 Standard Operating Procedures for the management of major problematic animals like
tiger, elephant, leopard, rhino etc. are being used by the respective state governments

 Controlling population: In January 2018, the Environment Ministry has approved “immune-
contraception” method to address man-animal conflicts.

o The immuno-contraception is non-hormonal form of contraception. It causes

production of antibodies which in turn prevents conception in animals.

o Ministry sanctioned over Rs 10 crore for ‘immunology contraception’ of wild boars,

Rhesus monkeys and elephants.

Way Forward

 Community Participation: Local volunteers should be trained to handle with human-wildlife

conflicts and organize locals for immediate initial steps till the wildlife rescue team arrives

 Rescue Teams:Wild Life Rescue Teams equipped with adequate personnel, equipment and
communication systems should be present in potential areas of human-animal conflict.

 Awareness campaign:
o Hunting of prey animals, such as deer and pig, needs to stop as they form the base
for growth of tiger and other carnivore populations.

 Identifying regular movements corridors of large wildlife, and adequate publicity/awareness

to avoid disturbances

 Compilation of data on conflicts, reasons for such conflicts, best practices of response.
Identify hotspots of conflict and keep extra vigil in such areas.

 Insurance programs for damage due to wildlife.

o Crop insuranceshould be provided in the event of destruction by wild animals.

o Livestock insuranceand its scope must be explored.

 Help locals in constructing barriers, and develop scaring away methods.

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Conclusion

Human life is vital and so is a thriving wildlife that sustains the ecosystem. Harmony between
humans and wildlife can ensure protection of both. Conservation and Development must go hand in
hand to combat man animal conflict, which in turn will lead to sustainable development.

The statement from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regarding
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) having the highest cost and lowest potential
contribution to net emission reduction in both the energy and industry sectors suggests
a critical assessment of CCS as a mitigation strategy. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Indian Express , sciencedirect.com
Why the question:
IPCC noted that CCS has the highest cost and lowest possible contribution to net emission reduction
in both energy and industry sectors.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about carbon capture utilisation technologies and their pros and cons in mitigating
emissions.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Briefly explain the concept of carbon capture utilisation technologies.
Body:
First, the coming of carbon capture utilisation technologies; Carbon Capture and Storage, is a
technology which captures carbon dioxide (CO2) from the burning of coal and gas for power
generation, and from the manufacturing of steel, cement and other industrial facilities.
Next, write about the limitations of CCUS technologies – Cost Consideration, Complexity and
Technological Challenges, Limited Impact on Emission Reductions etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a balanced opinion.
Introduction

Carbon capture utilization Storage (CCUS) refers to the recycling (collection, storages and
then utilization) of carbon released from fossil fuels emissions. It is one of the flexibility phenomena
under the Clean Development Mechanism of Kyoto Protocol.

The aim is to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from point sources (especially industrial
sources within the power, chemicals, cement, and steel sectors) in order to avoid the release of
these gasses into the atmosphere. Next, the captured CO2 is converted into other components and
products, such as chemical feedstocks, fuels or building materials, which are otherwise typically
derived from fossil-based resources.

IPCC noted that CCS has the highest cost and lowest possible contribution to net emission reduction
in both energy and industry sectors.

Body

Potential of CCUS

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 The captured carbon is recycled for producing economically valuable products and services.
Captured carbon can be utilised in producing oil, via Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) or can be
used to produce fuels (eg methane, methanol, aviation fuels, gasoline), construction
material, chemicals, plastics and algae-based products such as fertilisers and animal feed.

 The costs associated with carbon capture can be partially offset by the revenue generated
from the utilisation measures.

 CC helps in economic goods and use in core sector such as, Carbon neutral industries of
methanol, ammonia/fertilizer, olefins for plastic, steel and power.

 Also helps to phase CO2 from atmosphere as CO2 leads to global warming.

 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) technologies
are two subsets of the overall larger set of crucial technologies that is collectively called
Carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS).

Carbon Capture Technology for India:

 To tread the path of clean energy, India has to pursue different categories of carbon
mitigation options, or the 4 R’s, i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and remove,

 India had identified Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) as a priority area in its
Second Biennial Update Report that was submitted to UNFCCC.

