BRITISH STANDARD BS 7354:1990

Incorporating
Amendment No. 1
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Code of practice for

Design of high-voltage
open-terminal
stations —

Confirmed
October 2008
 BS 7354:1990

Committees responsible for this

British Standard
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The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Power Electrical
Engineering Standards Policy Committee (PEL/-) to Technical Committee
PEL/92, upon which the following bodies were represented:

ASTA Certification Services

Association of Manufacturers Allied to the Electrical and Electronic Industry
(BEAMA Ltd.)
British Railways Board
Copper Development Association
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
ERA Technology Ltd.
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
GAMBICA (BEAMA Ltd.)
Health and Safety Executive
Transmission and Distribution Association (BEAMA Ltd.)

The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard,
through subcommittees and panels:

Association of Consulting Engineers

Association of Supervisory and Executive Engineers
Electrical Installation Equipment Manufacturers’ Association (BEAMA Ltd.)
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users’ Association

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Power
Electrical Engineering
Standards Policy
Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Board of BSI and comes
into effect on
30 November 1990 Amendments issued since publication

© BSI 06-1999 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments

7160 July 1992 Indicated by a sideline in the margin

The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference PEL/92
Draft for comment 85/27094 DC

ISBN 0 580 18876 0

 BS 7354:1990

Contents
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Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iii
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Definitions 1
1.3 Relevant acts and regulations 4
Section 2. Switching arrangements
2.1 General 5
2.2 Service continuity 5
2.3 Choice of switching arrangements 5
Section 3. Busbar connection and structures
3.1 General 8
3.2 Design parameters 8
3.3 Factor of safety 9
3.4 Insulators 9
3.5 Busbars and connections 10
3.6 Terminal fittings and clamps 10
3.7 Supporting structures 10
Section 4. Main switching equipment
4.1 General 11
4.2 Circuit-breakers 11
4.3 Disconnectors 11
4.4 Current transformers 11
4.5 Capacitive couplers and voltage transformers 11
4.6 Surge arresters 12
Section 5. Layout
5.1 General 13
5.2 Clearances 13
5.3 Access for maintenance 16
Section 6. Auxiliary equipment
6.1 Battery systems 17
6.2 Pressurized air systems for operation of equipment 17
6.3 Mobile gas handling plant 17
6.4 A.C. supplies 18
Section 7. Earthing
7.1 Symbols 20
7.2 General 20
7.3 Earthing 20
7.4 Design considerations 23
7.5 Interconnecting two station grids 28
Section 8. Control, indication and interlocking
8.1 Control 31
8.2 Indication 31
8.3 Interlocking 31
Section 9. Marking and identification
9.1 General 33
9.2 Phase marking of busbars and main connections 33
9.3 Equipment identification 33

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Page
9.4 Labels 33
Section 10. Insulation co-ordination
10.1 General 34
10.2 Selection of BIL 34
10.3 The location and use of rod-gap protection 34
10.4 Station direct lightning strike protection 35
10.5 Selection of SIL (for highest voltage for
equipment of 300 kV and above) 35
Appendix A Limitation of work areas 39
Appendix B Application of safety clearances 39
Appendix C Notes on the provision of safety clearances and work sections 39
Appendix D Example of an equipment item numbering system 42
Figure 1 — Commonly used switching arrangements 6
Figure 2 — Step voltage coefficient Cs 29
Figure 3 — Allowance touch and step voltages 30
Figure 4 — Protection zones 36
Figure 5 — Station shielding for 0.1 % failure rate for inner zones only 37
Figure 6 — Outer type protective zones (for a single spike,
for the outboard side of a row of spikes and for the outboard
side of an array of earthwires) 38
Figure 7 — Application of safety clearances 40
Figure 8 — Tertiary connected shunt reactor
numbering and nomenclature 47
Figure 9 — Equipment numbering system 48
Table 1 — Relevant standards and documents 2
Table 2 — Analysis of service continuity 7
Table 3 — Clearances: practice used within UK 15
Table 4 — Clearances: international practice 16
Table 5 — Typical loads 19
Table 6 — Maximum current density for earthing conductors and rods 21
Table 7 — Formulae for the calculation of the current to
ground from metallic sheathed cables 26
Table 8 — Reduction of touch voltage due to interconnecting grids A and B,
referred to the new station (B) touch voltage 28
Table 9 — Station BIL 35
Table 10 — Summary of numbering system for 400 kV
equipment, designated X 46
Publication(s) referred to Inside back cover

ii © BSI 07-1999
 BS 7354:1990

Foreword
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This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Power
Electrical Engineering Standards Policy Committee. It supersedes BS 162:1961,
which is withdrawn.
This code of practice represents a standard of good practice and takes the form of
recommendations.
Attention is drawn to the following Regulations:
a) The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974;
b) The Factories Act 1961;
c) The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989;
d) The Electricity Supply Regulations 1988.
In a limited number of locations the Mines and Quarries Act 1954 may apply. It
is essential that all persons responsible for electrical work or operation make
themselves acquainted with the appropriate standing regulations and statutory
regulations.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of
its provisions will be entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people
for whose guidance it has been prepared.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 54, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

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iv
blank
 BS 7354:1990

Section 1. General
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1.1 Scope 1.2.5

busbar
1.1.1 General a conductor forming a common electrical connection
This British Standard gives recommendations for between a number of circuits
the design of high-voltage open-terminal stations. 1.2.6
This standard does not cover equipment included in busbar connection
installations for which separate standards exist. a conductor forming the electrical connection
Such equipment should comply with the relevant between a busbar and an individual piece of
separate standards. Some relevant British apparatus
Standards are listed in Table 1.
1.2.7
1.1.2 International practice connection
a conductor other than a busbar or busbar
Both UK and international practice concerning
connection which carries current to or from an
clearances are included in section 5. International
individual piece of apparatus
practice is included to allow this standard to be
applied to installations designed in the UK for 1.2.8
construction overseas. See also note 1 to 1.3. clearance
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard the distance between two conductive parts
are listed on the inside back cover. (See also Table 1.) measured by a taut string
1.2 Definitions 1.2.9
clearance to earth
For the purposes of this British Standard the
definitions given in BS 4727-2: Group 06 apply the clearance between any conductive parts and any
together with the following. parts which are earthed or intended to be earthed

1.2.1 1.2.10
switchgear clearance between poles

a general term covering switching devices and their the clearance between any conductive parts of
combination with associated control, measuring, adjacent poles
protective and regulating equipment and also 1.2.11
assemblies of such devices and equipment with clearance between connections of the same
associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures pole
and supporting structures, intended in principle for the total clearance between parts of the same pole
use in connection with generation, transmission, separable electrically from each other by a
distribution, and conversion of electric power mechanical switching device in the open position or
1.2.2 by any other means
open-type switchgear 1.2.12
switchgear in which the live parts are not provided short-circuit
with protective covers the connection of two or more points of different
1.2.3 poles or parts of a circuit through a negligible
outdoor open-type switchgear impedance
open-type switchgear suitable for installation in the 1.2.13
open air, i.e. capable of withstanding wind, rain, short-circuit current
snow, dirt deposits, condensation, ice and hoar-frost an overcurrent resulting from a short-circuit due to
1.2.4 a fault or an incorrect connection in an electric
indoor open-type switchgear circuit
open-type switchgear designed solely for 1.2.14
installation within a building or other housing, short-time withstand current (of a circuit)
where the open-type switchgear is protected against the current that a circuit or a switching device in the
wind, rain, snow, abnormal dirt deposits, abnormal closed position can carry during a specified short
condensation, ice and hoar-frost time under prescribed conditions of use and
behaviour

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1.2.15 NOTE In systems with highest voltage for equipment equal to

highest voltage for equipment (Um) or greater than 123 kV, this voltage Um in general does not
materially differ from the highest value of the system operating
the highest r.m.s. phase-to-phase voltage for which voltage. Below 123 kV, the voltage Um may be higher than the
the equipment is designed in respect of its highest system voltage, since each standard value of the voltage
Um applies to different systems the nominal voltage of which may
insulation as well as other characteristics which differ by as much as 20 % (for instance, Um = 24 kV covers
relate to this voltage in the relevant equipment both 20 kV and 22 kV), and having therefore different values of
standards. This voltage is the maximum r.m.s. the highest system voltage.
value of the highest voltage of the system for which
the equipment may be used
Table 1 — Relevant standards and documents
Item Reference
Air compressor: code of practice BS 6244
Air conditioning of building: code of practice BS 5720
Air receivers: fusion welded steel BS 5169
Batteries BS 397 and BS 6290
Batteries: maintenance code of practice BS 6133
Batteries: sulphuric acid BS 3031
Busbars BS 159
Bushings BS 223
Cable boxes for transformer BS 2562
Cable covers BS 2484
Cables: compression joints BS 4579
Cables: polyethylene, polypropylene and rubber BS 6469 and BS 6899
Cables: mineral insulated BS 6207
Cables: telecommunications BS 3573
Cables: telecommunications (internal) BS 4808
Cables: thermosetting insulator armoured BS 5467
Cables: 1 000 V, paper insulated aluminium covered BS 5593
Cables: up to 33 kV paper insulated lead covered BS 6480
Cables: power and lighting, PVC BS 6004
Cables: power and lighting, rubber BS 6007
Cables: up to 1 000 V, PVC for switchgear and controlgear BS 6231
Cable glands and sealing boxes for use in mines BS 542
Cable sockets BS 91
Capacitors: power BS 1650
Cathodic protection CP 1021
Conduit: steel BS 31
Circuit-breakers: high-voltage BS 5311
Construction electrical supplies CP 1017
Contactors BS 775 and BS 5424
Cranes: safe use of CP 3010
Current transformers BS 3938
Disconnectors and earth switches BS 5253
Earthing CP 1013
Fire detection and alarm system BS 5839
Fire extinguishing installations BS 5306
Flameproof enclosures BS 229
Fuses BS 88, BS 2692 and BS 3036
Indicating lamp colours BS 4099
Instruments BS 89 and BS 90
Insulating oil maintenance BS 5730
Insulation co-ordination guide: high-voltage BS 5622
Insulation co-ordination: low-voltage PD 6499
Insulation and fillings for overhead lines BS 3288, BS 137, BS 5419 and BS 5253

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Table 1 — Relevant standards and documents

Item Reference
Insulators post: guide BS 3297
Interference radio abatement: code of practice BS 5602
Interference radio measurement BS 5049
Intruder alarm signalling: code of practice BS 5979
Oil: insulating BS 148
Ladders: fixed BS 4211
Lighting: emergency BS 5266 and BS 764
Lightning: protection of structures, code of practice BS 6651
Lightning arresters BS 2914
Line traps BS 4996
Maintenance of switchgear/controlgear BS 6423, BS 6626 and BS 6867
Meters BS 5685
Motors BS 5000
Motor starters and controllers BS 587
Power line carrier systems IEC 481
Pressure vessel access openings BS 470
Reactors BS 4944
Rectifier equipment (semiconductor) BS 4417
Relays BS 5992 and BS 142
Rubber mats BS 921
Safety of machinery BS 5304
Safety isolating transformers BS 3535
Sealing compound BS 1858
Surge diverters BS 2914
Switches above 1 kV BS 5463
Switches air breaker up to 1 kV BS 5419
Switchgear assemblies up to 1 kV BS 5486
Switchgear metal clad above 1 kV BS 5227
Switchgear protective enclosures BS 5420
Symbols BS 3939
Tap-changers: applications guide BS 5611
Tap-changers: on-load BS 4571
Telemetry and control signals BS 5863
Telephones: private BS 6701
Television cabling BS 6513
Terminals: marking of BS 5559
Terminology: switchgear and controlgear BS 4727-2: Group 06
Testing of SF6 gas BS 5270 and BS 5209
Transformer: current BS 3938
Transformer: loading of CP 1010
Transformer: oil gas analysis, guide BS 5800
Transformer: power BS 171
Transformer: power application, guide BS 5953
Transformer: voltage BS 3941
Valves, etc. for compressed air installations BS 1123
1.2.16 1.2.17
rated voltage for equipment basic insulation level (BIL)
the r.m.s. phase-to-phase voltage by which the the voltage of the standard lightning impulse
equipment is designated and to which certain waveform that, under specified conditions, the
operating characteristics of the equipment are insulation of a device is designed to withstand
related

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1.2.18
switching impulse level (SIL)
the voltage of the standard switching impulse
waveform that, under specified conditions, the
insulation of a device is designed to withstand

1.3 Relevant acts and regulations

A list of some relevant acts and regulations is given
in the foreword of this British Standard.
NOTE 1 The implementation of this standard in any country
should take into account the safety legislation of that country
covering such installations.
NOTE 2 The list of the publications referred to in this standard
given on the inside back cover does not include all those given in
Table 1.

