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University of Portsmouth M312 Final Exam 2013

University of Portsmouth M312 Final Exam 2013

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34 views2 pages

University of Portsmouth M312 Final Exam 2013

University of Portsmouth M312 Final Exam 2013

Uploaded by

Wallace
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M312 Advanced Analysis 2013

Answer FOUR questions out of five

1. (a) On Rn let d1 , d2 , d∞ , denote the Manhattan, Euclidean, and max metrics respectively.
Show that d1 and d∞ are indeed metrics on Rn .
(You need not show that d2 is a metric.) [7]
(b) Show that, for all x, y ∈ Rn ,

d∞ (x, y) ≤ d2 (x, y) ≤ d1 (x, y) ≤ nd∞ (x, y) . [8]

(c) Two metrics dA , dB on a set X are said to be Lipschitz equivalent if (and only if)
there exist positive constants h, k such that, for all x, y ∈ X,

hdB (x, y) ≤ dA (x, y) ≤ kdB (x, y) .

Show that, whenever this is the case, we have, for all x ∈ X, ε > 0,

BA (x, hε) ⊆ BB (x, ε) and BB (x, ε/k) ⊆ BA (x, ε) ,

where we use the notation that BA (x, r) denotes the open ball centre x, radius r, in X
with metric dA , and likewise for BB with metric dB
Two metrics dA , dB on a set X are said to be topologically equivalent if (and only if)
every subset of X that is open in (X, dA ) is open in (X, dB ) and vice versa.
Use the result above to show that whenever dA and dB are Lipschitz equivalent metrics
on X they are also topologically equivalent metrics on X. [7]
(d) Use the preceding results to show that d1 , d2 , and d∞ are topologically equivalent
metrics on Rn . [3]

2. (a) Prove that a subset of a metric space is open if and only if it is a union of open balls.
In your proof you will need to use the results that open balls are open and that the
union of an arbitrary collection of open sets is open – you should prove these results.
Reminder: A subset U of a metric space (X, d) is said to be open in (X, d) if (and
only if) for every x ∈ U there exists εx > 0 such that B(x, εx ) ⊆ U, where, as usual,
B(x, ε) denotes the open ball centre x, radius ε, namely {y ∈ X : d(y, x) < ε}.
S
For part of the proof it will help to consider the set x∈U B(x, εx ) where U is the
open set in question and εx is suitably chosen. [15]
(b) Define what it means for a subset V of a metric space X to be closed, and determine
which, if any, of the following subsets of R (with the usual metric) are closed:
i. Qc ;
ii. {n/(n + 1) : n ∈ N};
iii. {1/n : n ∈ N} ∪ {0}.
(Be sure to carefully state any results you assume.) [10]

continues...
3. (a) Let X be a non-empty set and define T to be the empty set together with the set of
all subsets of X whose complement is finite. Show that T is a topology for X. (This
is the co-finite topology.) [6]
(b) Show that whenever X is finite then the co-finite topology is the same as the discrete
topology. [3]
(c) i. Show that the following collection of subsets of N is a topology for N:

T = {∅, N, {1, 2, . . . , n} : n ∈ N} .

(When considering unions and intersections be sure to consider the possibilities


that some of your sets might be empty or that they might be unbounded.) [8]
ii. Show that the following collection of subsets of R is a topology for R:

T = {∅, R, (−∞, b) : b ∈ R} .

If we replace (−∞, b) by (−∞, b] in this definition do we still get a topology?[8]

4. (a) Define the closure A and interior Ao of a subset A of a topological space X. [4]
(b) From your definitions, show that in a topological space

Ac = (Ao )c . [8]

(c) Show that in a topological space


A = A. [7]
(d) Either by using the two previous parts, or directly, show that in a topological space

(Ao )o = Ao . [6]

5. Write a brief account of one of the three concepts studied in the latter part of this course:
connectedness; compactness; or completeness.
Your account should include the definition of the concept you have selected, some examples
illustrating it (including examples not satisfying the definition), alternative definitions (if
appropriate) and some basic theorems. Be sure to focus on the mathematical detail. [25]

END

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