CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & Chapter 10 + 11

IMMUNITY
 Most vertebrates/invertebrates have similar circulatory
system components
1) Blood
2) Hemolymph: Mixture of blood and interstitial fluid
CIRCULATO
RY SYSTEM
COMPONE
NTS
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Mostly in invertebrates
- Almost completely dominated by
hemolymph
- Primitive
- Heart pumps hemolymph 🡪 Vessels 🡪
Open space 🡪 Drains directly back into
heart
-Clear because has blood cells but no
hemoglobin on cells
 STRUCTURES
OF THE
CLOSED
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
 1.Transport gases(respiratory
system), nutrients (digestive system),
and waste materials (excretory
system)

2. Regulate internal body

FUNCTIONS temperature & transport hormones

3. Protects against blood loss and

toxic substances introduced into the
body
BLOOD VESSELS

3 main types of blood vessels:

Arteries: carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
Veins: carry oxygen poor blood towards the heart
Capillaries: tiny vessels separating arteries and veins where gases,
nutrients, and other materials are transferred to cells and where wastes
(including gases) moves into blood
 ARTERIES
Have thick and highly elastic
walls
Artery expands as bloods flows
through it during the contraction
of ventricles and then snaps
back during relaxation of
ventricles (pulse)
This action keeps blood flowing
in the right direction by
providing additional pumping
motion along with the heart
VEINS
•Have thin and non-elastic walls with a
large inner circumference
•Cannot contract to help move blood
back to the heart
•Contraction of surrounding muscles
keeps the blood flowing toward the
heart
•Have one way valves that prevent
blood from flowing backwards
Click picture for link!
 ARTERY +
VEIN
COMPARISO
N
CAPILLARIES
•the smallest blood vessels (10 capillaries
bound together would have diameter of
single strand human hair)
•spread throughout the body in a fine
network
•capillary wall is just a single layer of cells
(endothelial)
•diameter is just large enough for the
largest red blood cells to pass through in
single file
 CAPILLARIES
Blood flow through capillaries is
the slowest in order to provide time
for diffusion to-and-from cells (pass
through extracellular fluid, ECF)

Capillaries play a key role in the

absorption, transport, and release
of nutrients, gases, or wastes
produced in the digestive,
respiratory, and excretory system
TRY IT!
1) What is the sequence of vessels that blood passes through, starting with an artery
and ending at a vein?
Artery🡪_______🡪_______🡪_______🡪Vein

2) What about a capillary makes it the optimal vessel for resource exchange?

3) How is blood kept moving in arteries vs. veins?

 VASODILATION,
VASOCONSTRICTION,
& HOMEOSTASIS
The nervous system controls the dilation and
constriction of blood vessels to either increase or
decrease the flow of blood to certain parts of the
body
Blood vessel constriction is called Vasoconstriction
and blood vessel dilation is called Vasodilation
Vasodilation increases blood flow near the skin to
help release heat (i.e. flushed face)
Vasoconstriction decreases the blood flow near
the skin to help conserve heat (i.e. numb fingers)
BLOOD VESSLES REVIEW
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v43ej5lCeBo&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOAKed_MxxWB
NaPno5h3Zs8&index=27
THE HEART
1. Pump blood throughout the body

2. Ensure blood flow only moves in one

direction

3. Separate oxygen-rich blood from

oxygen-poor blood
CARDIAC Cardiac muscle cells
relax completely in brief Contracts in waves which gives the

MUSCLE milliseconds between

contractions in order to
prevent the hear from
heart its “pumping” motion

becoming fatigued
HEART
CHAMBERS
Mammals and bird hearts have four
chambers, two on top and two on the
bottom
Atrium: top two chambers, fill with
blood returning to heart
Ventricles: bottom two chambers that
receive blood from atria and pump it
away from heart
Septum: thick muscular wall that
separates the right from the left
 HEART VALVES
The heart has four valves that ensure blood flows
in the correct direction

Atrioventricular Valves:
Tricuspid Valve: on the right side separating the
right atrium and right ventricle (“tri” because it
has 3 flaps)
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: on the left side
separating the left atrium and the left ventricle
(“bi” because it has two flaps”)
 HEART VALVES
The heart has four valves that ensure blood flows
in the correct direction

