L#1: Introduction to the Leisure and Recreation Industry

Historical Perspective: Leisure, Recreation and Resort and Leisure and Recreation
Defined

Leisure: An Ancient Heritage

 Ever since prehistoric civilizations, has been associated with less privilege (Torkildsen, 2005) Several
individuals used to work so extensively for so long to provide for their families and themselves that
their lives lacked activities that we might call "Leisure" mostly implies working to thrive and enjoying
whenever the dance arises Leisure is part of the routine of life in simple societies day and night, the
atmosphere, and the produce. Horse racing, wrestling, martial arts, target shooting, dance, music,
theater, wars, and extravagant entertainment were popular among Egyptians, Assyrians, and
Babylonians.
 Early civilizations with property-specified work roles established elite classes and leisure had
become affiliated with high culture, social position, and political standing The Egyptian, Assyrian, and
Babylonian belief systems, for instance, incorporate various leisure activities (Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, 2015) however, these were the main activities of society's elite such as nobility, military,
and religious leaders. Alcohol and being were prominent activities.

Ancient Assyria and Babylon

 The land known as the "fertile crescent" was ruled by two great empires Assyria to the north and
Babylon to the south were known as the "fertile crescent" between two great rivers, the Tigris
and the Euphrates (National Geographic Society, 2002). These kingdoms ruled for approximately 26
centuries, beginning around 2900 8.C until Alexander the Great's invasion in 330 BC
 Ex: Topiary Knot Garden
 There have been royal residences as well as parklands in ancient Assyria and Babylon, as well as
ZOOLOGICAL and BOTANICAL gardens and huge Formal Garden

Ancient Egypt
 The Egyptian culture was rich and diversified; it achieved an advanced knowledge of architecture,
astronomy, construction, agriculture, and engineering. The Egyptians had a variety of structures,
with powerful nobility, priesthood, and military class and lesser classes of workers, artisans, peasants,
and enslaved people. This civilization lasted from about 5000 BC. well into the Roman era and was
recorded rich in records, paintings, and statuary.
 The ancient Egyptians' leisure activities are well acknowledged. Men participate in physical sports
activities like hunting, catching fish, target shooting wrestling, boxing, and stick fencing. Long-
distance races have been to athletic strength, and swimming has been enjoyed by both men and
women (Brewer & Teeter, 2001). Gymnastic exercises, lifting, swinging weights, and ball
games were among the sports they participated in as part of their education and recreation.
Bullfighting was a popular spectator sport that was religiously motivated at its inception, while
music, drama, and dances were religious worship and social entertainment forms. The Egyptians
had intricate orchestras that included various percussive and stringed instruments. Female group
performers were attached to temples, and the royal houses had troupes of entertainers who
performed on sacred or social occasions.
 Ex: Ancient Egypt Architecture, Farming in Ancient Egypt

Ancient Israelites
 The ancient Israelites performed music and dancing for ritual purposes, social activities, and
celebrations. Dances with a sacred or holy character were distinguished from those that resembled
pagan ceremonies by the early Hebrews. Despite the absence of wall reliefs or paintings depicting
ancient Hebrew dance, the Old Testament contains numerous references to this practice. Dance was
highly valued and was primarily used to celebrate triumph. Like other ancient societies, the ancient
Hebrews enjoyed hunting, fishing, wrestling, and using weapons. In terms of leisure, they made a
significant contribution by establishing the seventh day, the Sabbath, as a time for people to rest
from work and worship (McLean, Hurd, & Rogers, 2005).
 Ex: Leisure and the Ancient Greeks Chariot Racing