4 © BSI 07-1999
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Section 2. Switching arrangements

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2.1 General g) strategic importance of the circuits;

This section gives some guidance in the choice of h) the service continuity of other significant parts
switching arrangements. The continuity of service of the network.
under fault and maintenance conditions for Considering the above influences on choice, the
switching arrangements are categorized. following gives suggestions regarding the
Figure 1 shows some commonly used switching application of the individual switching
arrangements. In a substation, flexibility can be arrangements shown in Figure 1.
achieved by the introduction of sectionalization of 1) Arrangements A, B and F. Single busbar
the busbars or by using different arrangements. arrangements are more commonly used for local
More than one of the examples shown in Figure 1 distribution systems.
may be used on the same site but at different voltage Single busbar with transfer busbar and single
levels. busbar installations connected in a ring of
stations offer limited systems security. These
2.2 Service continuity arrangements have no security against busbar
faults, no switching flexibility, and involve fairly
When choosing a specific switching arrangement
extensive outage for busbar and busbar
one of the prime considerations should be the effect
disconnector maintenance.
of the loss of plant due to fault conditions or for
maintenance. Except in the case of single busbar with transfer
busbar, circuits are lost during circuit-breaker
In all the examples given, if line or transformer
maintenance unless some form of circuit-breaker
faults are considered continuity cannot be
by-passing facility is added.
maintained on the affected circuits. Apart from
these limitations a measure of service continuity 2) Arrangements C and D. The duplicate busbar
can be maintained. arrangement is recommended for large
substations where security of supply is
An assessment of the continuity that can be
important. These are particularly suitable for
obtained from any example in Figure 1 has been
highly interconnected power networks in which
categorized as follows and is shown in Table 2.
switching flexibility is important and multiple
a) Category 1. No outage necessary within the supply routes are available.
substation for either maintenance or fault.
3) Arrangements E and G. The double
NOTE Category 1 necessitates no system outage but does
not necessarily provide a secure supply, i.e. continuity of
circuit-breaker and 1½ circuit-breaker
supply, for single faults even if these are limited to busbar and arrangements are particularly suitable for
circuit-breaker faults. substations handling large amounts of power,
b) Category 2. Short outage necessary to transfer such as those associated with generating
the load to an alternative circuit for maintenance stations.
or fault. It should be noted that to cover all contingencies
c) Category 3. Loss of circuit or section. of switching, the circuit-breakers and associated
d) Category 4. Loss of substation. equipment in arrangement G should be capable
of handling the combined load current of two
The above categories do not apply in situations circuits.
where a fault occurs when maintenance is in
progress on other equipment. 4) Arrangements H1 and H2. The mesh
arrangements are particularly suited to
2.3 Choice of switching arrangements applications where maximum security against
busbar faults and minimum outage for
Choice of switching arrangements may be maintenance are required.
influenced by:
It should be noted that equipment in the ring
a) the level of skill and experience of operating connections of the mesh should be capable of
staff; carrying the maximum load current that may
b) the future growth and development of the occur due to any switching contingency.
supply system; 5) Arrangements I and J. The single and three
c) economy in the early stages of development; switch arrangements have limited application
d) the ease of facilitating future extensions; and are mainly suited to a ring system of supply
feeding bulk supply points consisting of duplicate
e) duplication of circuits to give alternative transformers or banks of transformers.
supply routes;
f) amount of power to be transmitted;

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6
BS 7354:1990

Figure 1 — Commonly used switching arrangements

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Table 2 — Analysis of service continuity

Type of arrangement (see Figure 1) Service continuity category (see 2.2)
Circuit-breaker area Busbar area

A Single busbar 3 4
B Single busbar with bus section circuit-breaker 3 3
C Double busbar 3 2 (see note 1)
D Double busbar with by-pass facilities 2 (see note 1) 2 (see note 1)
E Double busbar with double circuit-breaker 1 or 2 1 or 2
F Single busbar with transfer bar 2 (see note 1) 3
G Double busbar with 1½ circuit-breaker 1 or 2 (see note 2) 1 or 3 (see note 3)
H Mesh 1 or 2 3
I Three switch with by-pass 1 or 2 3
J One switch with by-pass 1 or 2 3
NOTE 1 To achieve these stated categories requires the inclusion of a bus coupler switch.
NOTE 2 Category 1 applies for maintenance conditions. Category 2 applies for fault conditions.
NOTE 3 Category 1 applies if maintenance is required on the busbars. Category 3 applies if a fault occurs or maintenance is
required on circuit connections identified with an asterisk in Figure 1.

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Section 3. Busbar connection and structures

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3.1 General where

It has been the practice in the United Kingdom and F is the average force (in N/m);
some other countries to assess the working loads or I is the symmetrical short-circuit r.m.s. fault
forces acting on substation equipment and current (in kA);
supporting structures, and then to add safety
factors when calculating stresses in materials and d is the spacing between conductors (in m);
equipment. In some countries such practices are K is the stress factor.
required by regulations, e.g. in the design of
overhead lines. Assuming the supporting structures and conductors
to be rigid they will have to withstand the force due
The recommended practice is to establish the
to the peak current which is Æ2F. At the beginning
maximum force that any piece of equipment would
of a short-circuit the current may be approaching
be expected to withstand in its lifetime, rather than
full asymmetry and have an instantaneous peak
apply estimated safety margins over assumed
value which is a function of the X/R ratio of the
working loads. In order to establish the total
circuit:
mechanical forces acting on electrical equipment
and supporting structures it is necessary that
consideration be given to forces resulting from: (2)
a) short-circuit current;
b) wind loading; where
c) deadweight; X is the reactance;
d) ice covering (where appropriate); R is the resistance.
e) conductor tension (where appropriate);
NOTE Maximum values of the asymmetrical peak current can
f) seismic forces (where appropriate). usually be taken as 2.5 times the symmetrical r.m.s. current and
this gives a K value of 2.52 for the maximum force.
Where a site is subject to earthquake, all parts
essential to the safe and satisfactory operation of Practical connection systems however have
the station should be designed and installed in such considerable mass and a natural frequency
a way as to have an adequate degree of resistance to normally lower than the supply frequency and
expected disturbances. The design should be based hence would not respond to the maximum value of
upon stated values and factors indicating the asymmetrical fault current and therefore lower
earthquake patterns and intensity which should be values than the maximum value of K can be used in
furnished by the purchaser. the calculations.
3.2.2.2 Forces between rigid conductors
3.2 Design parameters Full scale tests on rigid busbar systems subjected to
3.2.1 General two-phase and three-phase faults have
All equipment should be designed to meet the demonstrated that for practical design purposes a
maximum values of the following: much lower value of K gives realistic results.
a) stated wind speed applied to the equipment, For two-phase faults a value of K = 4 and for
without ice covering, plus the appropriate three-phase faults a value of K = 3 should be used.
short-circuit force; NOTE Forces due to single phase-to-earth faults are less than
for the conditions described in this subclause.
b) stated wind speed applied to the equipment
3.2.2.3 Forces between flexible conductors
with a stated radial thickness of ice (where
appropriate) but not including short-circuit force. In the case of flexible conductor arrangements,
NOTE Where severe wind and icing conditions are persistent forces can be determined from 3.2.2.1 but the
for a significant proportion of the year, special design procedures overall flexibility of conductor/structure is increased
are necessary. and the factor K becomes a function of span length
3.2.2 Force due to short-circuit as follows:
3.2.2.1 Forces between parallel conductors a) for a span of 15 m to 30 m, K = 1.6;
The internationally accepted formula for the force b) for a span of 60 m, K = 0.8;
between two parallel conductors each carrying c) values of K for a span of between 30 m
symmetrical current I is given by: and 60 m can be obtained by linear interpolation.

(1)

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When multiple conductors are employed for a single 3.2.4 Force due to deadweight
phase, allowance should be made for the short time When calculating the deadweight of conductor or
“snatch” force produced by the mutual attraction other items, the mass of an even thickness of ice
between parallel conductors. This force is a function should be included where applicable.
of the conductor spacing and distance between
spacers. Tests have shown that this force is not The thickness of ice should be stated by the user and
coincident with the maximum short-circuit forces its mass per unit volume calculated at 912 kg/m3.
between phases.
3.3 Factor of safety
It has been found in practice that structures
designed for normal working and dynamic load due Since the method described in 3.2 provides forces
to short-circuit forces between phases have been which are known maxima then the resultant
adequate to meet the impulse forces due to multiple stresses can be up to the maximum
conductors. allowable, e.g.:
3.2.3 Force due to wind loading a) porcelain: guaranteed cantilever breaking
strength;
It is essential that a maximum wind speed is stated
by the user, and for calculation purposes this will be b) drawn or extruded metals: guaranteed
assumed to be acting normal to the axis of the minimum proof stress;
conductor or item of equipment. c) cast metals: manufacturer’s recommendation
If the wind speed varies with height, this fact should and/or manufacturer’s experience.
be included in the information supplied. For UK
practice, CP 3: Chapter V-2 gives further 3.4 Insulators
information. This document indicates that wind 3.4.1 Post-type insulators for use as busbar or
force is affected by height, type of ground and size of connection supports
obstacles, e.g. buildings. Normally of porcelain construction, the location of
For a typical open-type station, the wind pressure P post-type insulators for use as busbar or connection
(in N/m2) for a nominal height of 10.0 m is given by: supports is largely dictated by the form of layout
(3) adopted and the maximum permissible conductor
P = 0.613V2
span between adjacent supports.
where In selecting the correct insulator for a particular
V is the windspeed (in m/s). application, it is necessary for the designer to
determine the following.
The force F (in N) applied to the conductor or item of
equipment is given by: a) The mechanical strength required. This can be
readily determined by the method described
F = PA (4)
in 3.2.
where b) The electrical requirements. This data will
A is the projected surface area (in m2). determine the overall height of the insulator, the
minimum height being dictated by the clearance
The force obtained from equation (4) is affected by
requirements of 5.2.
the shape of the item concerned. CP 3: Chapter V-2
provides force coefficients (Cf) for this purpose, and c) The minimum surface creepage. This will
equation (4) becomes: normally be specified to suit the pollution
conditions prevailing on site.
F = PACf (5)
3.4.2 Tension insulators
For items of equipment normally found in open-type Tension insulators are normally of the cap and pin
substations the value of Cf rarely exceeds 1.0 and type and it is common practice to use overhead line
for practical design purposes the following values insulators since these are established designs.
can be applied: Appropriate insulators should be selected having
a) all cylindrical shapes including regard to the mechanical strength and the number
insulators, Cf = 0.7; required in series for the electrical requirements.
b) rectangular shapes, Cf = 1.0. Units with different profiles are available and this
enables selection to suit the specified creepage
When applying the above, allowance should be
length.
made for increase in dimensions due to ice where
appropriate. Lattice structures should be treated as
a special case in accordance with CP 3: Chapter V-2.

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3.5 Busbars and connections Since joint faces between clamps and conductors are
subject to deterioration, steps should be taken to
The conductors used for busbars and connections
ensure their effective longevity by preparation of
will in general be of either rigid, tubular or flexible
the surfaces immediately prior to making the joint.
form, the choice largely being determined by the
type of substation construction adopted. Preparation is particularly important where high
resistance oxides form quickly, as in the case of
The materials used should preferably be either aluminium, and where electrolytic action takes
copper or aluminium, to provide the highest
place, as in the case of dissimilar metals.
current-carrying capacity for a given size.
All joints should be protected against the ingress of
Where flexible tensioned conductors are applied the
moisture, where this would cause corrosive action,
size should be determined for both the mechanical
by the application of appropriate greases or sealants
strength and electrical requirements. immediately after the joint has been made and in
The size of tubular conductors can be determined in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations
a similar manner and, particularly when applied to or instructions.
busbars, the maximum possible length or span
Manufacturer’s recommended procedures should be
should be utilized since this requires the minimum
followed.
number of supporting insulators. These rigid forms
of connection are prone to wind induced vibration 3.7 Supporting structures
and care should be taken to ensure that the
maximum span determined from mechanical Structures for busbar supports should provide the
strength is adjusted as necessary to avoid this minimum insulation clearance given in Table 3 and
phenomenon. Table 4, and be designed to withstand static and
As a guide, a tubular conductor rigidly fixed at one dynamic loads. The latter can be determined from
end and supported at the other is generally the method described in 3.2 but they should also
insensitive to vibration if the material frequency of comply with appropriate national standards.
oscillation is greater than 2.75 Hz.

3.6 Terminal fittings and clamps

Termination of busbars and connections on
equipment terminals or supports is achieved by the
use of correctly designed fittings or clamps
appropriate to the application.
Clamps and fittings applied to tubular conductors
should be of the split clamp or multiple half clamp
bolted types and it is important that each length of
conductor is equipped with a rigid clamp at one end
and an expansion or sliding type at the other, to
allow for equipment movement and thermal
expansion.
When selecting clamps and terminal fittings the
following should be taken into consideration:
a) materials should be compatible with the
conductor and with the associated equipment
terminal;
b) design should be such that the temperature
rise at rated current is less than that of the
conductor;
c) design should be such that visible corona or
radio interference voltages are limited to
acceptable values.
The making of bolted aluminium joints should
comply with the supplier’s recommended
procedures.

10 © BSI 07-1999
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Section 4. Main switching equipment

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4.1 General 4.4 Current transformers

The main equipment incorporated in any of the The preferred position of current transformers is on
switching arrangements in section 2 should be laid the circuit side of and adjacent to the circuit-breaker
out as uniformly as possible in each bay. Distances for arrangements A, B, C and E of Figure 1. With the
between the circuit-breakers, current transformers, circuit-breaker by-pass arrangement D and the
etc. on each phase of each circuit should conform transfer busbar arrangement F, the current
with the minimum separation distance transformers are sometimes located on the line side
recommended by the manufacturers of the of the by-pass connection to eliminate the need to
equipment, to provide adequate access for switch the current transformer secondaries. The 1½
maintenance, temporary structures and all circuit-breaker arrangement G, the mesh
necessary clearances. Special consideration of arrangements H1 and H2 and section and couplers
seismic effects should be taken into account in the as shown in B, C and D may have current
method of mounting equipment in the substation transformers on each side of each circuit-breaker
when specified by the customer. but for some protection schemes current
Structures should conform with the dimensions transformers on any one side may be omitted.
recommended by the equipment manufacturer and Consideration should be given to allowing space for
be designed to withstand static and dynamic loads. a second current transformer should this be
necessary in the future development of the
4.2 Circuit-breakers substation.
Each circuit-breaker should be capable of operating Also, on feeder circuits, a current transformer on the
as a three-phase group although it may be required circuit side of the incoming circuit disconnector is
to operate on one phase only when single phase preferred for use in distance protection schemes.
auto-reclosure is required. The mesh arrangements H1 and H2 usually have
Indication devices, blocking devices and alarms current transformers each side of each
circuit-breaker but even if one of these can be
provided for the operating pressure range should be
dispensed with for some protection schemes, it is
accommodated centrally, preferably at a convenient
preferable to allow space for the current
height for inspection and with the minimum need
transformer to be included as a development of the
for opening cubicle doors.
station.
All cabling and power supplies to the operating
mechanisms should be arranged vertically and in a 4.5 Capacitive couplers and voltage
manner to facilitate the easy erection of transformers
maintenance platforms. The separation of the
phases and the location of all associated Voltage transformers and capacitor couplers
disconnectors should be in accordance with the together with line traps associated with line
manufacturer’s recommendations to ensure the protection schemes should be connected electrically
operational and safety working clearances in to the line at all times and should be located on the
Table 3 or Table 4 can be obtained. line side of the circuit disconnecting switch.
Capacitor type voltage transformers at this location
4.3 Disconnectors assist in reducing the severity of incoming lightning
It is essential that the adoption of any type in the overvoltages.
layout of the station takes account of the minimum For the 1½ circuit-breaker arrangement G an
earth and phase clearances with the disconnectors alternative location for this equipment is at the
in the open position and the safety working position of the down droppers to the inter-busbar
clearances for maintenance purposes. connections. Care should be exercised to ensure
adequate clearance between the line connection and
connections inboard of the line trap, as the time
delay of an incoming lightning overvoltage
traversing the line trap coil can produce a voltage
difference up to the full overvoltage. The need for
this clearance could increase the spacing between
the phase connections. In view of these added
complications the preferred practice is to locate the
capacitive couplers and line traps for all schemes
adjacent to the incoming line termination structure.