 In 2019, IOCL signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation (ONGC), on a combined CCUS and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) system.

 As per the MoU, CO₂ that is captured at IOCL’s Koyali refinery would be transported by
pipeline to the nearby ONGC Gandhar oilfield in the state of Gujarat.

 Additionally, IOCL has also signed a similar MoU with Oil India Limited (OIL) for IOCL’s Digboi
refinery to provide CO₂ for EOR at OIL’s Naharkatiya and Dikom oilfields in the state of
Assam.

 India is also an active participant of the Carbon Capture Innovation Challenge under Mission
Innovation (MI) and has launched a funding opportunity to the tune of $17 million in FY19
for 47 projects across the themes of carbon capture, sustainable biofuels and converting
sunlight.

 India can look towards tackling emissions via a material efficiency approach, thereby
addressing the dual challenge of resource scarcity and emission reduction. India has made
some initial headways in the context of material efficiency. For instance, the Draft National
Resource Efficiency Policy (NREP), 2019, represents a comprehensive framework for
resource efficiency.

 In line with the notion of Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) model, India may consider
broadening the scope of the issue of climate change and acknowledge the role played by
high material consumption in contributing to the energy demand and by extension to
emissions.

 According to a recent report by Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Material Economics (2019),
while 55% of the emissions can be managed by mitigation pathways such as the use of

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renewable energy and adoption of energy efficiency measures, the remaining emissions can
be tackled via the adoption of a circular economy model.

 The deepening of the carbon credit market may be pursued, additionally. (carbon credit are
tradable certificate or permit representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide).

Global examples:

 China is largest producer of methanol produces using carbon capture technologies.

 South Africa has become world’s largest coal gasification based company.

Conclusion

Carbon capture utilisation technologies can play a key role not only in meeting CO2 emission
reduction targets (such as the ones set by the Paris Agreement), but also in accelerating the
transition to Circular Carbon Economy. As the technology matures and the associated costs fall
further, India should consider designing policies and programs to encourage faster deployment.

The management of electronic waste, or e-waste, is becoming a critical issue both

domestically and globally due to its environmental and health impacts. Analyse. (250
words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India
Why the question:
The world produced a whopping 62 billion kg of electronic waste (e-waste) in 2022. That number is
projected to rise to 82 billion kg in 2030.
Key Demand of the question:
To mention the cause for the exponential growth of e waste across the world and effective measures
to check it.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving few facts regarding the rising number of e waste production every year.
Body:
Firstly, highlight the various factors leading to high amount of e waste generation such as low
product life cycle, technology getting redundant very quickly, low opportunities for repairs and
recycles etc and impact of this on developing countries like India wand environment.
Next, suggest various measures to control and minimise the cause of e waste production, highlight
some of the provisions of e waste management rules,2016 and also the benefits of recycling e waste.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

E- Wastes are discarded and end- of- life electronic products ranging from computer, TV and other
electronic equipment and their electronic components. India is the third largest E-waste generator,
after USA and China. E-waste is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 30% in
the country.
The world produced a whopping 62 billion kg of electronic waste (e-waste) in 2022. That number is
projected to rise to 82 billion kg in 2030.
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Body

Issues with handling e-waste

 E-waste Generation in India: According to the Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB), India
generated more than 10 lakh tonnes of e-waste in 2019-20, an increase from 7 lakh tonnes
in 2017-18. Against this, the e-waste dismantling capacity has not been increased from 82
lakh tonnes since 2017-18.

 Unsafe disposal:In 2018, the Ministry of Environment had told the tribunal that 95% of e-
waste in India is recycled by the informal sector and scrap dealers unscientifically dispose
of it by burning or dissolving it in acids.

 Gap in collection:National Green Tribunal noted gaps in collection targets, as the amount of
e-waste collected in 2018-19 was 78,000 tonnes against a target of 1.54 lakh tonnes. There
are clear governance deficits on the subject.

 Involvement of Child Labor: In India, about5 lakh child laborers in the age group of 10-14
are observed to be engaged in various E-waste activities and that toowithout adequate
protection and safeguards in various yards and recycling workshops.