Leisure and the Ancient Greeks

 The city-states of ancient Greece, particularly Athens, reached a new intellectual and cultural
development during the so-called Golden Age of Pericles, which lasted from around 500 to
400
B.C. The arts, Icarning, and athletics were all vital to the Athenians. These pursuits generally limited to
wellborn, aristocratic noblemen with full were generally citizenship rights, including the right to vote
and participate affairs in state
 This concept was furthered by education and the various religious festivals which lasted approximately
70 days of the year. These sacred competitions combined the arts of music, poetry, theater, gymnastics,
to have been en a part of and athletic competitions The sport appeared t took place primarily when
large crowds gathered, such daily life, and it when a great personage married as when an army
assembled for war or musical events with harp and or died. There were also bar discos or flute contests,
poetry readings, and theatrical performances. In sculpture and poetry, physical prowess was
celebrated, and
 strength and beauty were regarded as divine gifts. Athenian citizens participated in various athletic
and cultural activities beginning in childhood. Children enjoyed playing with with toys, dolls, carts,
skip ropes, kites, and seesaws (Buhungiro, 2017). Boys were enrolled in gymnastics and music schools
when they reached the age of seven. Running and leapings scrolling, javelin and discus throwing,
dancing (taught as a form of and ball games were all part of the military drill boxing, sem mindies
displayed that most of games originated from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome the Swimming,
running, ball games, and board games were all developed by 641AD (Buhungiro, 2017)
 The Athenian philosophers, such as Socrates, were firm believers in the unity of mind and body and
the interdependence of all human qualities and abilities (Mishra, 2015). They believed play was
essential for children's healthy physical and social development. Plato believed that education should be
that children should be provided with natural forms of entertainment: education should begin with the
proper direction of children's sports.
A. Colosseum - Colosseums
can be defined as those huge, open-air theaters that can seat as few as College, nd). The Colosseum
hosted gladiatorial fights among men and 7,000 people (Wabash wild beasts, and lion executions of
Christians, and it was occasionally crowded for a land war (Wabash College, nd). Tournaments were
another popular activity for the knights. Many people came there to see these happenings. The knights
used wooden lances, swords, and maces in the battle against them. The activity was known as jousting.
Tourneys were held as well (fights between teams). In most cases, a tournament would run for four
days. The jousting lasted iculties of the two days, the tourneys for one, and the archery for the third.
Despite the difficulties time, several games including chess and checkers were developed (Buhungiro,
2017).
Board games were also enjoyed by the rich in the Middle Ages. It is unknown when or where the game
of chess was first created. Possibly as early as the sixth or seventh century A.D., its origins can be
traced back to India. Anyhow, it had made its way to Europe by the 10th century.

 Young Roman children, like the early Greeks, had toy carts, houses, dolls, hobbyhorses, stilts, and
tops and participated in various sports and games. Running, horse riding, gladiatorial games, combat
sports, wrestling, as well as the pentathlon, a merging of five separate events, were all ancient games
(El-Harami, 1, 2015). The Romans and Greeks had very different ideas about leisure. Despite the
fact that the Latin words for "leisure" and "business", otium and negotium, imply the same
positive view of leisure work being defined negatively as a lack of leisure. The Romans were far
less interested than the Athenians in various forms of cultural activity. Although they had many
performing companies, most of which consisted of Greek and southern Italian slaves, the Romans did
not actively participate in theater.
 The Romans were more systematic planners and builders than the Greeks. Their towns typically
included provisions for baths, open-air theaters, amphitheaters, public assembly forums, stadiums,
and, on occasion, parks, and gardens (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2015). They created gymnastic
sports facilities modeled after the Greek palaestra and included wrestling rooms, conversation areas,
and colonnades where games could be held even in bad weather. Private villas with extensive gardens
and hunting preserves were common among the wealthier Romans.

 The book of Wiley, J., and Sons (2013) examines imperial games and baths, as well as gambling
taverns, theater, and carnivals, to provide a new perspective a Roman society at all levels, not just
the elite. As the empire grew in power, the early agricultural democracy, in which all male Romans
were citizens and free men, gave way to urban life with sharply divided classes.
 This point causes a "down in civilization" and a "forgetting by the whole" For hundreds of
years, most people lived in relative darkness. St. Augustine is credited with establishing the first of
these monasteries in North Africa. The monasteries symbolized the compartmentalization of
human existence the Benedictine motto Work, do not despair" was a constant reminder in these
communities. Unlike in Ancient Greek philosophy, work was seen as a sin and has now been
elevated to virtue. The monasteries grew in number and spread their message of aortic which
emphasized discipline, effort, and service. The Church responded to the excesses and debasement
banned all types of recreation outside of religious attendance of the Romans and
 Nevertheless, living in the Middle Ages was difficult for the average person Until King John of
England signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede in 1215 in reaction to baronial instability, it was
unheard of that civil liberties stood. The charter established the feudal duties of the barons to the king,
argued against his use of arbitrary price, and realized the rights of the English Church
Parliamentarians in the seventeenth century, defended the charter and revised it throughout throug the
years, as a declaration of fundamental civic rights. As part of these underprivileged people would dance
and engage in wrestling. In addition, their kind of football was notoriously brutal. The "pitch" where
the men from the two villages played may have included trees and water. Due to the lack of regulation,
many people suffered from shattered bones and other injuries.

