Sesaon Laye -

The essi on layn ble

Dalag
Conbel and Ryn chroni ah'on'

"tu phesutahton laye is Reponrble fe

Thansalaton, enlhy ph'on Qnd ompe kton
Aplcat?on

Seueu

Tcplzp pralocel Sust;

St

Suternet
ALows Com puters to Com muut Catt Share Re (ey
acrets a

Tepl fp stasted A rhe yoar of

Vfunded by us DoD
ARpA NET Advanced Re sear ch

ARPA NE T Was The Tisst Nelwonk (or)

Ver 3iom
TP/Ip
The Modern aternet bese d

Teplrp odg
cot Sut defed
Joua layers.
) +Host -t -nehoK 2) Ne woK (faternet)
3) Tsans povt +) PpplCakon.
 Host. to - ne asohK Cayer is Egui valont to Te
nalton of re phayical aud data lEae
layeng
Combr-
net ayer s &uvalent to
Applicaon layer ts
te nelioork laye theto
aud

Qud Appl: ahon ayere

pl Cafons.
(SMTP FTP TEL NEt DNS SNMP
Mestlge
|Tenspost layeTep oP
Seqement
(o)

Data gram
Intenet lae Ir CMP kp
RAR GMP
Datagran
Proto cols defred by The ner laeyenl frame
elook! 2)
fs Layors of Tlrp
The dato t Ceated At The apl° Cakon aye
Message "TC P(or) UDP eneate a
Caled
Sigemnt (o) dalagram. rhe it
layers eceves data grame Rout's Tug Dala
gramy om One
anether Nw, fiaiy
tws Data gramas Conve ted rames and bib.
+Host. to- neticone layu? It iy Tte
of beo
hoo layy l doca lnx and phyat Combrati
cal layet]. It
Buppon al standaad pp proprieta
 Pralocels . Tt passey heb
bes toto ano the hode ia he
he loete

fntenet Lauer (o) Nelioe ayer At the

ee
debone laue Teplrp SupponThe Loteretik
pra oel [apl , and Suppon5 other prelo tols.
ARP Addre 4s Pesotuton þroloo I
RARP - Rorse Adie Retoleton protoce |.
TCMP - Tnternet Conbel Me Áage
polo(ol
IGMP- fotenet Ghoap
oternet wok pro tocol
It an Unne Llable and Connec kon les data
-growm pntocol Ip pnovt de s no Error
checeinq
Ip at8umes The unrelable t of The underlauyig
aues Qnd doe best in Transmion to it des
tination, but wr+h bo guarantee . Example pos
ofice SaveCe.

v Tp Tansponb data packeh Caled data gramy

each ef akecn detagram trantpoted Sepaaately.
Pack the Routers and has
Keep
no
re Cortig datagrama Onte
ay
Due t. his Tp
P docs not Cheate vtual Circet5
.there is no Call Set vp to alet the
Thanjmi1on.
Veceive to an
in Comtg
Datagram g A datagvam s a Vaniable. - leugth
pauet Up 65, 536 byt
byles Consiahng of Go
Paas header and nd data.
he be ader Can
be. bytos Con toin
maton te gardig routng detvenmy
Q0- G6,536 byles

oyles
lcader Data

VE R HLEN Se avice lype

4bi Teto length
Iden4t k caken flags raqmentake
Time to Lrve
offset
(3 bit
porcto Col Header Check3u
Scurte Tp
Tp Ad
Addsey 3a- brt
Deg fnattn tp Addre 32-bit
opfes (vant alGle ) pod (Verabl )
gram
Versren- 4 bl i - de finy he Vert cn Numbe
the

b'any vadue
Heade length HLENJ 4 bt defney the Langt
ia muitpl'u of four byla
Sen vece Type
-The Prionty
of he data grarn.

Tetal lingth ?- 16,brls , t de-iney The Length

of p data gran Up to Maximum of a'' 65.5% by
Jdeo tfakon: -/ragentakien:
A data gam when Paaid theugh drfferent
 be dieded ato f'ag muntto
math the hetwore rcume Bi2e when it ha ppens
den tifed
eace /haqment sy a Sog uente
Alumbes Ca chafed
ohen dalagaam is raq
flayi 3hets - Used

men ted.

eomentolton ofteti- i3 btt - t is a potatex

that show he offa of Tue data ea te
Ogtnal dalagram.

Tfme- to- leve 8-hit de-nes he numbey of

dsCav ded.
hops a data qvam Can lravel befohe tt is dtscarded.
Prolocol- 8-biH - definey olhich Uppes laye
porotcol3 en Capg ulated ta the cta gr en (TcP

Bource p Addres 8 32 btl interne t Bourle addres.

Header Checkm (6-bi t ued fo Enor detechon

Des kaaten bft interne t detinaton

Tp Atdres;- 32 - bit
addres.
Opfons - Tt ay Contrel roukg fning
nanagment aud al'q nment
Transpoxt Caye - the Taandipont layer
tep/rp has tuo protocols
O User Data gram pholoco
thot pnotoce|.
Toanmi i os Conlol
 i) USercub gom pulocel [UDPJ i
and end- to- end lans pest le
Check
pot Aadress , Che ck um
proleCol adds Otly
erros Contnol aud Length of in-fe makem t
the data Srom Uppen layex. the paceet prockulid
by the Ubp s Calle d User Data gram

Vaniable
&bytes
Header Dala

Soure post Addren Destnakoy par pddre

16b8t3 l6 bet
Total length hecieum
|6 bes . l6 beB.

