CED Non conventional nergy Resources ROS components ate regulated by codes OF standards. Array mounts certain BOS 6 ' ' . eee ye must meet wind Toading requirements of applicable building code, B tery vmpartments a covered in the NEC (National Electrical Code), Also, artery compa , salto be appropriate for environmental consideratic os eamponents may need to be appropriate for en erations 6.8 SOLAR PV SYSTEMs 6.8.1 Classification Solar PV systems are broadly ela ‘ified as follows: (i) Central Power Station System Central PV power stations are conceptually similar to any other conventional central power station. They feed power to grid, These ate being proposed in few MW range to meet daytime peak loads only Central PV power stations of up to 6 MW, (peak MW) capacities have already been experimented within USA and Europe. While the concept has been demonstrated through such experimental plants, the capital costs are currently somewhat high for their commercial exploitation. stributed System Distributed form of energy use is unique and much more successful with solar and most other renewable energy sources. These systems can be further divided into three groups: (a) Stand-alone System It is located at the load centre and dedicated to meet all the electrical loads of a village/community or a specific set of loads. Energy storage is generally essential. It is most relevant and successful in remote and rural areas having no access to grid supply. Indicative capacity of such a system is 10 W100 kW, (b) Grid-interactive System This system is connected to the utility grid with two-way metering system. It may be a small rooftop system owned and operated by the house owner or a relatively bigger system meant for the whole village of a community, It meets daytime requirements of the house owner without any battery backup and surplus power is fed to the grid. During peak hours and during nights, the energy shortage may be met from grid. enki) Stall System for Consumer Applications These systems are meant for low BY consumer devices requiring power in the range of microwatts to 10 W, and mostly design ; i igned for indoor a n el nic games, ete. applications, e.g., calculators, watches, electro” 6.8.2 Stand-Alone Solar PV System The main componei ia _ in Fig, 6.26. Ponents of a general stand-alone solar PV system are show" The MPPT sens MPPT senses the voltage and current outputs of the array a” © scanned with OKEN Scanner~ aijusts the OPEHALING POINE LO extract m . aximum power under the giv jiions. The output of the arra power under the given climatic ond ter converti ; 38 of ny 10 ac is fed 10 loads. ‘The array . excess Of load re emet > 9 Tevac he arta putpat i CN load requirement is used to charge the battery, [f exces P , ‘ f cess power jsstill available after fully charging the battery, it may be shunted to dump When the sun is Not available, the battery supplies the load through te inv an rhe battery discharge diode D, prevents the battery from being hy Vater he charger is opened. The array diod i Beis he be ‘ . y diode D, is to isolate the array from the battery ww prevent battery discharge through array during nights. A mode controller is a central controller for the entire system, It collects the system signals and keeps cack of charge/discharge state of the battery, matches the generated power and load and commands the charger and dump heater on-off operation. ti PWM], switching {L ae || regulator |! inverter i [Battery i Duty | charger] ZS Dp | Loads | ratio | Charge |, 1 7 i controller An L i |Feedback |} mi 'L signals |? MPPT | —— controler | Solar array i ‘Mode controller Fig. 6.26 A general stand-alone solar PV system 6.8.3 Grid-interactive Solar PV System cess power is fed to a grid and dump heaters ate not required. Also, during absence or inadequate sunshine, supply of power is maintained from the grid, and thus battery is eliminated, ‘The mechanism for Sinchronized operation is incorporated. The de power first converted 1 sc by inverter, harmonies are filtered and then only the fil ered power is fed into the & ‘feradjusting the voltage level. Recently, PV modules oe ee 28. integral component in the junction box of the module, whats known 3 PV made, i provides utility grade 60 Fz power directly Hos og bon. This greatly simplifies the design of a PV system, Tis senenans Cs ® general grid-interactive solar PV system is giver. 18 1B °° In a grid-interactive system, all ex © scanned with OKEN ScannerCD non conventional Energy Resources PWM) cB ce cw {1 witching | [A] Ha) i regulator ~ Transformer de to ac 2 a buty | veteran ons ratio . | Reediaak Local load "| signals MPPT controller ‘Array field Fig 6.27 A general grid-interactive solar PV system 6.8.4 Hybrid Solar PV System Sometimes, it is not economical or practical to provide all energy from a PV system. In such cases, it may be more economical to provide some of the system energy needs by other means, such as diesel/gasoline generators or any other non-conventional source like wind or fuel cells. Such a system is called a hybrid gystem. The best cost-effectiveness is generally obtained when none of the PV- generated energy is wasted. 