 Hazardous: E-waste contains over 1,000 toxic materials, which contaminate soil and
groundwater.

 E-waste Imports: Cross-border flow of waste equipment into India- 80% of E-waste in
developed countries meant for recycling is sent to developing countries such as India, China,
Ghana and Nigeria.

Various measures needed to control and safely dispose e-waste

 E-waste clinic:India’s first e-waste clinic for segregating, processing and disposal of waste
from household and commercial units has been set-up in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

 It is needed to come up with a strategy to engage with informal sector workersbecause

doing so will not only go a long way in better e-waste management practices but also aid in
environmental protection, improve the health and working conditions of labourers and
provide better work opportunities to over a million people.

o This will make management environmentally sustainable and easy to monitor.

 The need of the hour is to generate employment, which can be done throughidentifying and
promoting cooperatives and expanding the scope of the E-Waste (Management) Rules,
2016 to these cooperatives or the informal sector workers.

 Effective implementation of regulations is the way ahead to managing the e-waste that is
yet to be regulated in at least 115 countries.

Conclusion

There are various start-ups and companies in India that have now started to collect and recycle
electronic waste. We need better implementation methodologies and inclusion policies that provide
accommodation and validation for the informal sector to step up and help us meet our recycling
targets in an environmentally sound manner. Also, successfully raising collection rates required
every actor to be involved, including consumers.

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Sacred groves play a crucial role in the conservation of biodiversity, preservation of

cultural heritage, and the spiritual well-being of communities. Do you think sacred
groves must be declared as deemed forests to safeguard their ecological and cultural
significance?. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Down to Earth
Why the question:
A recent state government notification has struck fear in Rajasthan community dwellers about losing
access to forest produce and livelihoods.
Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of sacred groves and threats faced by
them and declaring them as deemed forests to protect them.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining a sacred grove and give examples of sacred groves.
Body:
First, write in detail about the importance of sacred groves – dense cover of vegetation including
climbers, herbs, shrubs and trees, maintained by rural communities etc.
Next, write about the threats faced by sacred groves – destruction, enrichment due to ever-
expanding human populations, pollution and removal of biomass
Next, write about the declaring them as deemed forests to protect them. Write about the pros and
cons of the same.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction

Sacred groves are patches of natural vegetation preserved by ancient societies on religious and
cultural grounds. These are forest fragments of varying sizes, which are communally protected, and
which usually have a significant religious connotation for the protecting community. It usually
consists of a dense cover of vegetation including climbers, herbs, shrubs and trees, with the
presence of a village deity and is mostly situated near a perennial water source. Sacred groves are
considered to be symbols of the primitive practice of nature worship and support nature
conservation to a great extent. It is estimated that India may have about 1,00,000 such groves.

Body

sacred groves must be declared as deemed forests due to the following reasons

 Some of the sacred groves have been cleared for the construction of buildings and other
modernisation works in connection with temple activities.

 Certain sacred groves have been reduced to small patches due to encroachments.

 In some places, old trees have been felled and fruit orchards and fruit gardens have been
established.

 The groves are being gradually altered due to the increasing needs of the ever-expanding
human population, pollution and removal of biomass.

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 Other threats to the groves include urbanization, and over-exploitation of resources.

 While many of the groves are looked upon as abode of Hindu deities, in the recent past a
number of them have been partially cleared for construction of shrines and temples.

Way forward

 Effective conservation and management practices are thus the need of the hour in order to
maintain the groves’ functional values.

 The groves have great research value in in situ conservation of rare, endangered and
threatened plant species.

 It is high time that public awareness is created about the importance of these sacred groves,
developmental activities are banned and the felling of trees or removal of any other
vegetation is completely stopped.

 This is possible only by way of enacting a special law for the protection and management of
sacred groves.

 As the management practices and other rituals vary from state to state, the concerned state
governments may promulgate such an act as suitable for the state.

 The idea should be to protect certain rare, endangered and threatened plant species in the
era of global warming and climate change.