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4.6 Surge arresters

A surge arrester is a protective device designed for
repeated operation to limit voltage surges on an
electrical power system to acceptable values. The
operation of a surge arrester, unlike a spark gap,
does not cause an interruption in supply.
There are two types of surge arrester. The first type
consists of non-linear silicon carbide resistors
connected in series with spark gaps. The second
type consists of highly non-linear zinc oxide
resistors which normally do not require series spark
gaps. Elimination of the series spark gap is possible
because the zinc oxide resistors can be dimensioned
so that they present a very high impedance at
normal system voltage and a comparatively low
impedance at significantly higher voltages.
As a basic guideline, a surge arrester would
normally be located as close as possible to the item
of equipment requiring protection. It is essential
that both the line and earth connections to the
arrester should be as straight and short as
practicable.
To aid the attainment of a co-ordinated insulation
scheme, guidelines for the insulation and location of
surge arresters are given in BS 5622-1 and
BS 5622-2 and BS 2914. Complex cases, consisting
of interconnected cables and lines will warrant
specialized study.
NOTE This standard does not relate to zinc oxide surge
arresters for which guidelines are in preparation.

12 © BSI 07-1999
 BS 7354:1990

Section 5. Layout
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5.1 General The occupier of the site is responsible for ensuring

adequate safety clearances and should therefore be
The layout of open-terminal high-voltage electrical
fully conversant with possible system overvoltages,
equipment in switching stations should be arranged
including lightning and switching and how these
to ensure the integrity of the air space between all
and other electrical phenomena could cause danger
the conductors and live parts of the equipment for to persons operating or maintaining dead
both the normal and abnormal voltage conditions apparatus. In the UK it is not sufficient for the
expected to occur. Clearances given in this section
occupier to give precise instructions to persons
do not apply to insulation paths that have been
doing work; due allowance should be made for their
impulse tested. Safety to persons should be
reasonable movements and actions. The occupier
maintained by the provision of adequate clearance
should provide work people with instructions for
to live parts for maintenance, vehicular and safety in work on the electrical installation(s),
pedestrian access and if necessary to barriers or e.g. safety rules.
fences.
For a typical example of safety rules, including
The need for extending stations with the minimum
model form of permit-to-work, etc. see Appendix D
of disruption to normal working or operating
of BS 6626.
practice should be accommodated in the design and
layout of the equipment. To determine appropriate clearances for the
purpose of design it is necessary to consider all types
Control buildings should be located to minimize of operational and maintenance work which might
lengths of control and protection cabling,
reasonably be required to be done, the positions
arrangements of access roadways and other facets.
where people may be required to have access and
These are all important considerations in the design
the nature of their movements and actions.
of the stations, but are not referred to in this section
because they are influenced by a variety of The general approach herein is to require the
constraints particular to each site. designer of the substation to decide at which
positions persons should stand to do work and
The general recommendations for clearances, safety
provide appropriate clearances from the standing
and access are provided in this section.
positions. Each safety clearance includes a basic
dimension of 2.4 m (8 ft) which is widely accepted
5.2 Clearances both in the UK and elsewhere as the vertical
5.2.1 Provision of clearances for safety distance from a person’s feet to the tip of the fingers
purposes of an upwards stretched hand. This distance is the
Safety clearances are distances in air applied in the minimum to be provided to any part of an insulator
design and layout of open-type high-voltage which is supporting a live conductor to avoid
substations, or any other arrangement involving electrical shock.
high-voltage switchgear apparatus, to enable The horizontal distance representing the reach of a
persons to carry out work without danger. person on a working platform is taken to be 1.4 m.
Compliance with the relevant legislation and This distance is considered to be a safe
practice of the country where the installation is representation of practice, but is not as widely
built is necessary for safe working and accepted as the vertical reach.
environmental conditions. The following recommendations are intended
The safety legislation covering such installations in primarily for the purposes of design and layout of
the UK include The Health and Safety at Work etc. high-voltage stations and cover arrangements of
Act 1974 and the Factories Act 1961. In particular apparatus which would enable safety rules in
the specific requirements of the Electricity general use to be complied with. Where these safety
(Factories Act) Special Regulations 1908 and 1944 rules are not to be applied special arrangements
apply to both factory premises and electrical should be made.
stations as defined in section 123 of the Factories
Act 1961. The Electricity Supply Regulations 1988
apply to public supply installations. Other
legislation may apply elsewhere, particularly for
hazardous areas.

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5.2.2 Arrangement of equipment Supporting structures for strained conductors

The arrangement of the equipment should be such should have fixed climbing facilities together
as to allow the following. with a means of preventing their unauthorized
use to facilitate the changing of insulators or
a) Access for operational purposes. Access from insulator sets. Fixed guard rails should be
without to a station should be prevented by a provided where necessary to conform with the
fence or barrier incorporating means to deter prevailing safety regulations.
climbing. Within the station, additional fences or
barriers should be provided to segregate zones of c) Restriction of access. Safety clearances should
general and special authorized access and for be maintained between the switchgear and any
personnel safety, e.g. around electrically-exposed point at, or outside, the boundary to which the
ground mounted equipment. Safe access at public has access.
ground level and to all operating positions at all Open-type fencing should not be regarded as a
times for the purpose of operation or inspection of screen where taut string measurement is applied
the apparatus is necessary. Safety clearances in determining safety clearances between
from all live parts to ground level and to all switchgear and any point outside the boundary
operating positions are therefore required except to which the public has access. Where the
where permanent screens or divisions around the point-to-point distance is less than the safety
live conductors are provided. clearances stated in Table 3 and Table 4, walls or
b) Access for maintenance work. Certain work, solid screens should be used in place of open-type
such as painting of steelwork, may be carried out fencing.
without leaving ground level or operating NOTE 1 The safety clearances are applicable to three-phase
systems having the neutral earthed solidly or through a resistor
positions. For the majority of work, however, or reactor of low impedance. For other earthing arrangements
unless the whole equipment is made dead and special consideration should be given to increased safety
earthed it is necessary to arrange for it to be clearances.
divisible into suitable work sections, and to NOTE 2 For open connections to neutral earthing switchgear
and components, such as resistors, reactors or arc-suppression
provide appropriate physical separation of these coils associated with three-phase systems, it is recommended
work sections. that the clearances of Table 3 and Table 4 applying to the rated
A work section should be capable of limitation by voltage and insulation level of the associated three-phase system
should be employed.
divisions, screens or other means of restricting NOTE 3 The limitation of work sections, with special reference
access to live conductors, except where the live to conditions in the UK, is dealt with in Appendix A. The
conductors are so placed in relation to the work principles involved in applying safety clearances are given in
section that spatial separation alone is equally Appendix B.
effective in restricting such access. 5.2.3 Basic electrical clearance
A work section may be any convenient This is the clearance to earth ascribed to insulation
subdivision of a switching station and may structures which have not been factory tested.
include one or more items of equipment. The BS 5622-2 proposes these clearances and unless
arrangement should be such that any part of the otherwise agreed, or required by national legislation
equipment upon which maintenance work is to or practice, these proposed clearances should be
be carried out can be isolated from adjoining used. Table 3, column 2 lists the basic electrical
equipment which may be live, and can be clearances used in the UK which incorporates the
earthed before any work is carried out upon it. In practice of increasing the clearance to 500 mm for
addition, adjacent high-voltage apparatus all values of 33 kV [170 kV BIL (basic insulation
busbars and connections should be arranged so level)] and below.
that they may be isolated and earthed, unless Table 4, column 3 lists basic electrical clearances
they are already physically separated by an used for international practice taken from
earthed screen or by the safety clearances given, BS 5622-2.
in Table 3 and Table 4 as appropriate. Similar
Basic electrical clearances do not include any
separation should be provided in respect of all
additions for constructional tolerances, effects of
permanent means of access or structures
short-circuit, wind effects, etc.
affording access to the equipment to be worked
on. It should not be possible for anyone using
permanent means of access to stand nearer to
unscreened live equipment than is prescribed in
Table 3 and Table 4.

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Table 3 — Clearances: practice used within UK

1 2 3 4 5 6
Nominal system Basic electrical Safety working Safety working Insulation height Phase-to-phase
voltage/BIL/SIL clearance clearance clearance (pedestrian access) clearance
(phase-to-earth) (vertical)a (horizontal)a (see note 2)
(see note 1)
kV m m m m m
6.6/75 0.5b 2.9 2.3 2.1 0.25
11/95 0.5b 2.9 2.3 2.1 0.25
33/170 0.5b 2.9 2.3 2.1 0.43
66/325 0.7 3.1 2.5 2.1 0.78
132/550/650 1.1 3.5 2.9 2.1 1.4
275/1 050/850 2.1 4.8 3.9 2.4 2.4
400/1 425/1 050 2.8 5.5 4.6 2.4 3.6
NOTE 1 The safety working clearances (horizontal) in column 4 are regarded as minimum clearances.
For systems where the predominant voltages are higher (275 kV and 400 kV), it is practice in the UK that the horizontal and vertical
clearances are equal, conforming to the minimum figures in column 3.
NOTE 2 The insulation height (pedestrian access) figures in column 5 are shown in respect of the appropriate system voltage as
follows:
a) for systems predominantly involving distribution voltages, i.e. up to and including 132 kV, 2.1 m is the recommended
minimum requirement;
b) for systems where the predominant voltages are higher, i.e. 275 kV and 400 kV, 2.4 m is the recommended minimum
requirement.
The above figures are regarded as minimum clearances. Users and operators may wish to allow further clearance greater than that
shown for the voltage level in column 5, particularly for equipment at the higher distribution voltages situated in a single compound
with higher voltage equipment present in a compound subject to a greater clearance. In these circumstances, it might be convenient
to design and operate to the clearance for the highest voltage equipment.
a
Includes allowance, see 5.2.7.
b
Increased value, see 5.2.3.

5.2.4 Increased switching impulse level (SlL) 5.2.7 Effect of hand held tool
safety clearance A hand held tool can increase the reach of a person.
Where the switching impulse level (SIL) is the An addition to the personal reach values (both
determining overvoltage, an additional clearance vertical and horizontal) of 300 mm is included by
may be added to those given in 5.2.3 as a provision some UK authorities.
against the infrequent tendency for switching surge 5.2.8 Operational access clearance
flashovers not to occur across the shortest gap,
(anomalous flashover). The distance from ground level to the nearest point
of any live metal or connections, necessary to permit
5.2.5 Personal reach pedestrian access for operational purposes should
The vertical reach of a person with upstretched be not less than the safety clearance given in 5.2.6.
hand should be taken as 2.4 m. The horizontal reach The same clearance is necessary to the top of
should be taken as 1.4 m. vehicles accessing the operational areas.
5.2.6 Safety clearance 5.2.9 Insulation height
The safety clearances given in Table 3, columns 3 The lowest part of any high-voltage insulation
and 4 represent practice in the UK and are derived should be not less than 2.1 m above ground level to
by adding the basic electrical clearance (see 5.2.3) provide for pedestrian access, e.g. the pedestal
and the personal reach (see 5.2.5). The safety insulator bases. Table 3 and Table 4 give the
clearances in Table 4, columns 4 and 5 represent the recommended clearances from the lowest insulation
clearances recommended for constructions outside part of a support insulator to ground with respect to
the UK and are derived similarly up to 750 kV BIL the insulation withstand level.
but include an increased SIL safety clearance
(see 5.2.4) at appropriate levels as a provision
against anomalous flashover.

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 BS 7354:1990
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At the higher system voltages it is international 5.3 Access for maintenance

practice where switching impulse levels are
When access has been permitted to an installation
specified to add an additional SIL clearance because
for the purpose of maintenance, personnel should be
inherently there is a greater statistical probability
made aware of the dangers of approaching live
of a flashover extending to a nearby object rather
than occurring across the porcelain insulator. These equipment by the use of barriers and warning
additional SIL clearances are given in Table 4. notices surrounding the maintenance area
(see Appendix A).
Doors and covers preventing access to live
equipment should normally be kept locked.
Table 4 — Clearances: international practice
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BIL SIL Basic electrical Safety working Safety working Insulation Phase-to-phase
clearance clearance (vertical) clearance height clearance
(phase-to-earth) (horizontal) (pedestrian
(see note 1) access)
(see note 2)
A B A B A B
kV kV m m m m m
20 0.15 2.6 1.6 2.4 (see note 3)
40 0.15 2.6 1.6 2.4
60 0.15 2.6 1.6 2.4
75 0.15 2.6 1.6 2.4
95 0.16 2.6 1.6 2.4
125 0.22 2.7 1.7 2.4
145 0.27 2.7 1.7 2.4
170 0.32 2.8 1.8 2.4
250 0.48 2.9 1.9 2.4
325 0.63 3.1 2.1 2.4
450 0.9 3.3 2.3 2.4
550 1.1 3.5 2.5 2.4
650 1.3 3.7 2.7 2.4
750 1.5 3.9 2.9 2.4
850 750 1.6 1.9 4.0 4.3 3.0 3.3 2.6
950 750 1.7 1.9 4.1 4.3 3.1 3.3 2.6
950 850 1.8 2.4 4.2 5.2 3.2 4.2 2.7
1 050 850 1.9 2.4 4.3 5.2 3.3 4.2 2.7
950 2.2 2.9 4.9 5.8 3.9 4.8 2.7
1 050 2.6 3.4 5.3 6.4 4.3 5.4 2.7
1 175 3.1 4.1 6.0 7.3 5.0 6.3 2.8
1 300 3.6 4.8 6.7 8.2 5.7 7.2 2.9
1 425 4.2 5.6 7.6 9.2 6.6 8.2 3.0
1 550 4.9 6.4 8.5 10.3 7.5 9.3 3.1
NOTE 1 Clearances under columns marked “A” are appropriate to “conductor-structure” electrode configuration. Clearances under
columns marked “B” are appropriate to “rod-structure” electrode configuration.
NOTE 2 The “rod-structure” configuration is the worst electrode configuration normally encountered in service.
The conductor-structure configuration covers a large range of normally used configurations.
The heights in column 6 related to SIL levels are based upon conductor-structure electrode configurations. Higher values should be
agreed if the more onerous electrode configuration applies.
NOTE 3 Phase-to-phase clearances are under consideration.

