7/26/24, 8:36 PM Matter in Our Surroundings Class 9 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 1 [PDF]

Matter in Our Surroundings Class 9 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 1 (Free PDF Download)
Revision Notes Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Matter In Our Surroundings

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CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 1 - Matter in Our Surroundings Revision Notes - Free PDF Download

Matter can be defined as something that has mass and occupies space. For instance, air, water, oxygen, fruits, etc.
All these are considered as matter in our surroundings and are classified as solids, liquids and gases. They are
made up of microscopic particles called molecules which are tightly, loosely and very loosely packed, respectively.
Being the elementary lesson of Class 9 Science, you must be thorough on the same. In this regard, Matter in Our
Surroundings Class 9 Notes by Vedantu can be of immense help. Along with textbooks, make sure to refer to this
material for revision purposes and also achieve desired scores in exams. Vedantu is a platform that provides free
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Also, check CBSE Class 9 Science revision notes for All chapters:

CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter-wise Notes

Chapter 1 - Matter in Our Surroundings

Chapter 2 - Is Matter Around Us Pure Notes
Notes

Chapter 3 - Atoms and Molecules Notes Chapter 4 - Structure of the Atom Notes

Chapter 5 - The Fundamental Unit of Life Explore Offline

Chapter 6 - Tissues Notes Centres
Notes

Chapter 7 - Diversity in Living Organisms

Chapter 8 - Motion Notes
Notes

Chapter 9 - Force and Laws of Motion

Chapter 10 - Gravitation Notes
Notes

Chapter 11 - Work and Energy Notes Chapter 12 - Sound Notes

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Chapter 13 - Why Do We Fall Ill Notes Chapter 14 - Natural Resources Notes

Chapter 15 - Improvement in Food Resources Notes

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Access Class 9 Science Chapter 1 - Matter in Our Surrounding Notes

Introduction
Everything around us is formed of the matter: a pencil, a pen, a table, the food we consume, the clothes we
wear, the walls of our homes. But what is the matter?

Anything that occupies space has mass, and can be sensed by our senses is considered the matter. In other
words, the term "matter" refers to all of the substances and materials that make up the cosmos.

Composition of Matter

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Centres

According to ancient Indian philosophers, the matter is made up of five constituents or tattvas, according to
studies found in our sacred books and scriptures.

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Illustration 1. How many different ways did ancient Indian philosophers classify matter?
a. 2
b. 6
c. 7
d. 5
Ans: (D)

Matter is made up of Particles

Now that we have defined matter let us ask ourselves the question – What is a matter made up of?

All matter comprises very small particles.

All matter can be broken up in a similar manner to get very small particles.

Hence we now conclude that all matter is made up of small particles.

(Image will be uploaded soon)

Illustration 2. Which of the following are matters?

Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, the smell of perfume.
Ans: chair, air, almond, cool drink

Properties of Matter
Small particles of matter make up all matter. Some features are shared by all of these particles. A theory called
Kinetic Theory of Matter explains forth these features.

Simply said, The Kinetic Theory of Matter States is a theory that describes how matter changes throughout time.

a. All matter is made up of tiny particles.

b. There is space between these particles.

c. The particles are in constant motion.

d. The particles are attracted to one another.

Particles of Matter have space between them

Small particles make up matter, and these particles have small spaces between them.

These areas are not visible to the naked eye, yet particles of other matter can pass through them without
changing their volume.

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Particles of Matter are continuously moving Centres
Particles in the matter are constantly moving. Three types of motion were seen in the matter particles.

a. Translatory Motion - It occurs when particles move in straight lines and change direction without losing energy
after interacting with another particle or the container's wall. When compared to liquids, translational motion is
greatest in gases and least in solids.

b. Rotational motion: When particles travel about their own axis, this is known as rotational motion. This motion
is comparable to the earth's rotation around its axis. In gases and liquids, the rotational motion will be quite high.

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c. Vibrational Motion - When particles move back and forth around a central point. Solids have the greatest
amount of motion because the particles are held in a hard framework.