The Renaissance and Awakening to Leisure

 The Renaissance and Reformation occurred at about the same time in history. One was cultural,
while the other was religious; both revolutions impacted the work ethic and the moral way of life. The
dominance of the Catholic Church gradually waned over many centuries, leading to a revival of
 interest in humanity and the arts (Frasetto et al, 2000). In French, renaissance" literally translates to
"rebirth" Art, science, and culture " came back to life" during the Renaissance, which is often
believed to have begun in Italy. The Middle Ages saw a "rebirth" of interest in ancient antiquities
and learning after classical philosophy was mostly disregarded or forgotten (Jarus & Sealay,
2022)
 14th Century- During this period, the Renaissance of classical learning, art, and architecture included
the he philosophy of "humanism" and the dignity of "man" promoted by Petrarch, a poet and
philosopher. The Middle Ages was seen as a time of cultural decline by Renaissance philosophers.
They hoped that by returning their focus to classical literature and ought, they might revive their
society. They developed and reinterpreted them, resulting in new approaches to arts, philosophies, and
sciences Astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language guage in in writing,
painting and sculpting technique, globe exploration, and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare's works
are all examples of important innovations throughout the Renaissance. Some of them are Romeo and
Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet.
 Ex: Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth Bisit the Weird Sister

The 15th Century

 represents the beginning of the shift from the world of the Middle Ages to the modern civilization of the
Western world extended to northern Europe and thrived until the middle of the sixteenth century. Cox
(2015) stated in "A Short History of the Italian Renaissance", classical art had a powerful Impact on
the art of the Renaissance. Greek and Roman sculpture, painting, and decorative arts served as a source
of inspiration inspiration for for Renaissance Re artists, in addition to the fact that the methods used in
these creative forms were compatible with the Renaissance's outlook. The beauty shumanist
philosophical of humans and the natural world were key themes in ancient and Renaissance art. Even in
works of religious literature, representations of people show them engaging in life and displaying a
range of emotions. The use of light and shadow, in addition to of depth and realism. Patrons supported
successful resulting in paintings with a greater sense perspective, was refined, Renaissance painters,
allowing them to continue their work and experiment with new methods. In addition, most of the
artwork produced throughout the Middle Ages was commissioned by the Medici family in Florence was
most well-known patron of the arts Italy's Catholic Church The 1st centuries. They were art supporters
for most of that period. Michelangelo, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael were all
recipients of financial backing from the Medici dynasty. In the beginning, Florence was the hub of
the Renaissance art movement; by the end of the 15th century, Rome had surpassed Florence as the
primary location for this movement. century.
 Ex: Michaelangelo’s Pieta, Mona Lisa Leonardo Da Vinci

16th Century
 Pope Leo X, descended from the Medici family, was known for his grandiose construction
projects around the city. The years between the 1490s and the 1520s are considered part of the
"High Renaissance" It was not until the 16th century that the Renaissance movement made its way to
northern Europe, where it manifested itself in the works of artists like Dürer and academics like
Erasmus.
 Later on, prominent figures in the field of education, such as Rousseau and Locke, lauded the positive
contributions that play made to their student's development. Jean- Jacques Rousseau was a French
philosopher and writer who lived from 1712 until he died in 1778. His book Emile, about
education, broadened his ideas on human nature and the need for society to provide children
chances for free expression of their minds, bodies, and spirits. The book was about education.
Later pioneers in the areas of adventure play and physical education cited his body of work as an
inspiration. Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley were among the romantic poets influenced by his
manner and attitude. During these periods, members of the aristocracy assumed the role of art patrons.
As a result, the works of [many of the period's most famous painters can be seen exhibited in museums
and galleries all over the globe. During the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation gained traction
in various regions of Europe and eventually made its way to the United States. The liberalization that
the Renaissance brought about was also responsible for encouraging a pleasure-seeking aristocracy, a
public that was more prone to drinking, gambling, and participating in cruel sports, and a worldly
church that was often corrupt, these and other factors contributed to the beginning of the Reformation
(Torkildsen, 2005).
 Ex: The Reformation and the Work Ethic Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms 1521