16 © BSI 07-1999
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Section 6. Auxiliary equipment

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6.1 Battery systems 6.2 Pressurized air systems for

The rated supply voltage of closing and opening operation of equipment
devices and auxiliary circuits is conventionally as 6.2.1 Central storage systems
follows, depending on whether the equipment has
Sufficient storage should be made available to
solenoid closing or otherwise.
ensure that the following occur.
a) Solenoid closing equipment:
a) The pressure of the largest single item of
coil rated voltage 110 V 240 V equipment including the distribution ring main
operative voltage 93.5 V to 204 V to where applicable can be raised from zero to
range 115.5 V 252 V normal working pressure without operation of
the replenishment equipment.
b) All equipment except solenoid closing b) When at its cut-in pressure the system
equipment: capacity should be able to re-pressurize the
system nominal 48 V 110 V maximum number of dependent equipments
voltage which can trip in the event of a busbar fault.
equipment rated 54 V 125 V c) Notwithstanding item b), the minimum
voltage replenishment system storage pressure volume
ratio should be sufficient to provide at least six
normal working 54 V 125 V close/open operations of a circuit-breaker.
voltage
d) The replenishment system should be arranged
operative voltage 37.5 V to 87.5 V to such that the local receiver can be raised to 95 %
range 60 V 137.5 V of normal pressure in not more than 5 min with
the system at the cut-in level.
NOTE For shunt and closing release coils see BS 6581.
Normally lead acid batteries of the Planté type are 6.2.2 Unit systems
used but others namely flat plate and tubular lead The system capacity should be such that two
acid types may be specified. More uncommonly close/open operations of the circuit-breaker or
nickel cadmium batteries may be used but these do switch-disconnector are possible with the system at
not so readily integrate when attempting to cut-in level.
harmonize voltage levels with those given in items
a) and b). 6.3 Mobile gas handling plant
The battery system should be designed so that it is Where large quantities of gas are to be handled and
capable of producing the required stored operations retrieved a mobile plant should be provided to
of the device if the device has a dedicated system, or transfer gas to and from gas filled equipment in
in the case of large centralized battery systems in order to permit maintenance on the primary
substations of operating the maximum number of equipment. This plant should be capable of
devices associated with that battery under fault evacuating and storing the largest quantity of gas
conditions and minimum battery voltage, for specified, and of evacuating the largest volume
example operation of busbar protection. specified to a vacuum of 20 mmHg1)). These two
Furthermore the battery system should be capable operations should not require an operating time in
of meeting all the associated standing loads, excess of 4.5 h. The plant should also be capable of
e.g. lamps and relays, associated with high-voltage extracting air at atmospheric pressure from the
switchgear; these usually dictate the ampere hour largest volume specified to a vacuum of 1 mmHg in
capacity of the battery. For these reasons it is a time not exceeding 2 h. The plant should be
difficult to be specific as to the exact size or capacity capable of returning gas to the equipment and
of a battery for different substations and usually the re-circulating used gas through filters in order to
experience of the manufacturer is necessary to achieve the specified moisture level for the gas in
evaluate the requirements based on the loadings, service.
supply cycles and standby period as specified by the The filling time for the largest volume specified from
purchaser. a vacuum of 1 mmHg to normal working pressure
should not exceed 2 h.
The plant should be capable of being towed by a road
vehicle.

1)
1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa.

© BSI 07-1999 17
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Where smaller quantities of gas are used and 6.4.2 Typical a.c. supply loads and rating
retrieval is not required a small gas handling plant A list of the more common a.c. loads to be supplied
may be specified to enable the equipment to be is given in Table 5 which also indicates the normal
safely filled and vented. range of power requirements, although these are
The plant should be capable of evacuating the dependent upon the size of the station and the type
largest volume specified and filtering the gas of equipment installed. The rating of the a.c. supply
extracted to ensure the expelled gas is safe, should take account of the diversity factors for each
i.e. non-toxic. load. This factor may be a matter of judgement and
The plant should be capable of evacuating air at for guidance an overall diversity factor
atmospheric pressure from the equipment and of 0.7 applied to the sum of the individual loads
replenishing the gas at the end of a maintenance typically can be used in determining the supply
operation at ambient temperatures greater rating.
than – 20 °C. The extraction and filling times Where there are large motor loads, cognizance of the
should be as for a large gas handling plant. voltage drop due to motor starting current should be
The plant should be mobile and able to be taken into account to ensure the voltage remains
manoeuvred on a concrete surface by one person. over 80 % of nominal. It may be preferable to err on
the high side for the supply rating to ensure that
6.4 A.C. supplies there is no undue excessive voltage drop due to
regulation and for unforeseen future loads.
6.4.1 General
6.4.3 Essential supplies
Station a.c. supplies may be categorized into
essential and non-essential groups. Some supplies Supplies which should always be available, such as
should be continuously available without any break the supply to a computerized SCADA system which
whilst others can operate with a brief or long break. can give incorrect signals with a transient loss of
For example, system control and data acquisition supply, should be fed by an uninterruptable power
(SCADA) computerized systems are intolerable of a supply (UPS), i.e. an inverted a.c. supply in
break whereas transformer tap-changers requiring combination with a battery.
a firm supply can tolerate a brief loss without Other supplies, such as to the transformer
danger to the equipment. These two examples are tap-change and cooling fans or pump motors, can
quite common and the status of other supplies to a accept a limited supply interruption not exceeding a
large extent is a matter of custom. few minutes. A diesel generator automatically
The sources of the a.c. supplies should be selected run-up and connected in the event of the main
with due regard to the level of integrity required; supply failure is adequate for this purpose. The
alternative costs may vary and therefore due rating of the diesel generator can be limited to that
consideration of economics, security of supply and necessary for only these types of essential loads.
the integrity required should be made when Alternatively, duplicate auxiliary transformers, or
selecting the preferred sources. Duplicate power one auxiliary transformer together with a local
sources should not be paralleled and interlocking of distribution network supply with automatic
switchgear to prevent this occurrence should be changeover facilities, may adequately provide an
provided. acceptable level of risk for these loads. If it is
deemed that the risk should be minimal a standby
For security of supply, it is good practice to have two
generator should also be provided.
independent sources of supply with the failure of
one supply automatically initiating changeover to
the alternative.
The equipment for a.c. supplies should comply with
PD 6499 for insulation co-ordination, BS 5420 for
the degree of protection, and with the relevant
National Practice and Specifications.

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 BS 7354:1990
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Table 5 — Typical loads

Type of load Typical range of loading rating

Circuit-breaker, a disconnector, etc. operation 0 kV A to 0.5 kV A

Transformer cooling and tap-change 0.3 % to 1 % transformer rating
Plant/kiosk heating 0 kV A to 0.5 kV A
Battery chargers and UPS systems 1 kV A to 10 kV A
Building heating, lighting and air conditioning 5 kV A to 100 kV A
Site lighting 0 kV A to 1 kV A per bay
SF6 gas/oil treatment 0.5 kV A to 10 kV A
Compressors 5 kV A to 30 kV A per machine
Workshop supplies 3 kV A to 30 kV A
Fire water pumping 5 kV A to 30 kV A
Mess rooms 2 kV A to 15 kV A

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Section 7. Earthing
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7.1 Symbols 7.2 General

The symbols used in this section are as follows. This section supplements the information in
CP 1013 and includes a procedure for the design of
Symbol Description Unit the earthing system for switching stations.
¶ cable coupling factor — NOTE CP 1013 gives guidance on the methods that may be
adopted to earth an electrical system for the purpose of limiting
Ô soil resistivity 7m the potential (with respect to the general mass of the earth) of
È earthwires to phase conductors — current-carrying conductors forming part of the system and
coupling factor non-current-carrying metal associated with equipment,
apparatus and appliances connected to the system. The latter
l length of cable m (or km) aims at securing the safety of human life, of animals and of
lR length of earth rods m property and is sometimes known as equipment earthing.

A area occupied by the grid The design of the earthing installation should
m2
ensure that when current is conducted to earth
a cross-sectional area of m2 either during a fault to earth of the system or
conductors particularly when the fault to earth is within the
Cs step voltage coefficient — station, the voltage difference between parts with
D spacing between parallel m which a person may be in simultaneous contact is
conductors kept to a safe value. Current paths through the body
d diameter of buried conductor m are generally those between the hand and one or
E system voltage V both feet, usually referred to as touch voltage or
h depth of burial of grid m between one foot and the other usually referred to as
hr depth of rock/stone covering m step voltage. A procedure for these calculations is
given in 7.4.
IC cable fault current A
During fault conditions the voltage difference
IL line fault current A between equipment and the main body of earth
It tolerable body current for current A should be controlled, to ensure that insulation
duration breakdown or burning does not occur on apparatus
K two layer reflection coefficient — connected to points outside the substation. Cable
ki current distribution factor — sheaths, metallic pipes, etc. which are connected to
KR constant dependent on number, — a remotely earthed structure but isolated from the
position and length of earth station earth by insulation will transfer the
rods connected to the grid potential of that structure into the station.
Similarly, the voltage difference between earth
L total length of buried grid m
points within the switching station should be
conductors
controlled.
n number of parallel —
conductors/cables/lines 7.3 Earthing
nR total effective number of rods —
7.3.1 General
R resistance of grid to earth 7
RT lower footing resistance 7 In order to satisfy 7.2 the structures, equipment and
metalwork in a station should be electrically
r equivalent circular plate radius m connected by permanent connections to electrodes in
t duration of earth fault s contact with the general body of earth, so as to
V grid potential rise (GPR) V present a sufficiently low impedance path for fault
Vs step voltage V currents. This should ensure that the potential of
VT touch voltage V the station as a whole rises uniformly with respect
Vx voltage at x metres from grid V to the general body of earth during fault conditions
edge and dangerous potential differences will not appear
between individual items of equipment.
x distance from grid m
ZC cable sheath impedance to earth 7
Zg earthwire impedance to ground 7
per span
ZL line earthwire chain impedance 7
to earth
ZT overall impedance to earth 7

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7.3.2 Earth electrodes As well as an adequate thermal capacity, conductors

The main earth electrode normally takes the form of should also have an adequate mechanical strength
a grid or mesh which is obtained by interconnecting to avoid damage in handling. Typical practice is to
bare buried earth cables or conductors which are use 95 mm2 copper cable as the smallest conductor.
joined together at crossing points. Within the grid For other materials a larger size may be necessary,
the conductors should be laid in parallel lines particularly in corrosively hostile ground.
preferably at reasonably uniform spacing and, 7.3.3 Materials of earth electrodes
where practicable, along rows of structures or Copper is by far the most common metal used for
equipment to facilitate the making of ground below ground earth conductors. Apart from its high
connections, and to keep the connections between conductivity, it has the advantage of relative
equipment and grid as short as possible. freedom from underground corrosion, thus the
Table 6 — Maximum current density for designer can be confident that the integrity of the
earthing conductors and rods underground grid will be maintained over the years.
Conductor Current density for fault Copper clad steel is usually used for the earth rods
times of: and could be used for the conductor itself.
1s 3s Unfortunately, however, a grid of copper or copper
2
clad steel forms galvanic cells with other buried
A/mm A/mm2 metal in its vicinity and is therefore likely to hasten
Copper 200 115 their corrosion.
Aluminium 130 75 In circumstances where there is a considerable
quantity of other buried materials, i.e. steel pipe,
Galvanized steel 80 45 conduit, cable sheaths, etc., the use of a galvanized
steel conductor for the earth grid can be considered,
The grid conductors should be buried at a depth
thus avoiding or minimizing the underground
where seasonal changes in temperature and rainfall
corrosion.
cause minimal changes in the soil resistivity.
Typically this necessitates a burial depth of at Rarely is aluminium used as the earth conductor in
least 600 mm. Greater burial depths may be the main buried earth grid because aluminium has
advantageous in desert regions or where severe a high corrosive rate in certain soils. Aluminium is
freezing can occur for a significant part of the year. frequently used however for above ground earthing,
mainly where non-metallic structures are employed
The effect of the addition of rods to the station grid
in the substation design. When this is the case, care
is generally small unless they reach to lower soil
should be taken with the jointing between the
levels having a reduced resistivity. Additional rods
aluminium and copper.
within an area enclosed by rows of rods have little
value in reducing the overall resistance. 7.3.4 Joints of earth electrodes
The conductor size should be capable of carrying the In view of the high temperature likely to be attained
maximum earth fault current for 1 s or 3 s under fault conditions, joints should be welded
(as required by the protection system). Where (including cold pressure welding), bolted,
multiple parallel paths are provided, each conductor compressed, high pressure riveted, riveted, sweated
should be capable of carrying 60 % of the maximum or brazed. Brazed joints without additional
earth fault current for the same period of time. mechanical retention should only be used where the
To prevent overheating of bolted or brazed process and conditions of jointing will ensure
connections the maximum current density of the consistently sound joints. Joints which may require
earthing conductors and rods for a fault time of 1 s subsequently to be broken should be bolted and
or 3 s should not exceed the values given in Table 6. should have the joint faces suitably treated.
To prevent excessive temperature rise of the soil 7.3.5 Fencing
adjacent to earth conductors or rods the soil current Metallic fence earthing is of major importance
density (in A/mm2) should not exceed the value because more dangerous “touch” potentials may be
given by the following expression: involved, and the fence is often accessible to the
Current density at electrode surface = general public. Fence earthing can be limited to two
general procedures as follows:
(6) a) electrically connecting the fence to the earth
grid, locating it within the grid area or
alternatively just outside;