Semilunar Valves:
Pulmonary Valve: separating the right ventricle
from the pulmonary arteries
Aortic Valve: separating the left ventricle from
the aorta
 VENA CAVA & VEINS,
AORTA &
PULMONARY ARTERY
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava:
where oxygen-poor blood enters into the
right atrium
Pulmonary Arteries: where the right
ventricle pumps blood through to get to
the lungs for gas exchange
Pulmonary Veins: where oxygen-rich
blood enters into the left atrium
Aorta: where the left ventricle pumps
blood through to get to all the body
tissues (the largest vessel)
 CIRCULATIO
N
PATHWAYS
The circulatory system has two
main branches:
Pulmonary Pathway: transports oxygen-
poor blood to the alveoli in lungs for
oxygenation and CO2 removal (exits via
right ventricle, enters via left atrium)

Systemic Pathway: transports oxygen-rich

blood to deliver nutrients and remove
wastes from cells throughout the body (exits
via left ventricle, enters via right atrium)
CIRCULATIO
N
PATHWAYS
There is a third, smaller
pathway in the body:

Coronary Pathway:
dedicated to provide
blood to the muscle tissues
of the heart itself via the
right and left coronary
arteries
TRY IT!
1. Does the left or right side contain de-oxygenated blood?

2. Arteries usually carry oxygenated blood, and veins usually carry de-oxygenated
blood. Where is the exception to this trend?

3. Trace the pathway of blood starting at the Vena Cava and ending at the Aorta
HEART BEATS AND
BLOOD PRESSURE
 HEART BEATS: SA NODE
•The stimulus that triggers a heartbeat is an
electrical signal that originates from within the
heart itself

Sinoatrial (SA) Node (AKA) the pacemaker:

stimulates the muscle cells to contract and
relax rhythmically
electrical signal that spreads over the
right and left atria, making them contract
simultaneously
HEART BEATS: AV NODE
As the atria contract, the signal
reached the Atrioventricular (AV)
Node
transmits the electrical signal through a
group of specialize fibres called the
bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)
These fibres relay the signal through
two bundle branches to the
fast-conducting Purkinje Fibres- which
initiates the almost simultaneous
contraction of the left and right
ventricles
SEQUENCE OF TRAVEL
 ELECTROCARDIOG
RAM

an Electrocardiogram (ECG) can

measure the change in voltage
produced by the electrical signal
from the SA Node

Sometimes heart murmurs can

occur if the valves (usually R wave
bicuspid) don’t close all the way.
It’s typically harmless, but can
make heart less efficient. Heart P wave T wave

compensates by beating faster

Q wave S wave
and enlarging.
 BLOOD PRESSURE
As blood passes through the vessels in the body, it
exerts pressure against the vessel walls. This is called
Blood Pressure.

Systolic Pressure: maximum blood pressure during

ventricular contraction. Blood is being forced into
pulmonary arteries and aorta, increasing the pressure in
these vessels.
Diastolic Pressure: the lowest pressure before the ventricles
contract again. Ventricles relax and pressure in the
pulmonary arteries and the aorta drop
 BLOOD PRESSURE
DIASTOLE: Filled atria contract. Empty ventricles are
SYSTOLE: Filled ventricles
relaxed and blood moves from the filled atria into
contract. This pressure shuts the ventricles. AV valves open up and semilunar
the AV valves and opens the valves close “DUBB”
semilunar valves, pushing
blood into the arteries
(pulmonary to get refreshed
+ aorta to disperse) “LUBB”
 BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood Pressure is usually measured at an artery
in the arm using a sphygmomanometer (blood
pressure cuff) in millimetres of mercury (mmHg)

the systolic pressure is measured over the diastolic

pressure. Normal blood pressure is roughly 120/80
mmHg
BLOOD
PRESSURE
High blood pressure, or
hypertension, can be a
result of inactive
lifestyle, obesity,
excessive alcohol use,
excessive sodium intake,
stress, heredity, race,
and increasing age.