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Single-use plastic contributes to severe environmental pollution. How can we phase out
single-use plastic in the country? (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India
Why the question:
On June 5, 2018, to mark the World Environment Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced
that India would phase out single-use plastics by 2022.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about concerns associated single use plastic and ways to successfully phase it out.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining single use plastic and give statistic related to plastic waste generation in India.
Body:
First, write about the concerns associated with single use plastic – usually goes into a landfill where it
is buried or it gets into the water and finds its way into the ocean, releases toxic chemicals, affects
Endocrine system which can cause cancer, infertility, birth defects, impaired immunity and many
other ailments etc
Next, write about the ways in which singe use plastic can be phased out in the country and ensure its
successful ban.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

Single Use plastic is a form of plastic that is disposable, which is only used once and then has to be
thrown away or recycled. The single-use plastic items include plastic bags, water bottles, soda
bottles, straws, plastic plates, cups, most food packaging and coffee stirrers. The single-use plastic
products also prevent the spread of infection. Instruments such as syringes, applicators, drug tests,
bandages and wraps are often made to be disposable. Also, single-use plastic products have been
enlisted in the fight against food waste, keeping food and water fresher for longer and reducing the
potential for contamination.

The Centre has defined a list of single-use plastic items that will be banned from July 1, 2022. The
manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of following single-use plastic, including
polystyrene and expanded polystyrene, commodities shall be prohibited with effect from the 1st
July, 2022.

Body

Govt. of India has laid great emphasis on eradicating single use plastic which has become one of the
biggest sources of pollution. During his Independence Day Speech this year Prime Minister had
urged the people to take a pledge on Mahatma Gandhi’s 150th Anniversary on 2nd October to make
the country free of single use plastic

Challenges posed:

 Petroleum-based plastic is not biodegradable and usually goes into a landfill where it is
buried or it gets into the water and finds its way into the ocean.

 Plastic in oceans and forests are choking flora and fauna. In fact, plastic trash is expected to
exceed the fish population in 2050.

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 Microplastics have ability to enter food chain with the highest concentration of the
pollutants.

 The PWM Rules Amendment, 2018, omitted explicit pricing of plastic bags that had been a
feature of the 2016 Rules.

 Waste plastic from packaging of everything from food, cosmetics and groceries to goods
delivered by online platforms remains unaddressed.

 The fast moving consumer goods sector that uses large volumes of packaging, posing a
higher order challenge.

 Lack of adequate infrastructure for segregation and collection is the key reason for
inefficient plastic waste disposal.

 Small producers of plastics are facing the ban, while more organised entities covered by the
Extended Producer Responsibility clause continue with business as usual.

 Lack of consultation with stakeholders such as manufacturers of plastics, eateries and citizen
groups: This leads to implementation issues and inconvenience to the consumers.

 Exemptions for certain products such as milk pouches and plastic packaging for food items
severely weaken the impact of the ban.

 No investment in finding out alternative materials to plug the plastic vacuum: Until people
are able to shift to a material which is as light-weight and cheap as plastic, banning plastic
will remain a mere customary practice.

 Lack of widespread awareness among citizens about the magnitude of harm caused by
single-use plastic: Without citizens ‘buying in’ to a cause, bans only result in creating
unregulated underground markets.

 No strategy to offset the massive economic impact: Sweeping bans like the one in
Maharashtra are likely to cause massive loss of jobs and disruption of a large part of the
economy dependent on the production and use of plastic.

Measures needed

 Target the most problematic single-use plastics by conducting a baseline assessment to

identify the most problematic single use plastics, as well as the current causes, extent and
impacts of their mismanagement.

 Consider the best actions to tackle the problem (e.g. through regulatory, economic,
awareness, voluntary actions), given the country’s socio-economic standing and considering
their appropriateness in addressing the specific problems identified.

 Assess the potential social, economic and environmental impacts (positive and negative) of
the preferred short-listed instruments/actions. How will the poor be affected? What impact
will the preferred course of action have on different sectors and industries?
 Identify and engage key stakeholder groups – retailers, consumers, industry representatives,
local government, manufacturers, civil society, environmental groups, tourism associations –
to ensure broad buy-in. Evidence-based studies are also necessary to defeat opposition from
the plastics industry.