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b) independently earthing the fence and placing it 7.3.6 Incoming overhead lines
outside the grid area at a convenient place where Where the earthwires of overhead transmission
the potential gradient from the grid edge is lines end at the terminal towers and are not
acceptably low. connected to a point on the station structure, the
In the first of the above procedures, the fence base of the terminal tower should be tied solidly to
potential rises with that of the earth grid and may the station earth grid. By so doing, a substantial
assist in reducing the station earth resistance by proportion of the ground current may be diverted
increasing the effective area and due to the addition away from the station earth grid, and advantage can
of fence earth rods. It also obviates any risk of be taken of this situation in the design of the grid. If
inadvertent electrical connection between the fence the tower lies outside the station fence, the
and the earth grid. A perimeter conductor connected connections between the station grid and the base of
to the earth grid can with advantage be laid a short the tower should be buried and insulated where
distance (approximately 1 m) outside the fence and they pass under an independently earthed fence, to
parallel to it, thus decreasing the possible touch ensure isolation from the fence.
potential to which a person or animal outside the It should be realized, however, that connecting the
fence may be subjected. This perimeter conductor station grid to the transmission line earthwires will
may incur significant cost and there may be usually have the overall effect of increasing the
problems of land ownership or pilfering of the buried hazard at the tower bases, while lessening it at the
conductor which degrades an otherwise sound station. This is due to the fact that each of the
engineering procedure. The fence should be bonded nearby towers will share in each voltage rise of the
electrically to the grid on each side. The connections station grid whatever the cause, instead of being
should be located adjacent to each corner and at affected only by a local insulation failure or
each crossing of the fence by overhead lines, and flashover at one of the towers. On the other hand,
their maximum spacing in metres should not when such a tower fault occurs, the effect of the
exceed 0.25r (where r is the equivalent circular connected station grid should decrease the
plate radius). Gate posts forming part of the fence magnitude of gradients near the tower bases.
should be connected together below ground.
7.3.7 Services
Where the fence and the attached earth rods are
connected to the grid they become the edge of the For excessive potential rises of the station with
grid. The area within the fence should be used to respect to the outside surrounding earth which may
determine the radius r (see 7.4.2). However, the ensue during earth fault conditions, special care is
fence should not be taken into account when necessary with services such as water pipes, railway
determining the number of parallel buried lines, and telephone or pilot cables which enter the
conductors, or for the total length of conductor when station. Water pipes and cable sheaths or armour
determining the resistance. (which are more or less in direct contact with soil)
should be tied to one station grid, to avoid hazards
Where the fence and the associated earth rods are
within the station area.
not connected to the grid, the fence voltage may
typically be taken to be 70 % of that of the grid Where it is thought desirable to prevent transferred
potential rise (GPR). Care should be exercised in potentials outside the grid boundary, insulating
making this assumption, as it is true only when all sections can be inserted. It is essential, however,
metalwork in the ground connected to the grid is that these insulating sections are a minimum
insulated for 2 m each side of the fence and when no of 4 m, to avoid shunting by the adjacent soil.
local large differences of soil resistivity, compared Cement or plastics piping is often suitable for water
with the average value, could cause a closer voltage pipes. With railway lines, two sets of insulating
coupling of the fence and the grid. joints will be necessary to provide against the
shunting of a single set by the adjacent soil or a
Particular care should be taken with water pipes,
metal waggon passing over the track.
cables, etc., and these should be insulated where
they pass below or close to the fence. This insulation In severe cases, isolating transformers may be
need only be nominal, so a few layers of PVC tape necessary for telephone connections. It may be
covering can be a good safeguard. Where necessary to treat pilot cables as live conductors and
disconnecting links and connections are provided to they should be insulated from the station earth
allow the fence to be connected, the link box should system by insulation adequate to withstand the
be located 2 m from the fence and the connection maximum grid potential rise. In the case of
between it and the fence insulated to maintain non-cross-bonded flat formation power cables, it is
separation of the fence and grid when they are the practice to run an earth conductor along with
required to be independent. the cables.

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Similar hazards need to be considered in the case of 7.3.11 Fixings

portable tools, etc. which are supplied electrically Earth conductors should be clear of the surface of
from the station, and are used outside the area of structures, walls, or equipment to which they are
the grid, where the potential is held within safe fixed. If flat strap conductor is used and it is to be
limits. To avoid these hazards, the supply circuit drilled for fixing, then the diameter of the hole
should be isolated from the station earth, the should not exceed 33 % of the width of the
neutrals and machine frames should be earthed at conductor. Where it is required to connect portable
the site of work, and the maximum fault current to earthing equipment, a parallel loop in the earth
the local earthing should be limited to a low value conductor should be provided at a suitable height, to
which will not itself cause dangerous gradients. avoid damage to the main earth conductor due to the
The diversion of current into the sheaths of cables forcing on the clamps.
carrying fault current provides similar advantages
to those described in 7.3.6 for earthwires but in the 7.4 Design considerations
case of cables, the diverted current can be very much
7.4.1 General
greater.
The formulae provided in this section for the
7.3.8 Cable sheaths
calculation of the GPR, grid resistance and touch
While as a general rule the sheaths on main and and step voltages are based upon the soil having a
auxiliary or multicore cables should be connected to constant resistivity. For general design work this is
the station earth system, it may be necessary, where in practice necessary, as actual ground conditions
single core cable terminations are employed, to generally are not precisely known. Computer
provide a light insulation between cable sealing programs are available but their results can only be
ends or cable sheaths and the earthed structures as accurate as the information on soil conditions.
supporting them in order to prevent circulating The formulae, which are simple yet consistent with
currents. the accuracy with which the data is usually known,
7.3.9 Surge arresters should provide a useful guide to the efficacy of the
grid design.
An earth electrode, which may be part of the grid,
should be provided as near as practicable to each set The step voltage formula presented is the same as
of surge arresters. The connections thereto should the formula given in IEEE 80 but whereas the
be as direct as possible. Earth connections to surge IEEE 80 document uses the mesh voltage as the
arresters should not pass through iron pipes, which touch voltage, UK practice and this document define
would increase the surge impedance of the the touch voltage differently. In practice the voltage
connections. The earth connections of the arresters at the surface of the ground is a maximum adjacent
should be interconnected with the main earthing to a corner of a grid. UK practice is to define touch
system since, to be effective in protecting the station voltage as the sum of the step voltage plus the
equipment, a definite connection of low impedance voltage difference between the ground surface
between the equipment and the arresters is adjacent to a corner and the grid beneath.
essential. A buried grid of conductors is assumed to occupy an
7.3.10 Operating mechanisms and control area within straight boundary lines joining the
kiosks extreme ends of the conductors. This area is referred
to as the grid area and where the grid and fence are
Operating handles of disconnectors, bonded together the fenced area is the grid area.
circuit-breakers or earth switch mechanisms
require special attention against hazards. It is 7.4.2 Equivalent circular plate radius
relatively easy to protect against these hazards by The expressions for touch and step voltages and
earthing the mechanism with a connection to the some expressions for the resistance of a grid include
main earth grid, preferably passing under the a radius r (in m) which is the radius of a solid
operator’s stance position, and entirely separately circular plate having the same area as the grid as
from that employed for earthing the bases of follows:
disconnectors, earth switches, or circuit-breaker (7)
structures, so that a short definite connection exists r = (grid area/;)0.5
between the hands and feet of any operator. The
further contribution to safety given by an insulating
link in the mechanism drive is less definite than
that obtainable from an efficient earth connection.

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7.4.3 Calculation of electrode resistance 7.4.4 Calculation of grid potential rise (GPR)
An approximate simple expression for the Each of the overhead line earthwires and
resistance R (in 7) of a thin solid circular plate continuously earthed cable sheaths which are
buried to a depth of 0.5 m in soil having a uniform connected to the grid will assist in reducing the sum
resistivity Ô (in 7 m) is: impedance to earth. As well as determining the grid
resistance, using the expressions given in 7.4.3, the
(8) effective impedance of each overhead line and cable
sheath has to be established. It is necessary that all
As a grid is not a solid circular plate but typically is these are summated as parallel impedances in the
made up of a grid of buried conductors having a general expression for the overall impedance to
combined length of L metres, a simple approximate earth (in 7) as follows:
expression which does not take into account the
burial depth h is: (12)

(9)
where the symbols are as defined in 7.1.
A more accurate expression which incorporates h The effective impedance of an overhead line
and also the effect of earth rods connected to the grid earthwire and its connections to earth via the
is: towers is given by the expression:
ZL = {0.5 Zg + (ZgRT)0.5} (13)
(10)
where the symbols are as defined in 7.1.
The impedance of a cable sheath to earth is not very
where sensitive to the size of the cable or the depth of its
burial. It varies with the length of the cable l and
KR is a constant dependent upon the number, eventually attains a constant value. The impedance
position and length of earth rods connected ZC (in 7) can be obtained from published data or
to the grid given by the following equation: from the following:

(11) (14)
KR = (1 + nRlR2/10r2)

where or
lR is the length of the earth rods (in m). (15)

The total effective number of rods nR is the sum of

the rods connected at the periphery plus half of The metallic sheath of a cable which is earthed at
those connected within (this takes some account of both ends will act as a return path for that part of
the current distribution between rods). the conductor current which is inductively coupled
This more accurate expression (equation [10)] is to it. The remainder will enter the station grids to
recommended for use in the expressions for the which it is connected. Table 7 shows some of the
calculation of VT and VS. most common connection arrangements and gives
NOTE Equation (10) differs from a similar expression
empirical expressions appropriate to each for the
recommended in IEEE 80 and approximates more closely to calculation of the current via the grid.
experimental values given in EPRI EL3099.

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The GPR is the product of ZT and the sum of the NOTE For flat strip conductor use an equivalent diameter,
currents from each line and/or cable circuit. Each d = (width/ ;).
source current should be taken as the foreseen The resistance R is dependent upon the grid depth
ultimate development source current at its position h (in m) and on any earth rods connected to it, as
in the system. Each source current has then to be shown in 7.4.3.
reduced to take account of the current which will be There are limitations which apply to both national
induced in the overhead earthwire or cable sheath, practices, as follows:
as these currents do not pass through the grid. Thus n # 25
GPR (in V) is given by:
0.25 m # h # 2.5 m
GPR = Z T { I L1 ( 1 – È 1 )… I Ln ( 1 – È n ) +
d < 0.25 h
+ I C1 ¶ 1 + … I Cn ¶ n } (16) D > 2.5 m

where Otherwise the expression is suitable for rectangles

up to 2.5 : 1 ratio with square meshes, using for n, a
È1 ... Èn are line1 ... linen coupling factors
value of (nx × ny)0.5.
(typically having a value of 0.3);
For practical grid arrangements of r > 5 m and for
¶1 ... ¶n are cable1 ... cablen coupling factors depths h0.25 m and < 1 m, a useful approximate
(see Table 7). expression providing values of VT within 5 % of the
full expression is as follows:
7.4.5 Calculation of touch voltage
Touch voltage is defined as the sum of the voltage
across 1 m of surface along a diagonal outside the
corner of a grid with the voltage difference of the (19)
grid with the ground surface above. The corners are
where the maximum voltage gradient occurs.
NOTE 1 IEEE 80 uses the mesh voltage as the touch voltage,
and therefore it is necessary for this to incorporate a spacing 7.4.6 Calculations of step voltage
factor.
Both UK and American practice is the same for the
NOTE 2 IEEE 80 also calculates the step voltage over the
surface from the grid diagonally at a corner. UK practice is to calculation of step voltage VS. This is the voltage
calculate the touch voltage at the grid corner. Thus the two over 1 m of surface diagonally outwards from a
practices correspond for step voltage but not for touch voltage. corner of a grid. The expression used is as follows:
To take account of the greater current at the
peripheral conductors compared to those within the (20)
grid, both practices multiply the step voltage basic
expression by a factor ki. American practice
uses ki = (0.172n + 0.656). UK practice uses The same limitations as given in 7.3.5 apply.
ki = (0.15n + 0.7) and applies this factor to the sum For practical grid arrangements and with the same
of the vertical voltage and step voltage. The limitations as given in 7.4.5, a useful approximate
complete expression for the touch voltage for UK expression for step voltage is as follows:
practice is as follows:

(21)

(17)

or

(18)

where the value of coefficient Cs is shown in

Figure 2.

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Table 7 — Formulae for the calculation of the current to ground from metallic sheathed cables
Cable circuit Type of cable C Formulae for per unit ground current " = Igr/If

PILCSWA, three core 76

PICAS, three core 28
PILC, three single core 350
PICAS, three single core 76

PILCSWA, three core 76

PICAS, three core 28
PILC, three single core 350
PICAS, three single core 76

PILCSWA, three core 76

PICAS, three core 28
PILC, three single core 350
PICAS, three single core 76

Key
a is the conductor cross-sectional area (in mm2)
E is the system voltage (in kV)
l is the length of the cable (in km)
Igr is the ground return current (in A)
Isr is the sheath return current (in A)
If is the fault current (in A)

R AB = R A + R B
PILCSWA paper insulated lead cables steel wire armoured
PICAS paper insulated corrugated aluminium sheath
PILC paper insulated lead cables
The constant C reflects the physical construction of the sheath; it may vary ± 15 % depending on the manufacturer. For cross-linked
polyethylene (XLPE) or synthetic insulation cables use 0.9C for the equivalent construction paper insulated cable, for steel wire
armoured (SWA) copper screened cables use 1.5C, and for unarmoured copper screened cables use a C value of 450.