UDp Dalag kam- feimat-.

Source poert Addreu;- t6-bi t
ahtom Program hat has adren of he App
Created the metsage
bestnation pon
Addres; J6 bit Advesohe
ApltCaien proqram thad we|
wey re Ceive the
Totl Meaege
Lang th 2- I6 big de 4iney
OP U2r data
qrom în byte 4. toto length

i1) TaM Dii on Contoe I

It
pro vrdes -full roloCol :
to Apple a Tnany pon l
tery
bio ded pont ta- pont pratocol. -llexeConc h'en
ttie
(enott ns must be esta bl:hed between bet

|hlrsnt data.

Than4 mi 4iim the

at daa4 betese dta
nd ends eth

Q (oone chen teamina n. The da ta Unt ia TP

(aled Sgment.
Tp Segment heade
data the lee th of the headrt hay Vay
-Shcm 2e byle: te 6 bytes.
Header Data

ouree post Addre st De shnah'on

Addres
Soquine Nunbey
32- bi
tegement
ACk nc wled alumbt y
32-bi3
HLEN A R
Reserved R S
Windew
bits

Orgent Dnter

trg (a ) Tcp Sagmnt -finat

) Bour(e and Destaak on
pot Addres
Tt detines The Appli aton progaam ii the oure
des kaatken Com pute
Seguene Nlumber: A stram ot data fom the
+pplr Cakom program tray be dutded int, uo
nore Tep Seq nuat the Soq uene hum bey ed
howy he pr ton of data
hauay ia the originar datot
stream
ACknoolkdgement Nmbes The 32- bitac
ack numbe
a Cknowle dge the reCelpt of dafatrom
The 04her Comn uniCakag drvsce
Uald
this Number it
ig Set
teader Leng th ( HLEN)- Theor bit ALEN
fievd ini Cates the nem ber o. 32-
br (Sour butel
Wordy n the Te p be ader.
ReSeed & VeBe Ved
Uge.

Conto-The Urgent bit Vale dao The Urgeor

þointer teld The A brt , Va lrdaten
ACk hum ber ed
The pSH bt s Used to iyform The ende
That a higher thugh put i needed.
The Reset bit H Used to Yeyet the Gonneck'on
when here is Confusion
Segyanie
The SyN- bit is Ute d fox encu humbe s
Synchonttaon in three tupes of Seqmeng -
Comeckon Reguul Con-igunah
Y ation ack row ledegment.
The fiN bit iy in Conneclhan tormtgakon
in Three lypes of Se
 ) termtnaten Req ust
)teminaton Conf maton
i) Ack nouledqment of termina tay Coni mation.
wiodow Ste: ietd hat
detines the `iae of
Checx sum : a l6 bel fteld
dech
Urgent poin ter It defines he end o! Urgent
dota nd stant o hosmal dala Its Value a
Valtd ony f he URq bi Ca The Con IFet lied

ULed to Qddeh°onai in-fei

ane
Conveg
makon to the Recivee o fe akg nment panposaes.
Appl?caten layers - It
It Con tatats
tns au the highes
lvel prctcela Suchas
U'nteal termal , ele ctrontc and
mat/ and Domai'n
Name

Simple Matl TAan sfe paolQco!

SMTp
fTP file Tcnsf prelo col.
TEL NET Teminal Nelwdrk.
DNS: Do maia name Senv e.
SNMP: Stmple Netwonk Managnent prolocol
D:ferene 3 blw 0s Iand TcPLp: -
V The 0SI Model lifeentats blw
Senurces ) lnte -Sacey Proto Cols
The TeplIp odei do es not deffe entate clearly
the oS I Model Was degigned poior to he
pro tocoL emer gnce Cn Case oe Tpl Ip The
 Model uas de Signed ater the prto Cols Pmer gen
to ad d new Te chnologies f he Os
Yeterence mo del but difshcut to add ia Ttplt.
Yefernte Model.

Novell Neworks ?
Novell Ne lwoak (or) Novel| Net ware.
Netware is a Compu tey Neleosk
deve lo ped by Neve ll De Signed -Je
to un
Cooperutve
Vaarous Seavey cn a parioval
Compu ters '[Pe]
Novell Nelne i3 a
popu la ne loAk TA he pe
World Tt Was
designed o Com panis who wanted
a nelwos,k baed on pe's. o
Bytem Some pc's
une tioned a cliang Cnd other pe fune toned
as SerVers
client - SerVa Model
The aacecte Novell
in

SAP fl Tsansfer
|-Aplrcakon laye
NCp Spx Tanpont
Tpx
E thernet- Token king FDDI Data liae
}Etheroet PPP ARC
a fas): lovel Netwade Model.
PPP: Point- to- poia Pratstei (Coteinet)
ARe
FDDT: Abr Distibuted bala bter ae.