Particles of Matter attract each other

1. The force with which they attract one another differs depending on the matter.

2. The force is modest in some types of materials (waste paper, matchsticks) (as we can tear or break them easily).

3. The force is large in other types of material (iron nail) (as we cannot break the nail easily).

Illustration 3. When sugar dissolves in water, what happens to it? What happens to the sugar? What does
the dissolution of sugar in water tell you about the nature of matter?
Ans:
a. When sugar dissolves in water, the solid sugar crystals are broken up into microscopic particles.

b. The sugar particles interact with the water particles in the gaps between them (to form a sugar solution).

c. Sugar dissolving in water indicates that the stuff (in this case, sugar and water) is made up of minute particles.
There are voids between the particles of stuff (in this case, water).

Diffusion

“The mixing and spreading out of a substance with another substance due to the movement or motion of its
particles is called diffusion.”

The process of one substance diffusing into another continues until a homogenous mixture is achieved. Let's
have a look at an example.

Put a crystal of potassium permanganate (purple colour) in one of the beakers that is full of water. Gradually,
you'll notice that the purple-colored crystal begins to diffuse or dissolve into water, and after a while, it turns
purple.

Diffusion in Gases
Gases have a very fast diffusion rate. Because gas particles move very swiftly in all directions, this is the case.

Examples 1 :

1. Even from a long distance, the smell of food being prepared in the kitchen reaches us.

2. The smell of hot, sizzling food reaches us even when we are a long way away, but we must approach close
to get the smell of cold food.

3. This is because the rate of diffusion of hot gases is substantially faster than the rate of diffusion of cold gases
released by cold food.

Example 2 :

1. When someone opens a bottle of perfume in one corner of a room, the scent soon travels throughout the
space.
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2. When a perfume bottle is opened, the liquid perfume soon turns into vapour (or gas).

3. The scent vapours flow quickly in all directions in the air, mixing with the air particles and spreading across
the room.

Example
The diffusion of a strong-smelling chemical (ethyl mercaptan) found in the cooking gas into the air detects the
leaking of cooking gas (LPG) in our houses.

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Diffusion in Liquids
Liquid diffusion is slower than gas diffusion. This is due to the fact that particles in liquids move slower than
particles in gases.

Solid in Liquid
When a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed in the bottom of a beaker of water, the purple colour of the
potassium permanganate progressively spreads throughout the water.

The liquid in Liquid:

When a drop of ink is dropped into a beaker of water, the colour of the ink spreads across the entire water in
the beaker; this is due to the diffusion of ink particles into water.

Gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen are necessary for aquatic plants and animals to survive. The carbon
dioxide and oxygen gases in the air (or atmosphere) diffuse into and dissolve in water (ponds, lakes, and
rivers). Aquatic plants use dissolved carbon dioxide to prepare food through photosynthesis, whereas
aquatic animals breathe using dissolved oxygen in the water.

Diffusion in Solids
Solid-state diffusion is an extremely slow process.

Example :

If we write something on a blackboard and then leave it filthy for a long time (say, 10 to 15 days), cleaning
the blackboard becomes quite tough. This is owing to the fact that certain chalk particles have dispersed into
the backboard's surface.

When two metal blocks are closely linked together and left undisturbed for several years, the particles of one
metal permeate into the other metal. Gases dissipate quickly. A gas's rate of diffusion is proportional to the
square root of its density.

Force of Attraction (or Cohesion)

Between the particles of matter, there is an attractive force that binds them together. The force of attraction is
the attraction between particles of the same substance (or cohesion).

In general, the force of attraction is greatest in solid matter particles and least in gaseous matter particles.

Illustration 4. Analyse the effects of diffusion in different states of matter, such as solid, gas, and liquid.
Ans: Solid < Liquid < Gases
Slow Fast Very Fast

States of Matter

Solids have a definite volume and shape. They are more difficult to break than liquids and gases.

Liquids have a specific volume but not a specific shape. They take on the shape of the container they're
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housed in. Centres

Gases do not have a defined shape or volume. They take up all of the available space and take on the
shape of the container in which they are kept.