7.4.7 Calculation of hot zone Telephones2) (CCITT) recommends limits to this

The surface potential, created where current passes difference of potential and some national standards
to or from a grid, decays from the edge of the grid to impose these or other limits. Typical values
nominal zero as the distance from the grid are 430 V or 650 V and in some instances higher
increases. Telecommunication cables within this voltages. The surface of the ground surrounding a
zone which are connected to other earth electrodes station in which the voltage rise is in excess of the
assume a different potential to the ground surface limiting value is termed the hot zone.
under this condition. The International
Consultative Committee for Telegraphs and

2)
Publications available from International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Place des Nations, CH 1211 Geneva 20,
Switzerland.

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The expression usually adopted to calculate the hot The general expression for allowable touch voltage
zone boundary Vx (in V) (measured from the grid VT, for which the two feet are in parallel in the
edge) is derived from: conceived circuit is:

(22) VT = I t  body resistance +


From this expression the distance x of the hot zone

( footwear + contact resistance ) 
is given by: + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
2  (25)

Similarly the allowable step voltage Vs, where the

(23)
feet are in series in the conceived circuit is
expressed as:
V s = I t { body resistance+
where Vx is the limiting voltage and arc sin is in
radians. + 2 ( footwear + contact resistance ) } (26)
NOTE 1 The voltage over the surface outwards from the grid
edge varies along the periphery of the grid, it being greatest at where
the corners. This variation reduces with the distance out from the
grid edge and in homogeneous ground eventually becomes zero. body resistance = 1 000 7;
NOTE 2 It is assumed that the variation is negligible at the hot
zone boundary but the expression does not correctly identify the footwear resistance = 4 000 7;
surface voltage close to the grid edge. Over the first few metres
from the edge of the grid it can be taken that the voltage to contact resistance = 3Ô 7;
remote earth decreases as the square root of the distance. The It is taken from curve c2, Figure 5 of
expression to use over the initial few metres is as follows:
PD 6519-1:1988.
(24) If a surfacing of crushed rock is applied over the
station area, which has a higher resistivity than
7.4.8 Allowance touch and step voltages that of the underlying soil, an effective resistivity
The effect of a voltage applied to the body varies Ôeff. (in 7 m) given as follows replaces the soil
significantly from person to person. On a balance of resistivity Ô in equations (25) and (26).
probabilities, the time dependent body current used
to establish the tolerable voltage is the curve c2 of
Figure 5 of PD 6519-1:1988. Body resistance also (27)
varies but most standards use a value of 1 000 7.
The contact resistance at the surface of the ground
also adds resistance which limits the body current where
and a value of 3Ô per foot is taken. There is growing
international acceptance that footwear resistance K is the two layer reflection coefficient
should be taken into account and this now is UK given by:
practice. Footwear resistance is taken as 4 000 7
per foot. (28)
NOTE When calculating the contact resistance values, an
assumption is made on the area of the foot. (K usually is negative)
hr is the depth of the rock layer (in m).

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The permissible voltages vary with the duration of

the fault, i.e. with the time period t, for which the
body may be subjected to the voltage.
For stations having high speed electronic protection,
t may be taken as 0.2 s. For stations equipped with
electromagnetic high speed relays, t may be taken
as 0.3 s. For stations having overcurrent and earth
leakage protection, the clearance time is current
dependent and the fault time t may be up to 1 s.
Figure 3 can be used to determine the allowable
touch and step voltages without a surface layer of
crushed rock and for a layer 0.08 m deep.
NOTE Whilst an exceptionally low value of footwear resistance
has been used and is justified by tests, the puncture strength of
worn footwear has not been well researched. Until further
information on this aspect is available it is recommended that a
limiting value of 5 kV for touch and step voltages should be
applied.

7.5 Interconnecting two station grids

Frequently, higher-voltage stations are situated
close to lower-voltage stations. There may be
separation between the two, e.g. for an access road,
or they may be within the same fenced area. Even if
the grids are not directly connected by earthing
conductors, there will be a voltage gradient over the
ground surface at both due to fault current flowing
in one of the grids. The grids can be interconnected
and so behave as a single grid with the advantage of
a correspondingly lower resistance.
A method of assessing the touch voltage when grids
are electrically bonded together is given in IEEE 80.
The typical reduction in the touch voltage due to
interconnecting the station grids is shown in
Table 8.
Table 8 — Reduction of touch voltage due to
interconnecting grids A and B, referred to the
new station (B) touch voltage
Area of grid B Combined grid touch voltage
--------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Area of grid D New grid touch voltage
3 0.8 (approximate)
2 0.7
1 0.55
½ 0.45
% 0.4

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© BSI 07-1999
Figure 2 — Step voltage coefficient Cs

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30
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Figure 3 — Allowance touch and step voltages

© BSI 07-1999
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Section 8. Control, indication and interlocking

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8.1 Control Indicating devices should be provided adjacent to

the circuit-breaker control handle or switch to show
Switchgear should be arranged in such a manner
whether the circuit-breaker is open or closed.
that circuit-breakers, switch-disconnectors,
disconnectors and earth switches can be opened and A common bell or buzzer should be provided to give
closed safely when required. This should apply audible alarm when any circuit-breaker has tripped
whether the initiating signal is remote, local, or the automatically. Means should be provided for
operation is performed manually. silencing the audible alarms whilst leaving it free to
sound when the tripping of any other
All remote control, relay, alarm and
circuit-breaker occurs.
instrumentation facilities should be located within
the main plant building, and mounted on cubicles Indicating lamps and lamp holders should be so
arranged in suites. arranged that replacement of lamps and the
cleaning of glasses and reflectors employed can be
All control, alarm, instrumentation and indication readily effected.
facilities should be grouped on a per-circuit basis
each on its own section or complete control panel. 8.3 Interlocking
Closing circuits, tripping circuits and signalling
circuits should be separately fused and should be 8.3.1 General
provided with suitable means of isolation. Means should be provided which ensure the correct
Relays and metering should be physically sequence of operation of the switchgear. When
segregated on panels or rocks on a per-circuit basis. maintenance is to be done on the switchgear the
All power operated equipment should be capable of method of interlocking should result in the removal
operation either locally or remotely. A facility for or locking on of a unique device, e.g. key, which
selection of remote or local control should be ensures that the equipment to be maintained
provided adjacent to the equipment being remains safe.
controlled, but the two methods should not be All disconnecting and earthing devices within a
capable of being in operation simultaneously. station should be interlocked in a manner that
All circuits, control switches, etc. should be clearly ensures that they always operate safely. The system
labelled as to their purpose and function in employed should satisfy two distinct categories as
accordance with section 9. Circuit labels should be follows.
provided on the front and rear of each panel and on a) Operational interlocking. Interlocking
the outside of the cubicle doors. associated with normal system operation and
All control and relay panels should have a switching and intended to ensure that a
continuous earth bar of cross-sectional area not less predetermined switching sequence is satisfied.
than 70 mm2, run along the bottom of the panels, Such interlocking can be achieved by electrical
each end being connected to the main earthing means in a manner that permits the equipment
system. Metal cases of instruments and metal bases to perform any safe operation for either local or
of relays on the panels should be connected to this remote conditions.
bar by conductors of cross-sectional area not less b) Maintenance interlocking. Interlocking
than 2.5 mm2. associated with a series of switching operations to
render the equipment or sections of the station
8.2 Indication safe for access and maintenance by personnel.
Such interlocking preferably should be achieved
Equipments having contacts which perform the
by mechanical interference type interlocks.
function of opening and closing in the high-voltage
system should have devices which indicate the 8.3.2 Principles
position of those contacts. Arrangements should be When designing an interlocking scheme the
made for the status of the opening and closing following assumptions should be made based on
positions to be displayed at remote locations. specific duties for disconnectors:
Alarm and indication equipment as necessary a) disconnectors are capable of switching the
should be provided in the control room to indicate capacitive current of associated connections;
the operation of the main and back up protection
b) disconnectors have zero load making and
systems, operation of the equipment alarms
breaking capacity;
including those on the power transformers, reactors
and switchgear and all other alarms which are c) disconnectors are not capable of making or
required for the satisfactory operation of the breaking transformer magnetizing current;
complete installation.

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d) disconnectors are capable of the duty imposed

when operated under parallel switching
conditions;
e) it is not possible to close or open any earth
switch unless the point of application is
disconnected from all possible sources of supply,
and the power operating devices of associated
disconnectors are isolated from their remote
control position;
f) it is not possible to operate any disconnectors if
an associated earth switch is already closed;
g) disconnectors concerned with supplies from a
remote point cannot be fully interlocked and
should carry a warning notice to this effect and
similar notices should be applied to earth
switches.

32 © BSI 07-1999
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Section 9. Marking and identification

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9.1 General The identification of equipment at all other

locations, e.g. remote control panel, control room
Clear and unambiguous labelling of switchgear and
mimic diagram and relay panel, should be
other equipment is a major factor in reducing the
consistent and compatible with those at the
possible occurrence of human error faults and is
equipment.
recommended for the efficient and effective
operation of a system. 9.4 Labels
It is good practice for any circuit-breaker,
disconnector, earthing switch, etc. of a certain Substantially non-corrodible labels, indelibly and
nominal voltage and used for a particular purpose to legibly marked and of suitable size, should be
be given a consistent designation throughout the provided and effectively secured by, near or on each
system, no matter where it may be located. item. In all cases the label should be positioned so as
to leave no doubt as to the item to which it refers.
An example of a typical identification system for
equipment is detailed in Appendix D.

9.2 Phase marking of busbars and

main connections
Busbars and main connections should be identified
and preferably be designated as phase 1, phase 2
and phase 3 in words or by L1, L2 and L3
respectively in order of phase sequence. Phase 1 (L1)
should be designated so as to conform with an
appropriate national standard or by agreement with
the user where there is no such standard. When
neutral connections are required to be identified
they should be designated neutral or N.
Alternatively, identification may be by colour coding
suitably cross-referenced to reflect each phase.

9.3 Equipment identification

Each item of equipment or part where appropriate,
should be labelled to indicate to which phase
(L1, L2 or L3) the item or part of item is connected.
Phase identification can be achieved using labels
and/or marked discs to indicate the phase, section or
compartment of the equipment.
Each item of equipment should be labelled to clearly
indicate the following:
a) the primary circuit designation;
b) the function and place in the circuit;
c) the phase to which it is connected.
Such identification should be clearly visible at the
control and operating position of the equipment and
from the normal direction of approach to the item. In
cases where the item or items are fenced, the
identification should be either:
1) visible from outside the access gate; or
2) an additional label positioned at the access
gates and visible from the normal direction of
approach.

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 BS 7354:1990

Section 10. Insulation co-ordination

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10.1 General For equipment rated 123 kV and above there are a
varying number of choices of BIL, although these
The main objectives of insulation co-ordination are
are restricted by compatibility with a switching
to minimize the interruptions to the supply and at
impulse level (SIL) at 300 kV and above. Other
the same time to confine those unavoidable
constraints in the choice of BIL are the frequency of
insulation failures to the least damaging location. lightning (IKL level) and airborne pollution, both of
Outdoor high-voltage switchgear installed in a which mitigate against choosing the lower values.
station may be subjected to the following. Table 9 shows the most commonly specified BIL
a) Lightning overvoltages: by a direct strike to the levels for system voltages of 123 kV and above.
station overhead connections or from the When surge arresters are installed at each line
occurrence of a strike to the overhead line towers, entry to the station, a BIL of one level lower than
overhead earthwires or the main conductors. some of the values shown in Table 9 could be
Voltages can also be induced on the main selected; however studies should be made showing
conductor from strikes to ground in the vicinity of the amplitudes of reflected voltages on the station
the lines but it is generally accepted that these connections to confirm the choice.
induced voltages are of significance only to lines All the equipment for use at the same operating
of 66 kV and below. voltage in a station should normally have the same
b) Switching overvoltages: occurring when the BIL. An exception to this is that equipment directly
operation of the switchgear creates an protected by a surge arrester, e.g. transformers,
overvoltage, e.g. due to energizing a line or by may have a lower BIL commensurate with the
chopping low inductive currents. protection afforded by the surge arrester. Usually
c) Temporary power frequency overvoltages: one BIL level lower is used.
caused by a sudden reduction of load impedance,
usually due to switching at another station. 10.3 The location and use of rod-gap
protection
10.2 Selection of BIL Rod-gap flashover causes an earth fault. The
In general terms, the exposure to lightning strike is current is limited only by the system impedance and
a function of the ground area of the station plus a will initiate tripping of the circuit-breakers by the
ground area which is equivalent to four times the protective relay system of the zone in which the
line tower height times the line length, for each line. rod-gap is situated. Preferably rod-gaps should be
Due to attenuation of the travelling voltage wave on located at the terminal tower tension insulators, in
a line, the pertinent length of line usually is the path of incoming lightning overvoltage surges. If
from 2 km to 5 km, as the voltage is reduced to a the connection distance from the terminal tower
harmless amplitude after travelling more than this location to the line disconnector is too great to
distance. Even so, the area of significant exposure of prevent an excessive voltage occurring at the latter,
the lines usually is many times greater than that of rod-gaps should be located at the disconnector as
the station, hence the greatest danger is a line strike well. For the terminal tower located rod-gap to
rather than a direct strike to a station. effectively protect the line disconnector, the
connection distance (in m) should not exceed the
The probability of line insulation failure due to a
length determined from the following empirical
direct strike can be reduced to an acceptably low
equation:
value by the application of overhead earthwires to
the lines and wires or structure spikes to a station Separation distance = 0.6 (BIL – rod-gap
as discussed in 10.4. flashover voltage in kV) (29)
The probability of a station insulation failure can
Rod-gaps elsewhere in the station are unnecessary
also be reduced to an acceptable value by the choice
unless they are required by the manufacturer for
of BIL and the application of surge arresters and
the insulation co-ordination of equipment, e.g. to
rod-gaps. ensure any flashover occurs externally rather than
For system voltages of highest voltage for internally on oil or gas filled equipment.
equipment up to 36 kV, BS 5622-1 allows two
alternative BILs nominated as list 1 and list 2. Only
if rigorous studies are made confirming the lower
value of list 1 will be adequate should this lower
value be selected, otherwise the higher list 2 value
should be selected. For values of 52 kV and 72.5 kV
there is only one recommended value of BIL in
BS 5622-2.