The 16th-century Reformation, often termed the "Protestant Reformation" to differentiate it from the
Catholic "Reformation" was a pan-European movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church
and, by extension, the Christian society as a whole. In the 1500s, the Protestant Reformation was indeed a
religious revolutionary movement that pushed through Europe (Wilkinson, 2022). The Reformation was
entangled in a political fight for control of the crown in France, where followers of the Protestant faith
were known as Huguenots. This conflict gave birth to the Wars of Religion. After, there came a period of
asceticism, during which there was a concentration on spiritual concerns and a reduction in the number of
opportunities for recreational pursuits. Even children's play was prohibited in some cultures because it
promoted indolence. In Switzerland, the separation of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon marked a
 significant turning point in the history of England because she failed to produce any male heirs and
his subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn.
 In 1618, James I of England issued the Book of Sports to combat the growing religious
opposition to active leisure pursuits. The Book of Sports made it legal for working people to play
certain games outside church hours. It was done to counter the growing religious opposition to
active leisure pursuits. The Puritans were rebels who attempted to purify the Church like Luther
and Calvin. They did this as a protest against the pleasures enjoyed by the wealthy at the time. The
Puritans were recruited from the lower and middle classes. They got themselves involved in the
political fight that was going on between the monarch and Parliament, which was going to lead to
civil war.

Post-Renaissance and Reformation

 Early philosophy found out on personal opinions, ideologies, and religious principles. Great
discoveries in global exploration, science, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy
followed the Renaissance The most significant artistic explosions occurred in northern Italy,
where works by Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and producing countless
others. Along with poets like Spenser. Dryden, and later Voltaire, the French playwright,
and historian, there also came philosophers like Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, and Spinoza as the
movement spread throughout northern Europe. Painters like Rembrandt, renowned
playwrights like Shakespeare and Molière, and landscape architects like André le Nôtre,
who created the grounds for Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles, and subsequently
Capability Brown
 The Reformation severely repressed the Renaissance cultural movement, but it persisted
nonetheless. Parks and gardens were popular throughout the 17th and 18th centuries and
built for the nobles, who admired the gardens' splendor and went hunting and fishing: public
commons and created plazas. The lords and kings proclaimed days off. The public was
progressively allowed access to the Parisian Tuileries and Versailles Gardens, Berlin's Tiergarten,
and London's Kensington Gardens.
 Ex: Berlin Tiergarten, London Kesington Garden

Through education and more freedom, the humanism of the Renaissance aimed to foster human
creativity and progress, although the revival produced more. The Reformation has had an even more
significant impact on Western views than freedom for leisure (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2022).
The Reformation was a time when people distrusted authority and idealized work. The work ethic and the
evils of peace have persisted into the twenty-first century. The Protestant ethic tied leisure to actions that
prepared men and women for work and devotion.

Into the Twenty-first Century

 As workers started to sell their time, the working class demanded leisure, not for any ideological or
enlightened motive, but rather for time off. The organization of current employment and the world of
public, volunteer, and industrial pleasure were both influenced by the desire for work and leisure
time.
 The expansion of leisure in the 20th century was significant, as a learning method for the young
and crucial were the demands for children's play but equally leisure for its own sake rather than only
for social welfare. Thousands of public parks, "baths", public houses, and music halls were
available for citizens to enjoy in their free time during the first part of that century. Following the First
World War, Second World War, cinemas and spectator sports emerged. Then, following the of all
all time. In its wake, enormous television became the biggest leisure attraction technological
advancements facilitated work and household duties while freeing up more time and money for leisure.
 In the UK, leisure and recreation management as we know it now also began in the 1960s
(Carver, G., 2022). The creation led to an increase in recreational amenities.

After the Crystal Palace National Sports Center opened, national centers were established. In parallel with
the growth of tourism and visitor attractions, the creative arts, music, fashion, festivals, and exhibitions have
developed.
It has been established that leisure activities such as gardening, wrestling, music, water sports, and hunting
are practiced in many countries, with music taking precedence. Finally, the people of each country are
engaged in all these forms of leisure activities to maintain their mental and physical well-being (Koushalya,
2021). Even though heritage is commonly viewed as a realm of specialists, it is essential to citizens'everyday
lives. People are increasingly demanding a viewpoint in the description and management of legacy, as well as
the advancement of planning alternative solutions and design practices, particularly in tourism, leisure, and
recreation (Suzuki et al., 2021).

