APPLICATION OF ICT

ASSIGNMENT 02

SUBMITTED BY:
ZUKHRUF FATIMA
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. ZIA UL REHMAN
DEPAETMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSTY LAHORE

1
 QUESTION 1:
Scenario:
A medium-sized software development company, Teach Innovators Inc., is planning to set up a new
office space to accommodate their growing team. The office will have various departments including
Development. QA, HR, and Sales. Each department will be located in different sections of the office.

The company wants to ensure that:

 Each department’s computers can communicate efficiently with one another.

 There is a reliable and robust network connection with minimal downtime.
 The network can be easily expanded in the future as the company grows.
 If a single computer or connection fails, it does not affect the entire network.
 The initial cost of setup and maintenance is kept reasonable.

Given these requirements which topology would be most suitable for

Tech Innovators Inc.? Explain your choice.
1. Star Topology
2. Bus Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Mesh Topology

ANSWER:
Based on the requirements provided by the Tech Innovators Inc. the most suitable network
topology would be Star Topology.

Here’s how star topology meets each of the company’s requirements:

1. Effective Communication :
In a star topology, each department (Development, QA, HR,
Sales) would have its own central switch. Computers within each department can communicate
effectively with one another through this central switch.
2. Reliable and Robust Network :
Star Topology provides a dedicated connection between
each computer and the central switch. This structure reduces the likelihood of network
congestion and minimizes downtime. If one computer or connection fails, it does not affect
the entire network, as only that particular connection is affected.
3. Scalability :
Star Topology is easily expandable. New departments or additional computers
can be added by connecting to the central switch. This scalability ensures that the network
can grow along with the company without significant disruption or additional complexity.
4. Fault Tolerance :

2
 If a single computer or connection fails, only that specific connection is
disrupted. Other departments and their connections continue to function normally. This
fault isolation ensures that the entire network does not go down due to a localized issue.
5. Cost-effectiveness :
Initial setup costs for star topology are reasonable. The main
investment is in the central switches and cabling to connect departments to these switches.
Maintenance is straightforward since troubleshooting and addressing issues are localized to
specific connections.

Therefore, considering Tech Innovators Inc. Requirements for effective communication,

reliability, scalability, fault tolerance, and cost-effectiveness, Star Topology emerges as the
most suitable network topology for their new office space.

3
 QUESTION NO 2:
Reading Task:
There are three modes of transmission, namely: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The
transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between two connected devices. Your
task is to read about these modes and explain them with example scenarios.

Note: To answer question 2, please refer to the reference books and other materials.

ANSWER:
1. Simplex Transmission :
Simplex Transmission involves communication that
occurs in one direction only, where one device transmits signals and other device only receives. In
simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one of the two
devices on a link can transmit, the other can only receive. The simplex mode can use the entire
capacity of the channel to send data in one direction.

Examples:

 TV Broadcasts:
Television signals are transmitted from the station to your TV. Your TV can
only receive the signals and not send any back to the station.
 Keyboard and Monitor:
In some early computer setups, keyboards were used to input
data to a mainframe computer, and monitors displayed output. The keyboard only sends
data (input), and the monitor only displays data (output).

Advantages:
 Simplex mode is the easiest and most reliable mode of communication.
 It is the most cost-effective mode, as it only requires one communication channel.
 There is no need for coordination between the transmitting and receiving devices, which
simplifies the communication process.
 Simplex mode is particularly useful in situations where feedback or response is not required,
such as broadcasting or surveillance.

Disadvantages:
 Only one-way communication is possible.
 There is no way to verify if the transmitted data has been received correctly.
 Simplex mode is not suitable for applications that require bidirectional communication.

2. Half-Duplex Transmission:
Half-duplex transmission allows for communication
on both directions, but not simultaneously. The communication can flow in both
directions, but not at the same time. In half-duplex mode, each station can both
transmit and receive, but not at the same time. When one device is sending, the other
can only receive, and vice versa. The half-duplex mode is used in cases where there is no

4
 need for communication in both directions at the same time. The entire capacity of the
channel can be utilized for each direction.

Examples:

 Walkie-Talkies:
Users can transmit and receive messages, but they can’t talk and listen at
the same time. When one person speaks, the other must listen, and vice versa.
 Ethernet Hubs:
In traditional Ethernet hubs (not switches), devices share the same communication
medium. They can transmit and receive data, but collisions can occur if two devices transmit
simultaneously.

Advantages:
 Half-duplex mode allows for bidirectional communication, which is useful in situations
where devices need to send and receive data.
 It is more efficient mode of communication than simplex mode, as the channel can be used
for both transmission and reception.
 Half-duplex mode is less expensive than full-duplex mode, as it only requires one
communication channel.

Disadvantages:
 Half-duplex mode is less reliable than Full-duplex mode, as both devices cannot transmit at
the same time.
 There is a delay between transmission and reception, which can cause problems in some
applications.
 There is a need for coordination between the transmitting and receiving devices, which can
complicate the communication process.
3. Full-Duplex Transmission:
Full-duplex transmission allows communication in
both directions simultaneously. Two way communication where both devices can transmit and
receive signals simultaneously. In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously. In full-duplex mode, signals going in another direction, this sharing can occur in two
ways:

 Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths, one for sending and
other for receiving.
 Or the capacity is divided between signals travelling in both directions.
Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions is required all the time.
The capacity of the channel, however, must be divided between the two directions.

Examples:

 Telephone:
When you speak on a telephone, both parties can talk and listen at the same
time, enabling a natural conversation.
 Modern Ethernet Switches :

5
 Unlike hubs, switches allow full-duplex communication
between devices connected to them. Each pair of connected devices can transmit and
receive data simultaneously without collisions.

Advantages:
 Full-duplex mode allows for simultaneous bidirectional communication, which is ideal for
real-time applications such as video conferencing or online gaming.
 It is the most efficient mode of communication, as both devices can transmit and receive
data simultaneously.
 Full-duplex mode provides a high level of reliability and accuracy, as there is no need for
error correction mechanisms.

Disadvantages:
 Full-duplex mode is the most expensive mode, as it requires two communication channels.
 It is more complex than simplex and half-duplex modes, as it requires two physically
separate transmission paths or a division of channel capacity.
 Full-duplex mode may not be suitable for all applications, as it requires a high level of
bandwidth and may not be necessary for some types of communication.

Summary:
 Simplex: One-way communication (e.g., TV broadcast).
 Half-Duplex: Two-way communication, but only one direction at a time (e.g. Warlike-
talkie).
 Full-Duplex: Two-way communication simultaneously (e.g., telephone, modern Ethernet).

These modes of transmission define how data flows between connected devices, influencing
the efficiency and capabilities of communication systems.