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10.4 Station direct lightning strike 10.4.3 Outer-zone protection

protection The exposure, and therefore the protection, of the
10.4.1 General highest live part of equipment situated in an outer
zone is a function of its height, the horizontal
The usual methods of shielding station equipment separation between this point and the protecting
and connections are overhead earthwires across the earthwire or spike and the height of these. The
station and spikes added to the structures within protection afforded can be determined using
the station. Separately supported very tall spike Figure 6.
structures are a special case of protection.
All methods rely upon the screening effect provided 10.5 Selection of SIL (for highest
by the overall array. Within the array boundary the voltage for equipment of 300 kV and
wires or spikes co-operate to provide a significantly above)
greater protection than the sum protection of the
individual wires or spikes. Outside the boundary The two principal sources of switching overvoltages
the protection afforded is that of each boundary wire are line energizing overvoltages and the
or spike acting as though in isolation. Thus the disconnection of small inductive currents,
inner zone and outer zones together should protect e.g. transformer magnetizing current and shunt
all connections and equipment, including reactor currents. Neither of these types of switching
transformers if any. Line overhead earthwires has a voltage waveform of the test wave detailed in
assist in the protection of the station but it is BS 923, which represents the lowest expected
preferable to consider this assistance as an withstand voltage of any wave available in test
additional safety and to arrange the station laboratories. The withstand voltage of insulation
overhead earthwires or spikes to provide the desired will in practice be slightly higher than that obtained
protection. Figure 4 identifies the protection zones. with the test waveform, giving a small safety factor.
For direct lightning strike protection, which cannot Line energizing overvoltages expected in service can
be absolute unless the station is totally be determined by studies, and from the results a
enclosed, 0.1 % failures per annum is regarded as a suitable SIL may be selected from the choices given
satisfactory level of protection for design purposes. in Table IV of BS 5622-1:1979. Experience suggests
that the lowest value of this SIL usually is
10.4.2 Inner-zone protection satisfactory for line energizing overvoltages where
The minimum vertical spacing of the earthwires the line length is 100 km or less or where shunt
and the highest live conductors is shown in compensation, at the remote end from the point of
Figure 5(a) and similarly for the top of spikes in switching, equal to or greater than 50 % of the line
Figure 5(b). For earthwires the horizontal spacing S charging volt-amp reactive (VAR) is connected.
usually is a bay width or multiples of a bay width. Current chopping overvoltages, which are developed
The spacing S of spikes, which also are usually across the inductance being switched, are associated
mounted at spacings determined by bay width and with a small amount of energy which can repeatedly
that of the lines of structures, is the longest diagonal be discharged without harm by a surge arrester
distance within each group of four spikes. protecting the inductive equipment and in so doing
the voltage amplitude is restricted to a value safely
below the lowest SIL level appropriate to the system
operating voltage given in Table IV of
BS 5622-1:1979. If surge arresters are not used, the
voltage amplitude can be restricted to a safe low
value by the use of opening resistors on the
circuit-breaker if necessary.
Table 9 — Station BIL
Isokerannic level System voltages (in kV) of:

123 145 170 245 300 362 420 525

IKL 0 to 30 and light pollution 450 550 650 850 1 050 1 175 1 300 1 425
IKL 30 to 90 or heavy pollution 550 550 650 950 1 050 1 175 1 300 1 425
IKL > 90 or very heavy polution 550 650 750 1 050 1 050 1 300a 1 425 1 550b
a A significant proportion of special cases require a BIL greater than the maximum level of 1 175 kV.
b In some cases of extreme pollution, a level of 1 800 kV may be appropriate.

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36
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Figure 4 — Protection zones

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© BSI 07-1999
Figure 5 — Station shielding for 0.1 % failure rate for inner zones only

37
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 BS 7354:1990
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Figure 6 — Outer type protective zones (for a single spike, for the outboard side of a row of
spikes and for the outboard side of an array of earthwires)

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Appendix A Limitation of work areas Appendix B Application of safety

In some countries there may be specific legal clearances
requirements relating to work activities in the B.1 Figure 7 has been prepared to illustrate the
vicinity of live high-voltage equipment and such principles involved in applying safety clearances to
requirements need to be recognized and the design of switching stations. Typical simplified
accommodated when the equipment is designed, outlines of circuit-breakers, etc. have been shown
constructed and installed. and a knowledge of the principles will allow
In general it will not be adequate to place reliance application to equipments of particular design. The
for safety on working clearances (see D.11.1 of diagram illustrates typical applications of the three
BS 6626:1985) and warnings to persons of the essential clearances.
dangers involved. Systems of work need to be B.2 In order to work on electrical equipment,
devised which will minimize the probability and isolation from all sources of supply is necessary. A
consequences of error and ensure that persons only circuit-breaker is not reliable for this purpose and
work in safe areas and on equipment which has only disconnectors with visible air gaps should be
been made safe, for example, by appropriate considered as providing the required isolation.
isolation and earthing. B.3 It cannot be assumed that safety clearance is
Whenever the arrangement of the substation or provided just because complete isolation is
switching station is such that parts of the station available. The access for work condition should be
remain live whilst work is proceeding in other parts, assessed for each item of equipment, the objective
the work section in which the maintenance is being being to enable safe access for work with the
carried out should be limited by permanent screens, minimum operational circuit outage.
permanent fencing or by temporary enclosure. Safe
access to the delimited area should be provided. Appendix C Notes on the provision of
A temporary enclosure may be in the form of ropes safety clearances and work sections
or barriers indicating the boundary at ground level
C.1 Employment of safety clearances
of the work sections inside which it is safe to carry
out the proposed work. The work section should be It is important to note that clearances are applicable
clearly defined by the use of flags by day, or if in all cases where work in the presence of
otherwise not sufficiently illuminated, by the use of unscreened live conductors is involved. Where,
coloured lights at night placed on separate supports however, equipment adjacent to the points of work
within the work section. Warning notices should be is made dead and earthed solely to maintain these
appropriately positioned. As compared with clearances but not for the purpose of work thereon,
permanent barriers however temporary methods of the electrical clearances only may be necessary
limitation entail increased responsibility and care between such equipment and other equipment
in supervision to ensure their safe use and remaining live. Also the clearances between live
effectiveness. Where temporary screens are used conductors and screens or enclosures need not
the provision of permanent fixing sockets is exceed the electrical clearances, but if these screens
recommended. or enclosures are temporary, clearances are
applicable during the work of erection or removal;
It should not be possible for a man working on dead
preservation of these clearances may then require
equipment to pass via the structures or any other
the temporary isolation and earthing of further
means of access beyond the limits of the work
items of equipment.
section. Accordingly on any structure within the
work section, by which access can be had to live C.2 Work when all apparatus is live
equipment, temporary or permanent screens, which Subclause 5.2.1 requires that all parts which can be
would prevent passage beyond the safe limits via made live should be situated at not less than a
the structure, should be provided. The same minimum distance from ground level or access
considerations apply to large items of equipment ways, if it is to be safe for a man to move about and
which are in practice used to provide access for work amongst the equipment when it is live, always
work, e.g. the tops of transformers. Alternatively provided that:
access may be restricted by eliminating from the a) he remains at ground level or adheres to
design of structural steelwork or similar structures permitted access ways;
those parts which could be used as a means of access
b) he does not use long tools or materials, i.e. not
between the work section and live gear.
longer than 300 mm;
c) he does not remove or open any screens,
enclosures or divisions surrounding live material.

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40
BS 7354:1990

Figure 7 — Application of safety clearances

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Any work, therefore, that can be done from these In the simplest case where no provision is made for
positions and with the provisos given in items a) the sub-division of a station for the purpose of work,
to c) may be carried out without the necessity for the the whole of the station, including any incoming
further precautions referred to in C.3. Such work circuits, should be made dead and earthed before it
normally includes: is safe to do work on any of the equipment. This
1) local operation of the equipment on site, procedure is seldom convenient operationally and
e.g. disconnector, earth switches, on-load provision is usually made for sub-division of the
tap-changers of transformers and station equipment by disconnector and the creation
circuit-breakers; of work sections. The nature and extent of this
sub-division will depend on how much of the station
2) inspection of the equipment from ground level
can, for operational reasons, be taken out of
or permanent access ways;
commission at any one time, having regard also to
3) painting (with a normal brush) the equipment, the frequency of the particular maintenance work
supporting steelwork and other parts, as far as a required. The extent of sub-division provided in the
man can reach from the ground or permitted design of the station is therefore normally a matter
access; for agreement between purchaser and
4) normal testing and adjustment of switchgear manufacturer.
operating and transformer tap-changing Consideration should be given to providing for the
mechanism; following work without the necessity for
5) testing of control cables, protective gear and interruption of any circuit other than that
compressed air systems. containing the equipment upon which it is
It is recommended that, unless otherwise required necessary to work:
by the purchaser, the disposition of equipment a) drawing off and replenishment of insulating
should be such as to provide the necessary medium in circuit-breakers and transformers;
clearances throughout the station which would b) inspection or replacement of circuit-breaker
enable the above work to be done in safety while all contacts and interrupting parts;
the equipment is live.
c) inspection and maintenance of transformer
The occupier should make his own arrangements for tap-changing equipment;
special conditions such as the carrying of ladders
d) cleaning of bushings or insulators associated
and other long objects in live stations.
with circuit-breakers or transformers.
C.3 Work requiring isolation of apparatus
It is necessary to provide for work areas of sufficient
Work which involves leaving ground level, deviating dimensions to cover not only the positions that a
from permitted access ways or infringing the man may occupy in carrying out the work, but also
provisos set out in items a) to c) of C.2 makes it the means of access to these positions. The
necessary that at least some of the apparatus is conductors of circuits other than that containing the
made dead and earthed. equipment worked on, which it is desired to retain
The extent to which the substation equipment has live and in service during the work, should then be
to be made dead is dictated by the space required to so arranged as to provide the safety clearances from
do the work intended, and the preservation of safety them to the boundary of the work area.
clearances around this space. It should be noted that the whole of the equipment
on which work is being done need not be within the
limits of the work area, provided that the parts lying
outside it can be satisfactorily reached by a man
standing at a point within these limits, and provided
that he is prevented from moving beyond that point
in the direction of live conductors.

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C.4 Special maintenance work It is recommended, where roads within the

Other maintenance work, for which no substation are intended for use when the substation
arrangements for access are made in the design of is live, that, between the kerb lines of the road, the
the equipment, so that, for example, loose ladders, distance from the top of any vehicle using such roads
cradles or similar equipment will be employed, can and from the kerb lines themselves laterally, to live
only be carried out in safety by ensuring that in parts and exposed insulators of switchgear should
every case sufficient radial clearance separates the be not less than the safety clearances of Table 3 or
workman from any adjacent live metal, Table 4.
supplemented when and where necessary by NOTE 2 In the UK, the clearances from overhead connections
divisions, screens or similar protection. Such to ground should in such cases not be less than those laid down
in the Electricity (Overhead Line) Regulations 1970.
maintenance should be undertaken only under
safety rules laid down by the occupier; if the facility C.6 Checking of designs
is desired of working with adjacent gear live on The adequacy of safety clearances cannot be
certain parts to which the above applies, the only checked directly while the station is live; there is
provision which can be made in the design of the accordingly a risk that those responsible for work in
switchgear is to allow the clearances of Table 3 or these conditions may assume that, wherever means
Table 4 from the actual point of work to the nearest of isolation for maintenance is provided, the main
live conductor, or such other clearances as the items of equipment are so placed that the necessary
occupier’s safety rules may prescribe. Accordingly, if clearances for normal maintenance work are
work of this nature is required with adjacent available. Nothing can remove from those
equipment live, the purchaser should state this in responsible for such work the onus of assuring
his enquiry or order and should indicate the method themselves that the safety clearances are adequate
of working proposed and any special rules which for the work intended and, if not, of making dead
will apply. such further equipment as will give that assurance.
It is not normally economical to provide safety Nevertheless, those responsible for the design of the
clearances exceeding those of Table 3 or Table 4 station should, in the first place, verify that
such that work other than normal maintenance can clearances adequate for the normal maintenance
safely be carried out with adjacent equipment live. work are provided, wherever the means of isolation
for such work is available; if, for any reason, these
For any other work and special work, such as clearances are not provided, a clear indication
extensions or large-scale renewals, or work should be given of the means of limitation of access
involving the handling of long lengths of material, necessary in substitution or the equipment should
special precautions may be necessary, such as the be so grouped that the absence of safety clearance is
isolation and earthing of additional portions of the obvious.
station.
C.5 Safety clearances to boundary fences and Appendix D Example of an equipment
roads item numbering system
To provide for adequate maintenance of boundary D.1 General
fences whilst adjacent switchgear is live, it is
recommended that the safety clearances stated in This appendix details an example of a system for the
Table 3 or Table 4 should be maintained from the numbering of switchgear and other equipment, and
top of the boundary fence around the substation to should be read in conjunction with section 9.
live parts and exposed insulators of switchgear. A comprehensive summary of the nomenclature and
Where, due to site limitations, it is necessary to numbering of open-type switchgear is shown in
employ clearances less than those stated in Table 3 Table 10. Whilst the implementation is illustrated
or Table 4, the safety rules of the occupier of the in Figure 8 and Figure 9(a) to Figure 9(h) for certain
station will determine the extent to which the station arrangements, the indication of more than
switchgear should be made dead during one earth switch on any busbar is not intended to
maintenance of the boundary fence. imply that all are necessary.
NOTE 1 In the UK the height of the boundary fence should be The double busbar 1½ switch layout in Figure 9(i) is
in conformity with the Electricity Supply Regulations, 1988. not suited to the numbering system described in D.2
but it illustrates an acceptable system for this
particular application.