What is Leisure?
1. Leisure as Time
 Another traditional definition of leisure includes an activity or a "cluster of activities"
According to the International Group of Social Sciences of Leisure (Dumazedier, 1960), leisure
consists of a variety of occupations that an individual may engage in of his own free will, whether to
rest or amuse
 himself, after completing his professional, family, and social responsibilities, to add to his knowledge or
improve his skills in a disinterested manner, or to increase his voluntary participation in the life of the
community.
2. Leisure as a State of Being
 The "treasures of the mind" were the fruits of leisure that contained the joy and delight of life in
Ancient Greek society least among the educated, privileged strata. Aristotle defined leisure as a state
of being free of the necessity of work and characterized by pursuing an activity for its own sake or
end. The ideal man would strive for excellence in the arts, music, sports, education, and military
service. This idea of leisure created a sophisticated society and good governance. In a similar vein,
Neulinger (1974) associates' leisure with participation in the activity. Leisure is a mental state; it is a
way of being, of being at peace with oneself and one's actions. The condition of perceived freedom is
the only essential criterion for leisure. Leisure can be defined as any activity that is done freely and
without restriction or compulsion. To be at leisure means to be engaged in an activity as a free agent
and of one's choosing.
3. Leisure as an All – Embracing Holistic Concept
 The term "holistic" combines some of the meanings of leisure: earlier views of leisure as an end
(the classical view, which sees leisure as a celebration of life) or "the means to an end" (leisure as
recreation for renewed work or as a form of social control or therapy) are now being merged in
a holistic concept of leisure (Kraus, 1982).

What is Recreation?
 The most widespread definition, and the most acceptable to leisure services providers, is that recreation
is activities people experience during leisure time. However, not only any activity will do.
Recreation needs to provide satisfaction in some manner.
 Kraus (2001) defined recreation as & a fusion of play and leisure. According to (Neumeyer, 1958),
recreation is any activity pursued during leisure, either an individual or collective, that is free
and pleasurable, having its primary appeal, not compelled by a deferred reward further itself or
by any immediate necessity. Experiencing the activity: Recreation consists of activities or
experiences carried on voluntarily in leisure time. " (Kraus and Bates, 1957) The participants
choose them for pleasure or to meet specific personal needs. Recreation must be designed to achieve
constructive goals when provided as part of organized community programs. The resort complex
and recreation can never be separated. In concept. this is the reason why people go to these kinds
of establishments.
 The term recreation comes from the Latin recreation, which means "restoration of health"
(Torkildsen, 2005) As a result, the term has traditionally been associated with a process that
restores, which is the recreation's primary goal Recreation is regarded as a life-enhancing
experience that results freely chosen activity, Several definitions are as follows:
A. Escape getting away from it all
B. Novelty: the sense “for the first time brings freshness and uniqueness
C. Self testing: challenges, achievement, competence, and self-worth
D. Improved self-image. In the end, we only experience ourselves
E. Feeling a part of nature, beauty and awe
F. Heightened appreciation and unusual perception
G. Culmination; a turning point; reward for extended preparation watershed life event
H. Heightened insight; perspective clarity; illuminating experience, flashes of night
I. Order regularity clear and precise limits; rules
J. Inspection sting out of life experience release from sensory overload, contemplation and
communication with oneself
K. Communion love, friendship, and identification with a group (perhaps the most substantial single
motivation for may recreation activities is the

 Personal development, learning, and extension of the ability 16 Refreshment, personal renewal,
and recovery of powers
 Common experience; shared hardships; and teamwork
 Risk, apprehension, fear being frightened is a part of the extraordinary experience.
 Unity of mind and body; grace, co-ordination
 Feelings of excitement, freedom, control, power, creativity, inner peace, harmony, reward,
and competence, recreation experiences are a powerful stimulus to emotional response.