Plasma - At extremely high temperatures, the plasma state is a fused and ionic condition of matter (like the
core of the sun, stars). Because it is made up of positive ions and a pool of electrons, the fused ionic mass is
neutral. Around 99 per cent of the universe is made up of fused ionic matter.

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S.no. Solid Liquid Gas

Gases have no
Solids have fixed Liquids have fixed
fixed
1. shape and volume but no definite
volume and
definite volume shape.
shape

Liquids have a high

Solids have high Gases have
2. density but less than
density low density.
solids.

Solids show only Liquids show slight Gases expand

3. slight expansion expansion on heating considerably
on heating. but more than solids. on heating.

They have slight They have slight

They have high
4. or no compressibility but
compressibility.
compressibility. more than solids.

Solids do not Liquids generally flow Gases flow

5.
flow. easily. freely.

They have their

They have their
melting and
melting and They have their
boiling points
6. boiling points melting point below
both below
above room room temperature.
room
temperature.
temperature.

Intermolecular
Intermolecular forces
forces are very Intermolecular
are strong enough to
strong and forces are very
keep the particles
7. constituent weak and the
together but not strong
particles are particles are
enough to keep them
closely free to move.
in fixed positions.
packed

Illustration 5.
a. Give two reasons why wood is a solid material.

b. ‘A material has a known volume but no known shape.' Indicate if the substance is solid, liquid, or gaseous.

c. Describe the physical state of matter that can be squeezed readily.

d. ‘A substance has both a definite shape and a defined volume.' Which physical state does this statement
Explore
represent? A substance has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. State whether it is a solid, a liquid or aOffline
gas.
Centres
e. Give two reasons to justify that:

i. Water is a liquid at room temp.

ii. An iron almirah is solid.

Ans:
a. Wood has
i. fixed shape, and

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ii. fixed volume

b. Liquid

c. Gas

d. Solid

e. Gas

i. Fixed volume but no fixed shape

ii. Fixed shape and fixed volume.

Rigid and Fluid

Rigid is a word that denotes "unbending" or "inflexible." Because it is unbending or inflexible, a stone is stiff.
Fluid is defined as "a material that flows easily" and requires the use of a vessel (container) to keep it
contained.

A solid is a kind of stuff that is unyielding. Solids have a tendency to keep their shape when subjected to
external force due to their rigidity. As a result, rigidity is the primary distinguishing feature of solids. As a
result, rigidity is the primary distinguishing feature of solids. Solids don't need to be kept in a container. Two
common solids are a brick and a log of wood.

A liquid is a fluid type of stuff that fills the container's lower half. Liquids must be kept in a container because
they are fluids. Because liquids have a well-defined surface, they can be stored in an open container. The
liquid will not spontaneously escape from the open container. Water and milk are two prevalent liquids found
in our environment.

Gas is a form of stuff that fills the entire container in which it is contained. Gases, like liquids, require a
container to keep them contained. Because gas has no open surface, it must be stored in a closed container.
If gas is kept in an open container, it will escape. Gases are frequently stored in airtight gas cylinders
because of this. Cooking gas (LPG), for example, is stored in airtight metal cylinders. We can conclude from
this discussion that fluids include both liquids and gases. Fluidity is a property of liquids and gases that
allows them to flow smoothly. When exposed to external stress, liquids and gases change shape quickly due
to their fluidity.

Illustration 6. Which of the following is a rigid form of matter

a. Alcohol
b. Ether
c. Love
d. Pen
Ans: Ether and alcohol

Interconversion of the state of matter

Changing the temperature, pressure, or both can cause matter to change its physical condition.
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a. Melting is the transformation of a solid into a liquid. Centres

b. Solidification is the process of turning a liquid into a solid.

c. The process of converting a liquid to a gas is known as vaporisation.

d. Condensation is the process of turning a gas into a liquid.

e. Sublimation is the process of converting a solid to a gas.

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Note: While increasing pressure in gas will not change the physical condition of the gas, it will bring the particles
closer together, causing the gas to liquefy.
Vaporization is promoted by lowering pressure over a liquid's surface.