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D.2 Busbars All transformers connected to the high-voltage

The numbering and nomenclature of busbars other transmission system, either as interconnectors or
than those associated with generating plant when connected to a lower-voltage system should be
auxiliaries should be as follows: separately designated. All such transformers should
be numbered uniquely in relation to each other and
a) nominal busbar
to other transformers, e.g. supergrid transformer 1,
voltage (400 kV, 275 kV, 132 kV, etc.);
station transformer 2, supergrid transformer 3,
b) busbar identification (main busbar, reserve station transformer 4.
busbar, etc.);
Where more than one transmission voltage is used
c) busbar section number (1, 2, 3, etc.). it may be considered advantageous to use a different
An example of the above numbering would be: designation at each level, e.g. 400 kV: supergrid
275 kV main busbar 1 transformer, 275 kV: grid
transformer, 132 kV: interbus transformer.
Sections of busbars of the same nominal voltage and
identifications should be numbered consecutively Other transformers at a particular named site
from one end of the substation to the other. Main should be designated by reference to the nominal
and reserve busbars should have corresponding voltage ratio and should be numbered uniquely,
numbering. e.g. 11/6.6 kV transformer 1.
In the case of busbars with sectioning facilities the D.3.2 The numbering and nomenclature of
word “section” followed by a consecutive number or transformers directly associated with a.c./d.c.
letter should be added, e.g. 3.3 kV unit board 1 converting equipment should be as follows.
section 1. A transformer directly connected to converting
In the case of stations where one section of one equipment and provided for the transmission of
busbar is common to two sections of an associated power should be designated “converter
busbar, the former should bear the numbers of both transformer”. All such transformers should be
corresponding sections of the latter, e.g. 400 kV numbered uniquely at a particular named site,
main busbar 1, 400 kV main busbar 2, 400 kV e.g. convertor transformer 1.
reserve busbar 1/2. D.3.3 The number and nomenclature of
In the case of a mesh type station the corners of the transformers directly associated with generating
mesh should be numbered consecutively in an plant should be as follows:
anti-clockwise direction when viewed from above. a) a transformer directly connected to a generator
The busbar section number should be omitted in and provided for the transmission of the
those cases where the busbar identification for a generator output to the main system should be
particular voltage is applicable to a single busbar designated “generator transformer” and should
having no sectioning facilities, e.g. 275 kV main be numbered the same as the associated
busbar. generator, e.g. generator transformer 1;
The numbering and nomenclature of the principal b) a transformer provided to supply power station
busbars associated with generating plant auxiliaries but not directly connected to a
auxiliaries should be as follows: generator should be designated “station
transformer”. All such transformers should be
1) nominal busbar voltage (11 kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV,
numbered uniquely at a particular named site,
etc.);
e.g. station transformer 1;
2) busbar identification (station board, unit
c) a transformer provided to supply power station
board); auxiliaries and directly connected to a generator
3) busbar number (1, 2, 3, etc.). This number should be designated “unit transformer” and
should be the number of the associated should be numbered the same as the associated
transformer or generator. generator, e.g. unit transformer 1.
An example of the above numbering would be: D.3.4 Where two or more transformers in a station
3.3 kV unit board 1 or power station are banked on to a circuit-breaker
D.3 Transformers on either the high-voltage or the low-voltage side
the individual transformers should have the same
D.3.1 The numbering and nomenclature of number and be identified by the addition of a
transformers connecting transmission systems consecutive letter as a suffix, e.g. supergrid
should be as follows. transformer 1A, supergrid transformer 1B.

© BSI 07-1999 43
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D.3.5 The numbering and nomenclature of a D.5 Open-type switchgear

transformer directly coupled to another transformer D.5.1 The numbering of open-type switchgear,
and provided to supply station auxiliaries should be including disconnectors and earthing switches can
as follows: be represented by three numbers preceded by a
a) a transformer not providing a system neutral letter, the letter being used to designate the voltage
connection should bear the name of the of the equipment,
transformer to which it is coupled followed by the e.g. 400 kV: X120, 275 kV: Y120, 132 kV: Z120.
words “auxiliary transformer”, e.g. supergrid D.5.2 The first number should be used to denote the
transformer 1 auxiliary transformer; sequence of switch groups in any one class in a
b) a transformer not supplying its own site station.
auxiliaries and not providing a system neutral In the case of a generator circuit the first number
connection should bear the name of the should be the generator number.
transformer to which it is coupled and the name
In the case of a transformer circuit connecting
of the site it is supplying, followed by the words
busbars at the same named site, the first number
“auxiliary transformer”, e.g. grid
should be the number of the transformer or
transformer 1 400 kV site auxiliary transformer;
transformer bank.
c) a transformer providing a system neutral
The switch groups of line circuits should be
connection should bear the name of the
numbered from an end of the station that is not
transformer to which it is coupled followed by the
designed to be extended. If a station is designed to
words “earthing transformer”, e.g. grid
be extended in both directions the switch groups on
transformer 1 earthing transformer.
one side of the station should be given odd numbers
D.4 Reactors, capacitors, synchronous and those on the other should be given even
compensators and boosters numbers, commencing from a sectioning or other
The numbering and nomenclature of reactors, suitable point.
capacitors, synchronous compensators and boosters A transformer circuit connecting busbars at
should be as follows: different named sites should be considered as a
a) nominal voltage transformer circuit only at the station where the
(400 kV, 275 kV, 132 kV, 13 kV, etc.); transformer is located, with the exception that line
b) identification, e.g. series reactors, shunt numbering be applied in the case of an earthing
reactor, busbar reactor, synchronous switch on the line side of the circuit disconnector.
compensator, static capacitor and quadrature Other terminations of the circuit should be
booster; considered as a line circuit.
c) number. In the case of busbar coupler switches the number 1
busbar coupler switch should connect main and
In the case of equipment connected to a mesh type
reserve busbars in section 1, number 2 busbar
station the number used should be the number of
coupler switch should connect main and reserve
the associated mesh corner.
busbars in section 2, etc.
In the case of equipment connected to a transformer
In the case of busbar section switches, number 1
tertiary winding the number should be the number
busbar section switch should connect busbar
of the associated transformer. If the associated
sections 1 and 2, number 2 busbar section switch
transformer is a banked transformer the
should connect busbar sections 2 and 3, etc.
appropriate letter should also be included.
In the case of mesh type station equipment
In other cases the number should be a sequence
numbering should be determined by the corner
number.
number to which it is connected (bus section 1
Where two items qualify for the same number and should be between mesh corners 1 and 2, etc.).
nomenclature the word winding or bank should be
Where the same switchgear is used to control a line
added followed by an identification letter, e.g. 13 kV
and a local transformer, then line numbering should
shunt reactor 4B winding A, 13 kV static
be applied to the switchgear.
capacitor 3 bank A.
The information given above for shunt reactors is
illustrated in Figure 9(g).

44 © BSI 07-1999
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D.5.3 The second number should be used to denote **7 circuit-breaker disconnector, busbar side
the class of switch group as given in the following **8 main bus disconnector (2nd choice)
list (the first and third number are represented by reactor tie bus disconnector
asterisks): 
**9  reserve bus disconector (2nd choice)


*0* line Where more than one item in a group qualifies for a
particular number the number should be suffixed by
*1* transformer high-voltage side main busbar
consecutive letters, commencing from the circuit
section
termination inwards to the busbar selector
*2* mesh busbar interconnector (within a disconnectors.
station) In the case of banked circuits the numbers should be
*3* bus coupler suffixed by the identification letter of the
*4* static series compensators, e.g. reactors, appropriate circuit in those instances where the
capacitors items are not common to all the circuits of the bank.
In general, a suffix should not be used for items
*5* static shunt compensators, e.g. reactors, common to all circuits for the bank except in those
capacitors instances where the number is repeated, when an
*6* reserve busbar section appropriate letter suffix should be added.
*7* (spare)
*8* transformer low-voltage side generator
*9* synchronous compensator

Switchgear inserted in lines associated with teed

circuits at a named site other than the high-voltage
terminations of the circuits should be considered as
main busbar section switches.
Switchgear provided specifically for the purpose of
swinging a transformer from one circuit to another
should be considered as main busbar section
switches.
D.5.4 The third number should be used to denote
the function of the particular item of switchgear in
the group as given in the following list (the first two
numbers are represented by asterisks):

 circuit-breaker (excluding lines)

circuit-breaker (2nd choice lines)
**0  circuit-breaker associated with main
busbar on double switched equipment
 switching disconnector (lines)
**1 earthing switch
**2 by-pass disconnector
**3 circuit disconnector
**4 main bus disconnector
 circuit-breaker (lines)
circuit-breaker (2nd choice excluding
lines)
**5  circuit-breaker associated with reserve
busbar on double switched equipment
switching disconnector (excluding lines)

 reserve bus disconnector
**6  mesh opening corner disconnector


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Table 10 — Summary of numbering system for 400 kV equipment, designated X

NOTE For 275 kV equipment use “Y” in place of “X” in the number.
For 132 kV equipment use “Z” in place of “X” in the number. (See D.5.1.)
Title Number

Switching disconnector Xa00

Line earthing switch Xa01
Line by-pass disconnector Xa02
Line disconnector Xa03
Main bus disconnector Xa04
Circuit-breaker Xa05
Reserve bus disconnector Xa06
Circuit-breaker disconnector (busbar side) Xa07
Transformer circuit-breaker Xa10
Transformer earthing switch Xa11
Transformer by-pass disconnector Xa12
Transformer disconnector Xa13
Main bus disconnector Xa14
Switch disconnector Xa15
Reserve bus disconnector Xa16
Main bus section circuit-breaker Xa20
Main bus section earthing switch Xa21
Main bus section disconnector (no. 1 side) Xa24
Switching disconnector Xa25
Mesh opening corner disconnector Xa26
Main bus section disconnector (no. 2 side) Xa28
Reserve bus section circuit-breaker Xa60
Reserve bus section earthing switch Xa61
Reserve bus section disconnector (no. 1 side) Xa66
Reserve bus section disconnector (no. 2 side) Xa69
Bus coupler circuit-breaker Xa30
Earthing switch associated with the bus coupler circuit breaker Xa31
Bus coupler main busbar disconnector Xa34
Bus coupler reserve busbar disconnector Xa36
Reactor circuit-breaker Xa40
Reactor earthing switch Xa41
Main bus disconnector (1st choice) Xa44
2nd reactor circuit-breaker where two per reactor Xa45
Reserve bus disconnector (1st choice) Xa46
Circuit-breaker disconnector (busbar side) Xa47
Main bus disconnector (2nd choice) Xa48
Reactor tie bus disconnector or reserve bus disconnector (2nd choice) Xa49
Reactor/capacitor circuit-breaker Xa50
Reactor/capacitor earthing switch Xa51
Reactor/capacitor disconnector Xa53
Transformer circuit-breaker Xa80
Transformer earthing switch Xa81
Transformer disconnector Xa83
Main bus disconnector Xa84
Switching disconnector Xa85
Reserve bus disconnector Xa86
a
Denotes sequence of switch groups (see D.5.2).

46 © BSI 07-1999
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Table 10 — Summary of numbering system for 400 kV equipment, designated X

NOTE For 275 kV equipment use “Y” in place of “X” in the number.
For 132 kV equipment use “Z” in place of “X” in the number. (See D.5.1.)
Title Number

Generator circuit breaker (where two per generator, main busbar) Xa90
Generator transformer earthing switch Xa91
Generator by-pass disconnector Xa92
Generator transformer disconnector Xa93
Main bus disconnector Xa94
Generator circuit-breaker where two per generator (reserve busbar) or switching disconnector Xa95
Reserve bus disconnector Xa96
Circuit-breaker disconnector (busbar side) Xa97
a
Denotes sequence of switch groups (see D.5.2).

NOTE Suitable suffix to be added to 4 ATI if supergrid transformer voltage lower than 132 kV.
Figure 8 — Tertiary connected shunt reactor numbering and nomenclature

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48
BS 7354:1990

Figure 9 — Equipment numbering system

© BSI 07-1999
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© BSI 07-1999
Figure 9 — Equipment numbering system

49
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50
BS 7354:1990

Figure 9 — Equipment numbering system

© BSI 07-1999
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© BSI 07-1999
Figure 9 — Equipment numbering system

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52
BS 7354:1990

Figure 9 — Equipment numbering system

© BSI 07-1999
 BS 7354:1990
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NOTE The three switch mesh is as shown, for the one switch mesh omit 110 and 210.
(i) One or three switch mesh with by-pass
Figure 9 — Equipment numbering system

© BSI 07-1999 53
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54
blank
 BS 7354:1990

Publication(s) referred to
Licensed copy: [email protected] [email protected], Mott Macdonald, Version correct as of 25/03/2013 05:06, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

NOTE See also Table 1.

BS 923, Guide on high-voltage testing techniques.
BS 2914, Specification for surge diverters for alternating current power circuits.
BS 4727, Glossary of electrotechnical, power, telecommunication, electronics, lighting and colour terms.
BS 4727-2, Terms particular to power engineering.
BS 4727: Group 06, Switchgear and controlgear terminology (including fuse terminology).
BS 5420, Specification for degrees of protection of enclosures of switchgear and controlgear for voltages up
to and including 1 000 V a.c. and 1 200 V d.c.
BS 5622, Guide for insulation co-ordination.
BS 5622-1, Terms, definitions, principles and rules.
BS 5622-2, Application guide.
BS 6581, Specification for common requirements for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear standards.
BS 6626, Code of practice for maintenance of electrical switchgear and controlgear for voltages above 650 V
and up to and including 36 kV.
CP 3, Code of basic data for the design of buildings.
CP 3 Chapter V, Loading.
CP 3-2, Wind loads.
CP 1013, Earthing.
PD 6499, Guide to insulation co-ordination within low-voltage systems including clearances and creepage
distances for equipment.
PD 6519, Guide to effects of current passing through the human body.
PD 6519-1, General aspects.
EPRI EL3099, Substation grounding scale tests3).
IEEE 80, Guide for safety in substation grounding4).

3)
Published by and available from Electric Power Research Institute, 1019 19th Street, Washington DC 98201, USA.
4)
Published by and available from Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Service Centre, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway,
New Jersey 088 54, USA.

© BSI 07-1999
 BS 7354:1990

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Licensed copy: [email protected] [email protected], Mott Macdonald, Version correct as of 25/03/2013 05:06, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

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