Hypertension can lead

to heart attacks, strokes,
or kidney disease.
HEART DISEASES
 ARTERIOSCLERO
SIS
oArteriosclerosis is a condition where arterial walls thicken
and loose some of their elasticity, making them become
harder
othe most common type is atherosclerosis, which is when
plaque builds up on the insides of artery walls, causing
blood flow to decrease and blood pressure to increase
othis is typically caused by high cholesterol, smoking, and
obesity

odepending where the plaque buildup occurs,

atherosclerosis may lead to angina (chest pain), blood
clots, shortness of breath, heart attack, or heart failure
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Treatment options for atherosclerosis
include:
Aspirin to prevent clots in the first place
“Clot-busting” medicine like urokinase
and t-PA to break down existing clots
Angioplasty: inserting a tube into
clogged artery to remove plaque and
placing a stent to increase artery
diameter

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab9
OZsDECZw
CORONARY
BYPASS
OPERATION
Coronary Bypass Operation is
carried out to remove blockages
in the coronary artery found in
the heart

A segment of healthy artery or

vein is taken from somewhere
else in the body and used to
create a new pathway around
the blockage
NEW HEARTS?
Growing Hearts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNGofuvPOEA

3D Printed Heart
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jY6RLE8pbN0
BLOOD
COMPONENTS
OF BLOOD
blood consists of two
portions; the fluid portion
and the solid portion. The
fluid portions is called
plasma and the solid
portion is called the
formed portion
BLOOD:
PLASMA
Plasma is the fluid
portion of the blood
where the red blood
cells, white blood
cells, and platelets
are suspended
BLOOD: RED BLOOD CELLS
Also called erythrocytes
- Specialized for oxygen transport
- A mature red blood cell (RBC) has no nucleus, and
instead is packed with 280-million iron containing
molecules of hemoglobin
Allows large quantities of oxygen to be transported in
the blood due to binding with oxygen
Oxygen is released by diffusion to the cells that require
it
Their biconcave shape increases the surface area for
oxygen-binding and aids in their ability to maneuver
through tiny blood vessels
BLOOD: RED BLOOD CELLS
➤ Produced in red bone marrow and have an
average life span of 120 days
➤ When RBCs carry oxygen, they reflect red
wavelengths of light (appear to be bright red)
➤ When RBCs loose their oxygen, they reflect a
darker blue-red (appear blue in your veins)
➤ Anemia is a condition when there are too few
RBCs or too little hemoglobin found inside the RBCs.
Caused by deficiency in iron.
BLOOD: WHITE BLOOD CELLS
WBCs, also called Leucocytes, are part of the body’s response to infection. They
have a nucleus and appear to be colourless.
They make up ~1% of your total blood volume and can increase to almost 2% when
fighting an infection
PLATELETS
oPlatelets are fragments of cells that
form when larger cells in the bone
marrow break apart
oThey contain no nucleus and break
down quickly in the blood

oPlay a key role in blood clotting to

prevent excessive blood loss after an
injury
 BLOOD
CLOTTING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9Hdl9w-K0M
 Blood Clotting Problems
Thrombus : a blood clot that blocks a blood
vessel.
- In the brain this causes a stroke
- In the heart this causes a heart attack

Embolus : a blood clot that dislodges and

travels through the circulatory system to
vital organs. Can be life threatening.
 THE LYMPHATIC &
IMMUNE SYSTEMS
 Functions of the Lymphatic System
Functions of the Lymphatic System:
1. Maintenance of Fluid Balance - collects and returns extracellular
fluid to the blood
2. Immunity - transports foreign particles and cellular debris to the
lymph nodes where they can be filtered out and removed
3. Transport Fats - absorb products of lipid digestion from the small
intestine (lacteals) and transport through the body
LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
& LYMPH
A system of vessels closely associated with the
capillaries and veins in the circulatory system
maintain balance of fluids in the body
works with WBC’s to protect the body against infection

Lymph:
made up of interstitial fluid
colourless or pale yellow
composition is much like plasma
 LYMPH
oas blood circulates through the body, some
plasma escapes from the capillaries and
becomes part of the interstitial fluid

oinstead of re-entering capillaries, this interstitial

fluid is absorbed into vessels of lymphatic
system and eventually rejoins the circulatory
system

oblood arrives and leaves the heart in a

continuous circuit, but lymph forms in
close-ended tubes in the capillary beds
 LYMPH NODES
Lymph Nodes:
glands found throughout the lymphatic
system
store lymphocytes while they mature
contains macrophages that trap and destroy
bacteria that circulates inside the body