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 Raise public awareness about the harm caused by single-used plastics. Clearly explain the
decision and any punitive measures that will follow.

Way forward

 Promote alternatives like cotton, khadi bags and bio-degradable plastics.

 Provide economic incentives to encourage the uptake of eco-friendly and fit-for-purpose

alternatives that do not cause more harm. Support can include tax rebates, research and
development funds, technology incubation, public-private partnerships, and support to
projects that recycle single-use items and turn waste into a resource that can be used again.

 Reduce or abolish taxes on the import of materials used to make alternatives.

 Provide incentives to industry by introducing tax rebates or other conditions to support its
transition. Governments will face resistance from the plastics industry, including importers
and distributors of plastic packaging. Give them time to adapt.

 Use revenues collected from taxes or levies on single-use plastics to maximize the public
good. Support environmental projects or boost local recycling with the funds. Create jobs in
the plastic recycling sector with seed funding.

 Enforce the measure chosen effectively, by making sure that there is clear allocation of roles
and responsibilities.

 Monitor and adjust the chosen measure if necessary and update the public on progress.

 International examples:

o The success of imposing a plastic bag fee has also been established in cities like
Chicago and Washington, showing that such interventions could be effective in
shaping behaviour change.

o The European Union is mulling new laws to ban some everyday single-use plastic
products including straws, cutlery and plates citing plastic litter in oceans as the
concern prompting the action.
o Countries such as the U.S., Canada and the Netherlands have already put in place
regulations to stop the use of microbeads in personal-care products. The sooner
India adopts such regulations, the better

 Encouraging plogging: Picking up litter while jogging or strolling was kick-started on a small
scale in a small part of Stockholm about an year ago, it has spread across the globe and India
can adopt this as well.

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Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.

India’s three-stage nuclear policy aims to address India’s energy needs and ensure its
strategic autonomy; it has faced scrutiny on various fronts. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why this question:
On March 4, Prime Minister Narendra Modi witnessed the start of the process of core-loading the
indigenous prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) at the Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam,
Tamil Nadu. A statement from his office called the occasion “a historic milestone in India’s nuclear
power programme”.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about India’s three-stage nuclear policy, its successes and limitations.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start with brief background of the context of the question.
Body:
First write about three-stage nuclear policy of India – describe its details and its achievements.

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Next, write about the challenges in nuclear policy of India and its shortcomings – delays in
implementation, and dependence on imported uranium and policy’s reliance on fast breeder reactors
etc. Write about ways to fix them.
Conclusion:
Suggest way forward and conclude.
Introduction
India’s three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Homi Bhabha in the 1950s to
secure the country’s long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium
reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The ultimate focus of the
programme is on enabling the thorium reserves of India to be utilised in meeting the country’s
energy requirements.

Prime Minister Modi witnessed the start of the process of core-loading the indigenous prototype
fast breeder reactor (PFBR) at the Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. A
statement from his office called the occasion “a historic milestone in India’s nuclear power
programme”.

Body

Three stage nuclear power program:

1. Stage 1- Pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR): The first stage involved using natural
uranium to fuel PHWR to produce electricity and Plutonium-239 as a byproduct. PHWRs
were chosen for the first stage because:

o In 1960s, India had the efficient reactor design in terms of uranium utilisation.

o Using Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors over Light Water Reactors was a correct
and wise decision. While Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors used unenriched
uranium, Light Water Reactors required enriched uranium.

o Further, India could domestically produce the components of PWHR, as opposed to

LWRs. Also the byproduct plutonium-293 would be used in the second stage.

2. Stage 2- Fast breeder reactor (FBR): The second stage involves using plutonium-239 to
produce fuel, which would be used in Fast Breeder Reactors. Plutonium 239 undergoes
fission to produce energy. Once a sufficient amount of plutonium-239 is built up, thorium
will be used in the reactor, to produce Uranium-233. This uranium is crucial for the third
stage.