Illustration 7. When solid carbon dioxide is exposed to air, which of the following factors is responsible for
the change in state?
a. Increase in pressure
b. Decrease in pressure
c. Increase in temperature
d. Decrease in temperature

Ans: (a) Decrease in pressure; Increase in temperature

Effect of change of Temperature and Pressure

We can change the physical condition of matter in two ways:

a. by changing the temperature; and

b. by changing the pressure

A solid can be changed to a liquid state by raising the temperature, and a liquid may be converted to a gaseous
state by lowering the temperature.

Melting (Fusion)

Melting is the transformation of a solid substance into a liquid when it is heated (or fusion).

Melting of the substance refers to the temperature at which a solid melts and transforms into a liquid at
atmospheric pressure.

The heat energy in a solid substance causes its particles to vibrate more vigorously. At the melting point, a
solid's particles have enough kinetic energy to overcome the strong forces of attraction that keep them in
fixed places, and they break apart into small groups. And the solid transforms into a liquid.

The greater the force of attraction between the particles of a solid substance, the higher its melting point. The
melting point of iron metal, for example, is extremely high (1535 degrees celsius), indicating that the force of
attraction between the particles of iron is extremely strong.

Boiling (Vaporisation)

Boiling is the transformation of a liquid substance into a gas when heated rapidly.

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which it boils and transforms rapidly into a gas at
atmospheric pressure.

Condensation
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When a gas (or vapour) is cooled sufficiently, the process of turning it into a liquid is termed condensation.
Centres

Condensation of steam occurs when steam (or water vapour) cools and converts to water (or condensation
of water vapour).

It's the polar opposite of vaporisation. (Boiling)

Freezing

Freezing is the process of turning a liquid (solidification) into a solid by chilling it, the reverse of melting.
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When a liquid cools, its particles lose energy, slowing its movement.

If the liquid is sufficiently chilled (to the point of freezing), each particle ceases to move and vibrates in a
fixed location. The liquid freezes and solidifies at this point.

As a result of the preceding discussion, we can conclude that changing the temperature can change the
state of matter.

Effect of the change in Pressure on the state of matter

Short particles separated by small distances make up matter.

Interparticle distances are exceedingly short in the solid-state.

The inter-particle distances in liquids are slightly greater than in solids.

When compared to liquids or solids, interparticle distances are greatest in the gaseous state.

As a result, it can be shown that when pressure is applied to matter, the effect on solids is insignificant
because the particles are so close together.

In liquids, the effect of pressure will be minimal.

Because the interparticle distances are vast, the effect of pressure on gases will be the greatest.

As a result, when pressure is applied to gases, the particles begin to move closer together. The attractive
forces between the particles increase as the particles get closer together.

This rise in attracting forces aids the gas's transition of state. When enough pressure is applied, the
attraction forces build to the point where the physical state transforms from gaseous to liquid.

The reverse can be expected to happen if the pressure on a gas is decreased.

Illustration 8. Define melting process

Ans: Melting is the transformation of a solid substance into a liquid when it is heated.
Latent Heat

The heat that a substance needs to change its condition without increasing its temperature. It's called latent
heat (hidden heat) because it's buried in the substance undergoing a state transition and doesn't show up as
a rise in temperature.

“During a transition of state, the latent heat is used up in overcoming the force of attraction between the
particles of the substance. It has no effect on the kinetic energy of the substance's particles. And since the
substance's temperature does not rise.”

Illustration 9. What is the latent heat of fusion of ice?

Ans: 3.34 × 105 j/kg
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Latent heat of Vaporization and Fusion Centres
There are two types of latent heat:

i. Latent heat of fusion

ii. Latent heat of vaporization

Latent heat of Vaporization

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The latent heat of vaporisation is the amount of heat in Joules necessary to turn a unit quantity of 1 kg liquid
into vapours without a temperature change.

Experiments have shown that it takes 22.5 × 105 joules of heat to convert 1 kilogramme of water (at its
∘
100 C) to steam at the same temperature. As a result, water's latent heat of vaporisation is
boiling point,
22.5 × 10 joules per kilogramme (or 22.5 × 105 J/kg).
5

“If the liquid freezes to create a solid and steam condenses to form water, the substance will emit an equal
amount of latent heat of fusion and vaporisation.”