An infection may cause immune system to

increase the number of macrophages and
lymphocytes in lymph nodes
this is why you sometimes feel swelling under
your jaw or armpits when you are ill https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0-1OknbO3M
IMMUNITY
3 LINES OF DEFENSE
1. Physical (Non-Specific)

2. Macrophages (Non-Specific)

3. Immune Response (Specific)

FIRST LINE: PHYSICAL
Skin, mucus membranes, hair and
cilia
Low pH of skin kills germs
Lysozyme secreted in bodily fluids also
kills bacteria
 SECOND LINE:
INDISCRIMINATE
KILLERS
⚫ Comes into play only IF an invader gets past
the first line
⚫ Specialized white blood cells called
macrophages “eat” the invader by the process
of phagocytosis
⚫ Neutrophils attack infected cells destroying the
cell and the microbes
⚫ The dead fragments are called pus
⚫ Inflammatory response
⚫ Redness, heat and pain (histamine)
SECOND LINE: COMPLIMENT
PROTEINS
⚫ As soon as the “bad guys” enter the body, they
activate complement proteins already floating around
in the blood.
⚫ These proteins work together to form a coating around
the invader
⚫ Coating becomes a semi-permeable membrane that
allows fluid and salt to freely move 🡪 explosion!

⚫ A last group of proteins attaches to the cells that have

not burst and acts as a neon sign for the leukocytes
THIRD LINE:
IMMUNITY
The intrusion by “bad
guys” also stimulates
the production of
antibodies through
analysis of bacteria's
antigens
 THIRD LINE:
IMMUNITY
⚫ There are two types of
white blood cells in the
immune system:

T cells
⚫ Produced in bone, stored in the
Thymus
B cells
⚫ Made and stored in
the bone marrow
THIRD LINE: IMMUNITY
Spleen contains tissue that is dedicated to the
recycling of old red blood cells

Macrophages also present in spleen to

remove any foreign pathogens in old blood

Prone to disease if waste materials/bacteria

aren’t processed properly (splenectomy)
 The fact that each invader wears a
“ID tag” (antigen) is helpful to the
cells involved in killing them

PROBLEMS However, if the foreign body uses its

WITH antigen to attach to a cell and have
the cell engulf it, it will kill the cell
ANTIGENS
Antibodies binding to antigens helps
prevent this from happening
 HOW DO ANTIGENS WORK TO
OUR BENEFIT?
• Once the second line of defense (macrophages) has done its job, the antibody
of the invader sticks out of the macrophage cell

• helper T cells recognize the shape and send out a chemical called lymphokine
• lymphokine reaches B cells and causes them to divide rapidly and produce the
antibody to the invader
• helper T cells also activate killer T cells
• killer T cells puncture the cell membrane of the intruder and kill it
•the cells that eat mutated cells before they become cancerous
•cells who will attack a transplanted organ and must be suppressed with an
immunosuppressant drug
HOW DO ANTIGENS WORK TO
OUR BENEFIT?
Once the battle has been won, suppressor T cells inhibit the immune
response
Most B cells and T cells will die off after a few days
Some will stake out the area for a long time
HOW DO WE RECOGNIZE THE
INVADERS THE SECOND TIME?
During the “battle”, memory B cells are generated
They hold an imprint of the antigen for a specific invader

These memory B cells are not killed off after an immune response
has ended
The next time the same invader enters the body the memory B cells
will initiate an immune response right away
 Immune Response Overview
-Bacteria enters → macrophage attacks → Helper T cells recognize antigen →
release lymphokine → B cells activated → antibodies released into circulatory
system

-Helper T cells (and B cells) activate Killer T cells → puncture cell membrane or
attack cells membrane of infected cell (by virus) → kill cells

-Once foreign cells are destroyed, Suppressor T cells stop immune response → body
maintains antibodies for future attack (memory B/T cells) → phagocytes clean up
debris
IMMUNIZATION
Passive Immunity 🡪 Receive someone
else’s antibodies/immunity cells
Active Immunity 🡪 Creation of your own
antibody/immunity cells