3. Stage 3- Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR): The main purpose of stage-3 is to achieve
a sustainable nuclear fuel cycle.

o The advance nuclear system would be used a combination of Uranium-233 and

Thorium.

o India has vast thorium which would be exploited, using a thermal breeder reactor.

o Thorium use was reserved for the last stage as despite of having significant
availability, use of Thorium in production of energy has been full of certain
challenges. It cannot be used directly.

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o Thorium absorbs the neutrons, which can more efficiently produce more Plutonium
in Fast Breeder Reactor for a faster growth.

o Thus, the ultimate objective of the above programme is to create capacity to use
Thorium for sustainable production of nuclear energy and make India energy
independent.

challenges in nuclear policy of India and its shortcomings

 Safety and waste management is a major challenge. Incidents like Chernobyl, Fukushima are
serious cause of concern. If nuclear energy is generated adhering to the highest standards of
safety, there is less possibility of catastrophic accidents.

 Availability of fissile material is also a cause of concern. Nuclear fuel is not available easily
and need diplomatic efforts.

 Land acquisition and selection of location for Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is also major
problem in the country. NPP’s like Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu have met with several delays
due to the land acquisition related challenges.
 As India is not a signatory of NPT and NSG, nuclear supply is severely contained by
sanctioned against India. This situation has changed after 2009 waiver and bilateral civil
nuclear energy agreements with many countries.

 Reprocessing and enrichment capacity also required boost in India. For this India needs
advanced technology to fully utilise the spent fuel and for enhancing its enrichment
capacity.

Way forward and conclusion

To ensure the safety and security of using nuclear power there is need toensure maintenance of the
skills base, continued effective safety regulation. Fostering progress on facilities for waste disposal
and management must be given serious consideration. It is also important to maintain and reinforce
international non-proliferation arrangements.

Nuclear power can help to improve energy security. For a rapidly developing economy such as India,
it can make a vitally important contribution to growth. Besides, nuclear power can also reduce the
impact of volatile fossil fuel prices and mitigate the effects of climate change. India needs to come
up with a durable energy strategy to meet present and future energy demands of its population and
industries.

Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media

and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber
security; money laundering and its prevention.
India has taken comprehensive measures to enhance its preparedness against cyber
warfare threats, recognizing the dynamic nature of the cyber landscape. However, India
must keep on evolving its preparedness to meet the changing nature of cyber threats.
Evaluate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
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Why the question:

It is a serious issue that some of the top men in the Karnataka government—Chief Minister
Siddaramaiah, Deputy Chief Minister DK Shivakumar and Home Minister G Parameshwara, besides
some senior police officials—received email threats about 24 hours after the March 1 Rameshwaram
Cafe blast in Bengaluru.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about cyber warfare and India’s preparedness in tackling cyber warfare challenges.
Directive word:
Evaluate – When you are asked to evaluate, you have to pass a sound judgement about the truth of
the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence. You must appraise the worth of
the statement in question. There is scope for forming an opinion here.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining cyber-warfare.
Body:
In the first part, mention the various kinds of cyber weapons – Viruses, phishing, computer worms
and malware, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, hacking, spyware or cyber espionage,
ransomware and propaganda or disinformation campaigns etc.
Next, write about the various mechanisms and organisation to deal with cyber-warfare. Write about
their strengths and limitations.
Next, write about vulnerabilities of India to cyber warfare.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to overcome the above-mentioned vulnerabilities.
Introduction

Cyber warfare is computer- or network-based conflict involving politically motivated attacks by a

nation-state on another nation-state. In these types of attacks, nation-state actors attempt to
disrupt the activities of organizations or nation-states, especially for strategic or military purposes
and cyber espionage.

It is a serious issue that some of the top men in the Karnataka government—Chief Minister
Siddaramaiah, Deputy Chief Minister DK Shivakumar and Home Minister G Parameshwara, besides
some senior police officials—received email threats about 24 hours after the March 1 Rameshwaram
Cafe blast in Bengaluru.

Body

It involves the actions by a nation-state or international organization to attack and attempt to

damage another nation’s computers or information networks through, for example, computer
viruses or denial-of-service attacks.