The Latent Heat of Vaporization varies depending on the substance.

Latent heat of Fusion (Solid to Liquid)

It is the amount of heat in Joules required to transform one kilogramme of solid into liquid form without
causing a temperature increase.
∘
Experiments have shown that to turn 1 kilogramme of ice into water at the same temperature (0 C),
5
3.34 × 10 J of heat is required.
5
So, latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34 × 10 J/ Kg.

Different substances have different Latent Heat of Fusion.

Illustration 10. Why the temperature of melting ice does not rise even though heat is being supplied
continuously.
Ans: Because ice is solid, its particles are attracted to one another by strong forces. These attraction forces keep
the particles tightly packed in solid ice. The heat we give ice during melting is completely consumed by overcoming
the forces of attraction between ice particles, causing them to loosen up and become liquid water. As a result of
this heat not increasing the kinetic energy of particles, no temperature rise occurs during the melting of ice.
However, once all of the ice has melted to create water, additional heating increases the kinetic energy of water
particles, causing the temperature of the water to rapidly rise.

Sublimation
Sublimation is defined as the transformation of a solid into vapours on heating and back to a solid on cooling.
Solid ⇄ Vapour (or Gas)

Ammonium chloride, iodine, camphor, naphthalene, and anthracene are some of the common substances
that sublimate.

Solid carbon dioxide is yet another example of sublimation (which is commonly known as dry ice).

Carbon dioxide gas is formed when solid carbon dioxide (or dry ice) sublimates.

Illustration 11.
a. When heated, which of the following substances sublimates:
i. Sugar
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ii. Urea Centres
iii. Ice
iv. Camphor
v. Sodium Chloride
vi. Iodine

b. What happens to the heat energy that has been delivered once a solid has melted?

c. A substance's melting point is lower than room temperature. Predict the state of its physical state.

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d. Is it permissible to refer to ammonia in its gaseous state as vapours?

e. What is the name of the chemical reaction that converts a solid into a gas?

f. During a substance's change of state, which of the following energy is absorbed?

i. Specific Heat
ii. Latent heat
iii. Heat of solution

g. Identify one common chemical that can change state when heated or cooled.
Ans:
a. Camphor and iodine

b. It is converted into latent heat of fusion

c. It is a liquid.

d. No, it is not

e. It is called sublimation

e. Latent heat

g. Water

Evaporation

The phenomenon of evaporation occurs when a liquid transforms to a gaseous state below its boiling point.

Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules in all directions, but the water molecules near the
surface of the water are only dragged inward, which is below the water's surface.

Note: Evaporation is a phenomenon that occurs in all liquids in theory. But, in general, when we talk about
evaporation, we're talking about water evaporation.

Vapour is a substance that can remain in a gaseous state at a temperature where it would ordinarily be a
solid or liquid.

Examples of solids that can exist as a vapour: camphor, naphthalene

Factors Affecting Evaporation

Evaporation depends on temperature, surface area and weather conditions
a. As the quantity of water molecules at the surface grows, evaporation increases if the surface area of the water is
big. As a result, more water molecules are likely to break out once they have enough kinetic energy.

b. As the temperature approaches the boiling point of water, evaporation increases. The kinetic energy of the
molecules increases as the temperature rises. The extra kinetic energy required by surface molecules to break
loose or evaporate is reduced as a result. As a result, evaporation increases.

c. Evaporation decreases in excessively humid weather because the air is saturated with water molecules.
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d. As water evaporates, the air just above the water surface becomes saturated with water molecules.
Centres

Illustration 12. What effect does temperature and surface area have on evaporation?
Ans: Evaporation increases as the temperature and surface area increase.

Cooling Effect
How Does Evaporation Cause Cooling?
When a liquid evaporates, the energy is extracted from the liquid. As a result, it continues to cool. The liquid
absorbs the energy lost by the surroundings, causing them to cool. During the summer, for example, air coolers are

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used to provide forced cooling.

Illustration 13. Make a note of the cooling mechanism.

