Glandular epithelium

Exocrine Glands
secretion product, produces by the system of
ducts removed from the surface in cavities and
hollow organs

Endocrine Glands
hormones : secreted directly into the circulating
blood
Exocrine glands
Definition: isolated cells
or grouped, specialized in
the secretion of enzymes,
mucus, water, electrolytes, which
they remove them from the surface
and in hollow organs -
through a system of hollow
ducts
Components
- Secretory
- Excretory system (ducts)
Classification
- Unicellular
- Multi
 The process of synthesis and
secretion
Nucleus: DNA fingerprinting
Transcription - the synthesis of messenger RNA and
ribosomal RNA
RRNA - cytoplasm - ribosomes (site of of translation)
Transfer RNA - polypeptide chain
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - transport vesicles
Golgi complex vesicles merging with tanks
Condensing vacuoles - secretion granules
Elimination by exocytosis without discontinuities of the
plasmalemma
 Secretion
granules

Zonula ocludens

desmosomes

Complex Golgi

mitocondria

Endoplasmic
Basal membrane reticulu
 lumen

Reused
membranes Path
secretory
constitutive

Golgi
Cis

Golgi
Trans Secretory path
set
Lysosom
 Nucleus

Secretory
granules
 Cell caliciform
The simplest form of unicellular gland
Location: respiratory epithelium, small intestine,
colon, appendix, terminal duct
HE: pale cytoplasm, nucleus heterocromatic,
deformed, pushed basal
Histochemical: Positive reactions to PAS, Alcian
blue, mucicarmin, metacromazie to the toluidine
blue
Electron microscopy: well-developed Golgi
complex, apical cytoplasm of mucus granules
Calciform cell
Staining H-E
Alcian blue
Calciform cells, mucicarmin
 •Classification of multicellular exocrine glands
• simple pipe: small intestine, colon, endometrium, sweat
• branched tubular: cardia, gastric body, uterine endocol
• tubuloacinare: salivary, pancreatic exocrine
Simple tubular glands, colon,
longsection
Simple tubular, Branched tubular
Endometrium Cervix
 Secretion types
Serous
- rich in water, electrolytes and enzymes
- parotid, pancreatic exocrine
Mucosa
- rich in glycoproteins, proteoglycans
- sublingual glands, esophagus, duodenum
Mixed
- mixed secretion
- submandibular
 Serous and mucosa cells
Serous cell Mucous cell
- Pyramidal shape - Polygonal shape
- Nucleus round, located - Nucleus: flat,
heterochromatic irregular
1 / 3 medium or basal
outline, pushed to the basal
- Basal cytoplasm:
pole
basophilia (RER) - The cytoplasm is pale
- Apical cytoplasm: when usual staining is used,
acidophilous (secretion intensely positive to the
granules) specific stains used for the
mucins
 Serous acinus
The smallest mioepithelium
Round in shape
Punctiform lumen
Serous cells formed only
Location:
Parotid
Minor salivary
Pancreas
Serous acins
 Serous acin
Electronic microscope
 Mucous acinus
Oval shape
Mucous cells formed only
Large and irregular lumen
Basal nuclei pushed to the
pole, flattened
Clear cytoplasm in H-E
Many mioepithelial cells
Location: sublingual,
minor salivary, pharynx,
esophagus, duodenum
Mucous acins, staining
Trichrome Gömöri
Mucous acins.
Reaction PAS
 Mioepithelial cells.
Immunoreaction for anti-
actin smooth muscle
Lumen

Mucous acin
Electron
microscope
 Mixed acinus
The largest
Component of mucosa:
central, large and irregular
lumen
Serous component:
peripheral, polar,
semilunar
Mioepithelial cells
Location: submandibular,
pharynx, epiglottis
Serous semilunar

Duct

Mioepithelial cells
Mixed acins
Serous
semilunar
 The duct system
Intralobular
- Simple cubic or columnar
epithelium
- Intercalated, striated
Interlobular
- Simple columnar epithelium
Main
- Simple columnar epithelium,
- Stratified squamous or
pseudostratificat
 Excretory duct, sublingual
salivary gland. Immunoreaction
for cytokeratin 8
 Secretion
mechanism

• merocrine
• apocrine
• holocrine
merocrine

apocrine holocrine
Atypical exocrine glands
 Endocrine epithelia
Unicellular
- Isolated endocrine cells included in coverage or glandular
epithelia
- Neuroendrocrin diffuse system (digestive, respiratory
system)
Multicellular
- Organs: hypophysis, epiphyses, thyroid, adrenal,
parathyroid, paraganglia
- Islands: Langerhans
- Groups included cells in organs that have other functions:
gonads, hypothalamus
Endocrine cells in the
epithelium of
interlobular pancreatic
duct. Immunoreaction
for Chromogranina A
 Epiteliile endocrine
Nu au sistem de ducte excretorii
Hormonii: eliberaţi direct în sînge sau în mediul
pericelular
• Acţiune endocrină
• Acţiune paracrină
Bogată vascularizaţie şi inervaţie
Forme de organizare
• Foliculi: tiroida
• Cuiburi: adenohipofiza, epifiza
• Cordoane: paratiroidele, suprarenalele
Thyroid follicles
Nests, adenohypophysis

Adrenal cord
 Langerhans island
Immunoreaction for
sinapthophysin.
Secretory epithelial cell types

Protein secretin cells

Mucin-secreting cells
Steroid-secreting cells
Polypeptides secrein cells
Electrolytes secreting cells
Protein secreting cell
 REn

Steroid secreting cell

Polypeptide secreting cell
Transport cell for water and electrolytes
 Regeneration of epithelium
• Epithelial cells have limited life
• Stem cells: present in all epithelia
• Most normal epithelium proliferate faster than their
counterparts tumor
• The rate of regeneration of epithelium
- Slow: glands with complex organization (hepatocytes
regenerate 300-500 days)
- Intermediate (30-35 days epidermis)
- Rapid (5-6 days covering gastric epithelium, jejunum
3-4 days)
Defence functions
 Immunity
Humoral Cellular
- Antibody Mediated - sIgA - Directly mediated cell
- sIgA-tears, saliva, respiratory - Types of cells
secretions, digestive and genital - Antigen-presenting:
- Summary: plasma cells in Langerhans from skin, M
connective tissue from pharynx and intestine
- CS Link - Effects: lymphocytes,
- Transport through epithelial macrophages
cell - Target: eosinophils, mast
- Selling An-CS complex cells
- Year released at the free
surface
- CS is reused
 antigen

Reviews
and processing
of antigen
Processed
antigen

Sensitized
Effector cells

limfokine antibodies

Target
Distroy-inhibit

V F B CT PROT
Langerhans cell
Antigen
>Effector cells– lymfocyte T
Target cells