India’s vulnerabilities to cyber threats:

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India’s preparedness and challenges faced:

 The attacks can be more tangible causing damage to physical or digital infrastructure.

o This includes a country’s water system or electric grid.

o Cyber tentacles can spread to political parties, universities and private businesses
and Citizens.

o Potentially worrisome cyber incidents include interference in political affairs, leaks

and espionage and the compromising of critical national infrastructure.

 A 2017 study conducted by Symantec found that India ranked fourth in online security
breaches, accounting for over 5 per cent of global threat detections. In the beginning of
2017, the newly launched Bharat Interface for Money application (BHIM app) reportedly
faced spam threats.

 The real danger to India lies in targeted cyber-attacks coming from adversarial nation states.

o Countries like China can bring immense assets to bear in carrying out sophisticated
cyber-attacks. The success of Stuxnet, which damaged the Iranian centrifuge facility
at Natanz is an example.

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 Cyber warfare is characterized by an absence of clarity.

o India can never be certain about the capability of the other side and also the
chances of success if we launch a cyber counterstrike.

 There is a push towards greater digital dependence with demonetization a cashless system is
being propagated. Aadhaar and the wider platforms such Digital India and Smart Cities will
push things further along. India is the world’s second largest digital nation with more than
350 million Indians are online and millions more will be getting connected in the years to
come.

 India is not even a signatory to some of the basic international frameworks on Cybersecurity
like the Convention of Cybercrime of the Council of Europe which not only European nations
but Japan, US, South Africa have become signatories to, except India.

 Indian laws are not in tandem with the ever-changing global cyberspace.

o The laws are old and hence need to be more dynamic in nature to deal with issues
like cyber-espionage, data theft and so on.
o The Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act 2000) is the sole law that deals with
cyberspace in India and was passed way back in 2000.
o Also, the Cyber Law of India has been subject to amendments on various occasions
but hasn’t served the changing dynamics and the growing threats and
manifestations of cyberwar.

Measures needed:

 A Defence Cyber Agency could be the first step the government plans to for critical
infrastructure and military networks that are increasingly becoming dependent on the
Internet, thus increasing vulnerabilities.

 The Defence Cyber Agency will work in coordination with the National Cyber Security
Advisor. It will have more than 1,000 experts who will be distributed into a number of
formations of the Army, Navy and IAF. According to reports, the new Defence Cyber Agency
will have both offensive and defensive capacity.

 Equally important is cyber propaganda. During the Doklam conflict, China tried its best to
unleash cyber propaganda on India and indulged in complex psy-ops

 Critical cyber infrastructure needs to be defended and the establishment of the National
Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre(NCIIPC) is a good step in this direction

 Individual ministries and private companies must also put procedures in place to honestly
report breaches. It is only then that the NCIIPC can provide the requisite tools to secure
these networks. This partnership must be transparent and not mired in the usual secrecy of
intelligence organisations.

 The upgrading of the Defence Cyber Agency to a Cyber Command must be implemented at
the soonest.

 A robust ecosystem must be built to secure India from acts of state and non-state actors,
including protocol for grievance redressal in international forums.

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 Better capabilities must be built to detect and deflect attacks.

 The computer emergency response team (CERT) must be strengthened and aligned with
military and foreign affairs operations.

 Building a joint task force between the government and key technology players will be
crucial.

 The government should push for the creation of a global charter of digital human rights.

 A national gold standard should be created, which ensures that Indian hardware and
software companies adhere to the highest safety protocols

 Impart cybercrime investigation training and technological know-how to the various law
enforcement agencies.

 Cyber awareness must be spread and there should be multi-stakeholder approach-

technological inputs, legal inputs, strengthening law enforcements, systems and then
dealing with transborder crime involves lot of international cooperation.

Conclusion

Most of the Indian banking industry and financial institutions have embraced IT to its full
optimization. Reports suggest that cyber-attacks are understandably directed toward economic and
financial institutions. With innovative, technology led programmes such as AADHAAR, MyGov, GeM,
Digital Locker the new India is the land of technological prowess and transformation. Government
and the private sector jointly have to give cyber security some priority in their security and risk
management plan.

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