Ans: As a gas particle's energy drops due to cooling, the particle's moment slows down. The particles also become
significantly closer to one another, resulting in the intermolecular attraction force. The gas contracts as a result of
this.

Matter in our Surroundings Notes Free PDF Download

Class 9 Science Notes Chapter 1 PDF material is entirely free and can be easily availed from Vedantu’s website or
application. So download the same and make it a revision guide for both unit test and final examinations. By
downloading the Chapter 1 Science Class 9 Notes, you no longer need to prepare a list of essential topics and
explanations by yourself. Besides the usage of simple and lucid language, this material is also drafted as per the
latest CBSE curriculum, which makes it a perfect revision guide.

Class 9 Chapter 1 Science Notes – Summary

The notes of Ch 1 Science Class 9 begins with the introduction about the matter in our surroundings, its
composition, what are they made up of, etc. Although you have learnt this in your previous classes, you must study
it again to have a proper grasp over this concept. The next part of Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Notes explain the
properties of matter. As you all know that matter is made up of tiny particles, and have unique characteristics.
Additionally, these characteristics of matter are provided by a theory termed as Kinetic Theory of Matter which
states the following:

Particles of matter have space between them.

Particles of matter are continuously moving – rotational and vibrational motion.

Particles of matter attract each other.

Diffusion
In the next section of Science Class 9 Chapter 1 Notes, students will get to know about diffusion; especially the
provided diagram makes it easy to comprehend. You will also learn that diffusion occurs at a fast rate in gases. The
reason for this is elaborated with suitable examples in the PDF material of Matter in our Surroundings Class 9
Notes. Besides, diffusion in liquids and solids are also discussed precisely that will help you to understand this
concept clearly.

States of Matter
Information about the three states of matter – solid, liquid and gas are correctly laid out in this Class 9 Matter in our
Surroundings Notes PDF alongside their various properties. Plus a tabular representation of differences between
solid, liquid and gases is also given.

Inter Conversion of the States of Matter

With a change in pressure and temperature, matter can change from one form to another form. This section of
Class 9 Science Ch 1 Notes deal regarding the same. You will get to know about all the various changes of states
like melting, solidification, vaporisation, condensation, sublimation, etc in the Matter in our Surroundings Class 9
Notes.

Latent Heat and Latent Heat of Vaporisation and Fusion Explore Offline
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This section of Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Notes discuss latent heat and different types of the same – latent heat
of fusion and latent heat of vaporisation. The different values of latent heat are also given which you can learn in
the Matter in our Surroundings Class 9 Notes to write accurate answers.

Sublimation, Evaporation and Cooling Effect

In the last section of Science Chapter 1 Class 9 Notes, you will get an insight about sublimation, evaporation and
cooling effect. All these state change processes are supported with appropriate examples.

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Make sure to download notes of Science Class 9 Chapter 1 PDF file today from Vedantu’s official website or the
app. Along with topic wise explanation, few questions and solutions are also provided in Class 9 Ch 1 Science
Notes that will assist you during quick recapitulation before the exams.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Matter in Our Surroundings Class 9 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive
understanding of the fundamental concepts related to matter. This chapter introduces students to the basic
properties of matter, including its physical nature, states, and characteristics. The notes offer a concise and
organised overview of the chapter, aiding students in grasping the key concepts effectively.

By studying these notes, students can gain knowledge about the different states of matter, such as solids, liquids,
and gases, and the changes they undergo under various conditions. They also learn about the concept of the
particle nature of matter and the behaviour of particles at the microscopic level.

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FAQs on Matter in Our Surroundings Class 9 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 1 (Free PDF Download)
1. Is matter in our surroundings pure Class 9 notes?
Not all matter surrounding us exists in its pure form. The chapter discusses the difference between a substance and a mixture. A substance
is present in its pure form, whereas, a mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances that can be separated into other types of
matter through physical processes. For instance, seawater is a mixture of water and salt. Salt can be separated from it by the process of
evaporation.

2. What are the basics of Class 9 Science, Chapter 1 - ‘Matter in Our Surroundings?’

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