With the concepts presented above, another school of thought says that the concept of "recreation" can also
be viewed as the opposite of activities that we consider "work". As recreation is something that a
participant chooses to do, work is something that is required of the participant to do. The difference of
which can also have bigger implications on the way we consider our everyday activities. As a recreational
activity is s something some that we choose to do, we are very passionate about it and pays a lot of
attention and resources in n doing As work so. activities are something that we need to do, sometimes,
even though we do not like it, we are pressured to do it. As such, usually, what's left of our interest and
energy are what we use to do these activities. The best scenario is when you love your work. The passion,
interest and attention that you spend in what you consider as recreation is now spent in your work. A word of
caution, though, even though we can do things we consider recreation as work, we need to bear in bear in mind
that these things are primarily work activities. Hence, we need to do it, rather than the option not

THE ’PLEISURE’ PRINCIPLE

Pleisure experience at the heart of the play recreation and leisure experience

PLAY - TOP
LEISURE – RIGHT DOWN
RECREATION – LEFT DOWN
PLEISURE – CENTER

CORE CHARACTERISTICS
 The foundation stones of leisure management are three concepts: 'play, "recreation,' and
'leisure.' There are several similarities and overlaps at the heart of the play, recreation, and leisure, so
much so that we can use each word to mean nearly the same thing at times. Indeed, several words,
ideas, or themes frequently describe their collective essence: freedom; absence of necessity; choice;
self- initiation; self- expression; satisfaction in the doing; and playfulness. Regardless of.

Positive experiences provide satisfaction and satisfaction results in consumer interest that can lead to life-
enhancing experiences, one of the leisure goals. Client and customer satisfaction can also lead to profitable
business outcomes. Others' leisure is eroded by obligations, a lack of time, or forced free time without the
means or motivation to use it. Sporting activities, for example, can be practiced in a way that the spirit of play
and fair play are submerged and dominated by the desire to win at all costs. There are also disparities in
opportunity, which are physical, social, and economic.
 LESSON 3: PEOPLE NEEDS AND LEISURE

In our industry, it is essential to know the guests' needs in leisure. Through this, the industry can offer services
and products that can help to achieve the satisfaction of the guests. Universal needs our products, services,
and anything that is a must for every human to have. According to some studies, universal needs are not
existing. As a result, some authors studied human needs like Doyal and Gough and Maslow. Maslow's
Hierarchy Needs theory is the most famous motivation theory. It is all about individual needs, and it
consists of five different needs: Physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-
actualization. The needs in this theory are an indication of drives. The fulfillment of these needs affects
the person's behavior (Maslow, 1954).

Crandall's List of Motivations

 In Doyal & Gough's study "A theory of human need", need is a broad term because it is used in
our daily lives. This universality will differentiate needs from preferences or wants. Two other
words are connected to the word "need" and these are "drives and motivation" (Murray, 1938).
1. Need - something that people need (Morgan & King, 1966).
2. Drives - concentrated on achieving something (Young, 1961).
3. Motivation - effects of needs (Murray, 1938).

In "A Theory of Human Need," there are two categories of universal human needs survival or health
and autonomy or learning. Health is all about maintaining good health to live. Meanwhile, autonomy or
learning, from the word itself learning, will tackle education, growth, and improvement. Without these
two, it will be hard to fulfill satisfaction in life. According to them as well, humans cannot learn alone, so
there are basic needs in a social context. They come up with two other terms to make everything clearer,
and these are "satisfier" (objects, activities, and relationships) and "intermediate needs". And the table
below shows the intermediate needs

Universal satisfier characteristics

adapted from Doyal and Gough, 1991
1 Food and water: appropriate nutritional intake
2. Housing: adequate shelter, adequate basic services, adequate space per person 3 Work: non-hazardous work
environment
4. Physical environment: non-hazardous environment
5. Health care: provision of appropriate care, access to appropriate care
6. Childhood needs: security in childhood, child development
7. Support groups: the presence of significant others, primary support group
8. Economic security: economic security
9 Physical security: a safe citizenry, a safe state
10 Education; access to cultural skills
11 Birth control and child-bearing: safe birth control, safe child- bearing

DO LEISURE NEEDS EXIST?

 Based on Maslow's Needs Theory, there are five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love
and belonging, esteem, and self- actualization.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

 Self-actualization = morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance
of facts
 Esteem = self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
 Love/belonging = friendship, family, sexual intimacy
 Safety = security of: body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health, property
 Physiological = breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

The Influence of Management on Leisure Participation

 Delivering services that satisfy the leisure requirements of individuals and communities is the goal of
leisure management. Communities all around the world will have better opportunities to improve
their quality of life if leisure managers do their duties successfully.