6.9 SOLAR PV APPLICATIONS (69a Gr interactive PV Power Generation | The first large sized (1 MW.) grid-interactive PV plant was installed in Lugo, ia California, USA. The second and largest (6.5 MW) plant was installed in Casiss Plains, California, USA. Also, some other large sized plants are operating in various countries and many others ate proposed in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Spain and Japan. Several small-capacity systems in the range of 25 kW,-200 kW, are being experimentally tried out in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In India 33-SPY, grid-connected plants with a total installed capacity of 2.54 MW, have been installed so far and another 550 kW, aggregate installed capacity pl undergoing installation process. A 200-kW grid-interactive SPV plant, recently at village Khatkarkalan, Dt. Nawanshahr of Punjab is shown in Fig This is the biggest operating SPV plant at present in the country: Also, a lage fumber of small rooftop grid interactive systems are successfill at various parts of the world. A total of 1791 kW, stand-alone § been installed so far in the country. . © scanned with OKEN Scanner~ Fig, 6.28 4 200-kWp, grid-interactive SPV plant at Village Khatkarkalan, Dt. Nawanshahr Punjab Source: MNES Annual report 6.9.2. Water Pumping Pumping of water for the purpose of drinking or for minor irrigation during shine hours is a very successful application of a standalone PV system without Water pumping appears to be most suited for solar PV applications as water demand increases during dry days when plenty of sunshine is available. There would be less need of water during the rainy season when the availability of solar energy is also low: SPV water-pumping systems have been successfully used is many parts of the world in the range of few hundred W) to 5 kW. An SPV ssater-pumping system is expected to deliver a minimum of 15,000 litres per day {ora 200.W, panel and 1,70,000 litres per day for 2,250 W,, panel from a suction of 7 metres and/or a total head of 10 metres on a clear sunny day. Three types of ‘motors have generally been used: ()) permanent magnet de motor, (in low-capacity Pumping systems), (ji) brushless de motors, and (ii) variable voltage and variable frequency ac motors, with appropriate electronic control and conversion system. \n SPV water-pumping system for a fishing form is shown in Fig, 6.29, © scanned with OKEN ScannerAN LED non comentionalenensy Resources 6.9.3. Lighting Next to water pumping, lighting is the secondmost important and extensive application of a standalone solar PV system. As lighting is required when the sun is not available, battery storage is essential. Energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps (CEL) of low-pressure sodium vapour lamps (LPSVL) are used at 25-35 KHz frequencies, as SPV is an expensive power source. Pole mounted outdoor lighting, shown in Fig, 6.30, is designed for 3-6 hours an evening, Atypical system has two 35 W_ modules connected in parallel, an 11-W (900 lumens) CFL, a 99 or 120 Ah, 13-V storage battery and associated electronics including inverter, battery charger and timer to switch on and off the light, The approximate cost of one pole-mounted streetlight is Rs 30,000. A portable SPV lantern, shown in Fig, 6.31, is usually designed to operate for 2-6 hours. A typical system consists of a 10 W, module, a 5-7 W CFL, 2 7-Ab, 12-V battery and associated clectronics and hardware. The cost of a portable solar lantern varies from Rs 4000 to Rs 5000. Fig. 6.30 Pole-mounted SPV lighting Fig. 6.31 Solar lantern Source: Source: MNES Annual Report Tata BP Solar Products 6.9.4 Medical Refrigeration Many life-saving medical supplies, particularly vaccines, require refrigertio" during storage and transportation in order to remain effective. For life-swit® vaccines, the World Health Organization (WHO) has laid own ground rules © maintain the cold chain from the point of their manufacture to their applicatio® In many developing countries, where such life-saving vaccines are in great dem) electricity is not available to operate conventional refrigerators, WHO has spec’ technical details for PV-based refrigerators using solar energy for such application” This has resulted in success of WHO-sponsored immunization programmes © these countries. The volume of a reftigerator chamber varies from 20-100 lite with the freezer volume ranging from 10-35 litres. The PV module size 4) from 100 W, to over 600 W, with a 12 V/24 V battery, of 150 to over 600! lar er © scanned with OKEN ScannernN capeties: Ao. SPV powered portable medical refrigerator is shown in Hip, 6.32, Fig. 6.32 An SPV powered poratble medical refrigerator 6.9.5 Village Power Solar PV power can be used to meet low energy demands of many remote, small, isolated and generally unapproachable villages in most developing countries. Two approaches have generally been used: (i) Individual SPV system for every household. (i A centralized SPV plant to meet combined load demand of the whole village. Both approaches have been extensively tried out in most parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. Whereas a centralized village PV power system requires large scale integrated planning and execution, individual village | household systems may be available off-the-shelf. In many Asian and African countries, PV kits are available to cater to the needs of the latter types. 6.9.6 Telecommunication and Signaling Solar PV power is ideally suited for telecommunication applications such as local telephone exchange, radio and TV broadcasting, microwave and other forms _ of electronic communication links. This is because, in most telecommunication ‘pplications, storage batteries are already in use and the electrical systems are basically de. Radio and TV signals may not reach in hilly and mountainous terrain as they he undulating terrain, At these locatio Bet blocked or reflected back due to t c I fither low-power teansmitters (LPT) of very low-power transmitters (VLPT) are | installed to receive and retransmit the signals for the local population ds these _ locations are generally remote and normal grid supply is nor available, ches © scanned with OKEN Scanner