Immunization 🡪 Introduce substances that

contain a foreign antigen into the body so Why do you need to get a
it can create immunity safely new flu shot ever year?
VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSRJfaAYkW4
RECAP
ABNORMAL
FUNCTIONING OF
THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
Allergies (anaphylactic shock)

Autoimmune (Rheumatoid
arthritis, MS)

Organ Transplant (self and

non-self, MHC)

Stem cells (pluripotent cells)

BLOOD TYPING
BLOOD GROUPS
•the four types are A, B, AB
and O
• all of these can be Rh
positive or negative
The differences are due to
the presence or absence of
proteins on the surface of
the cells called antigens.
BLOOD GROUPS
 Blood Types
Early blood transfusion experiments
often led to the death of the patient. It
wasn’t until the 20th century that
doctors realized that there were
different blood groups. Glycoproteins on
the surface of red blood cells can differ
from one person to another. Blood type
is inherited.
 Blood Types - ABO System
There are 4 blood types:

- A: have the “A” antigen on the cells

- B: have the “B” antigen on the cells
- AB: have BOTH A & B antigen
- O: do not have either antigen

Antigen : protein markers on the surface

of all cells that are used to help identify
the cell. Antigens are like a “fingerprint”
 Blood Types - Antibodies
Antibody : Y-shaped proteins produced by white blood cells when a foreign antigen
enters the body. Antibodies work like “handcuffs,” immobilizing the invader. Each
antibody is unique for a particular antigen (fits like a lock and key)
We have antibodies for the antigens that
are NOT found on our red blood cells. If
we receive a transfusion of the wrong
blood type, the antibodies will attach
onto the antigen and cause the blood to
clump. This is called agglutination .
Blood Types - Antibodies
Blood Antigen Antibodies
Type Present in Plasma
A A B
B B A
AB A and B none
O none A and B
 Blood Types - Antibodies
A blood transfusion will work ONLY if a
person who is going to receive blood has
a blood group that does not have
antibodies against the donor blood
antigens.

If a person has the antibodies matching

the donor’s antigens, the red blood cells
in the donated blood will clump
(agglutinate) which can be fatal!
 Blood Types - Antibodies

Blood type O is the Universal Donor and blood type AB is the Universal
Recipient
BLOOD DONATIONS
incompatible blood types will cause the immune system to attack it,
leading to agglutination.

Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells that can block

circulation and cause severe damage to organs.
THE RH SYSTEM
if a person has a rhesus factor marker (RH+), they have positive blood type. If a
person does not have this marker (RH-) they have negative blood type.
About 85% of Canadians are RH+

•Rh- can donate to Rh+, but Rh+ cannot donate to Rh- (you would produce
anti-rhesus antibodies)
•this only poses a problem during transfusions and pregnancy (if mom and baby are
not compatible)
•mom Rh-, baby Rh+ (from dad) can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis of second baby
(blue baby)
RH SYSTEM

Rh- women now given an

anti Rh serum (RHoGAM)
after birth to destroy the
antigens and prevent the
formation of antibodies
IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS
IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS
Autoimmune Disorders:
when T Cells or
antibodies attack body’s
own cells as if they were
foreign antigens
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmb066Vz
dek&index=20&list=LLB4Iqz8jeIwNNXYUo77gT

ALLERGIES Hg

Hypersensitivity or an allergy is an exaggerated response by the immune system to a

harmless material- such as pollen, mould, certain foods, animal fur, etc. There are two
main types:
Acute/Immediate Reactions:
-occur within seconds and disappears within 30 minutes
-body releases histamines, making blood vessels more permeable = area becomes red
and swollen
-Antibodies trigger release of cellular fluids that cause watery eyes and runny nose
-some forms of asthma are an immediate reaction to allergens
Delayed Reactions:
-are set off by T cells, they are slower but last for al longer time (i.e. cosmetic or jewelry
allergies
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDVNdn0CvKI

AIDS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izwomieBwG0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U52g6ZlR1W0

➤ Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome (AIDS): HIV virus causes the
disease by destroying helper T cells
➤ causes person to fall victim to
disease the immune system would
normally be able to prevent
➤ spreads through exchange of
bodily fluid through intimate sexual
contact, blood-to-blood contact, or
contaminated needles