Influences on Leisure Participation

Personal and Social and Opportunity
Family Situational Factors
Influences Circumstantial 1. Resources
1. Age 1. Occupation available
2. Stage in the 2. Income 2. Facilities:
life cycle 3. Disposable type and
3. Gender income quality
3. Awareness
 4. Marital 4. Material 4. Perception
Status wealth and of
5. Dependents goods opportunities
and ages 5. Car 5. Recreation
6. Will and ownership and services
purpose of mobility 6.
life 6. Time Distribution
7. Personal available of facilities
obligations 7. Duties 7. Access and
8. and location
Resourcefulness obligations 8. Choice
9. Leisure 8. Home of activity
perception and social 9. Transport
10. Interests environment 10. Cost:
and 9. Friends and before,
Preoccupation peer groups during,
11. Skills and 10. Social after 11.
ability- roles and Management:
physical, contacts policy and
social, and 11. support
intellectual Environment 12.
12. Personality factors Marketing
and 12. Mass 13.
confidence leisure Programming
13. Culture factors 14.
born into 13. Education Organization
14. Upbringing and and
and attainment Leadership
Background 14. Population 15. Social
factors accessibility
16. Political
policies

How Individuals Experience Leisure

 One could counter that leisure must be experienced to exist. However, for the majority of
people, experience is a concept beyond definition; wiser people may say it is about being and
feeling: wordless. Experience can be scientifically explained in terms of psycho-physiology.
 One could argue that contemporary Western civilization is turning into an "experience
society," with experiences superseding more conventional social structures and goods (Jacobs,
2002).

A. Pleasure - Relaxation - Fun

 Pleasure-relaxation-fun to leisure experience. The role and impact of leisure and this sort of
groupings of understanding are simply that people seek fun or pleasurable experiences in their
leisure. It is also important to know that brief, pleasurable experiences enhance the quality of life
and enhance long-term psychological well-being. Research shows that a greater number of
pleasurable moments experienced in daily life leads to higher levels of psychological well-being (Penn,
2019) e.g., relating this to vacations and breaks. This would suggest that for our psychological well-
being that it's better to have leisure frequently each week or even make sure you're taking a full day off
work than working constantly and then only having a weeklong vacation. So leisure is very important
to our
well-being and having some form of enjoyment or pleasure daily is important to us. And obviously,
this can influence our health because our moods are directly related often even to our physical
beings and it enhances well-being by promoting positive moods.

B. Distraction/Keeping Idle Hands Busy Theory

 People are happiest/mentally healthy when they are busy and if they have too much time on their
hands, it is not good for them, and that unoccupied time is psychologically and behaviorally
risky.
 When people are idle, and we are not occupied, the theory is stating that this can result in
boredom and also can result in participation in destructive activities.

C. Personal Growth
 Numerous aspects of life, including health, mortality, marital success, educational
accomplishment, income, impacted by and professional and job happiness, are e directly
personality (Soto, 2019). Understanding patterns of development and mechanisms of personality
change is very important since personality can change as well (Aschwanden, 2020).
 It proposed a continuously developing relationship between leisure activities and personality.
Thus, we assumed that variations in leisure activity involvement might be a factor in how people's
personalities change throughout their lives.
  A conceptual thought was people can "be the best that they can be." Leisure pursuits that are
enjoyable and personally meaningful are important to people and provide psychological
benefits.
 Leisure experience towards personal growth means that it provides the opportunity for people
to become the person they would like to be.

Formation Of Relationship
 This is simply because leisure is important to relationships to interpersonal relationships. The
sharing of free time and enjoyable activity with others is driven by the intrinsic need for
relatedness and shared leisure activities help to develop and maintain interpersonal
relationships

1. Builds friendships
 Leisure provides a common ground for relationship building and the development of
shared meanings. Through leisure, we often meet our friends and through leisure, we
maintain our friendships.
2. Builds intimate relationships
 Leisure settings are a common place to meet intimate partners. Through shared leisure, we get
to know potential partners and develop a relationship with the person.
 Through shared leisure, we maintain intimacy and connectedness in our intimate relationships.
 Like having recreational leisure to keep the marriage or any form of relationship like
romantic getaways.
3. Build a sense of community
 Identification with others for serious collective purposes can create personal growth that is
both individually self- actualizing and socially constructive.
 Leisure develops social capital and a sense of connection with others.
 For instance, clubs and social groups formed around leisure. Children even show an early
interest in community- building when they form "social activities."