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DBMS All Unit Notes

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DBMS All Unit Notes

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clccmante What_is Ooms 2 Explam its application Oren 2 _OAms iesta so Pkoane, she is —used +o. moneqe the —olertc __ |e some_of the populae OpMs software ane ms-_ Access My SOl_, Oreca) e+c. Hc DOMS Secure the clerta. that is! the main Advantages of Opms over file System Bivthe-ppnd oita sefuresthet data | from .en:iniuthasiae access -as well at: Cosrupt data insertion {} _ allow multiple user to access data simultaneo— J Usly while maintenance data consultancy and data integrity. em Absifesic aren | __‘Thene ame different application where database _manogement s/stem utilize following are ten_Cio) application. —opili2ze the — inf Lodministracdion base framework. & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner |) Bducedion sector — — —8)__online shoppin —— ius tll ___|)_ social media site —|4) Railway. pasewindian! 2) Banki : ; D_ Libsary management system eo oO agement ——t_ Hiirodnohesalince: man 0) Health care pamarca = pM ig 2 EN. Foil Lpeservation System There is need +0 Store [the secord oF |nformetionh_of +c ket _appo 1 ament status about 4 froin_ay epee | rain fo: ito. | qek__collected day sesame © In the bank Cistomen loo i agree oar | ko saiet je Ore. . The imps}. imporctond._ is day. oh Hoy -fransection_here lorge amount oe toe __the database. are_so_ Feria anc ne details get store. — & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner [Along with the data Set abministedion 4% emuwort chscmate | tee ? I [3) Library moneqement system a { == ——Tn_library _ management —S/stem there cme. Jot of books in _j dhe _libxary__book So_iW_is_deficult +o store _ | the record of eeletive book in segister i+ Dtilize to Skip to dete indentify with |4the nome_of book , date other and j+ _accesability cf the book. te [@)iBducation Seep, { ; Th_+the education isector there 1S o need of stomn, ___lweleted to colleges Courcer , student staf ete. are funfin bi_storing in the _datobare. | . ‘i oe 25)_onlibe hop ps ng é : 7 In online = ee ain cletails and all the -privias picture details ineed +0 sto’ b : t 2. nthe —— human aesource management _s7stem it Store ~—__|Hhe_informetion seletecl to employee there ___ | Salary account ,taxer veleted to Salary and — lother salary - xeleted work. = HR is pot only i teleted to salacy. but Eat i+ __srips the _-prack of overall: developmen: © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner 2 O-secia1_media. pe are igs re _pere —in_every_ doy i range gubupecsis cpl thisLonline_Media ac, ~——like facebook, jnstragrom: Tu woit4er bey —the ———b4ila2zation. of dota set sodidiniiea ah freon ——— —jieonls— cl] the data» —_i-_ = ie ca jae = Health care “application ; cure “use 40 jan age_the _padient dlerba_, medic es nformetion Such ike date die Todgntsiher Stored ~in_the— dato = et Wo application iit DB taikest Commeicasion Fs ° fn the bevadeas Ha ermmunicadicy without! DBMs cny_media E fr tansmeterongonizadions Con_not be -think fe this it Can store Cou tem | id_ = Zs ___laletails__and_cthe_beodcas} the all. “chanhel_ that _Costumar won} +o —recvied. ; —1@. Ainline “teservation_system. = Rang soi Tyeirll ese svation System “iho: isdneee the detai Nike arrine — mesepyat]on _ Passenger, deta, » fright Schedilet- Stal veletaile. | S_stdre inthe lh database. an ce eee Le at © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner clncemate. (io) beg OC 2) What_is__Ins+ants _4 schemas_in Dns 2 — 3 fe woh ty : if ‘Schema _} fo the database schema _|s_a_stouctuse. ___that_bepresent the logical _storege of the data "jn the database | 13 ony | Hl Emp= id ! [ EM)- name | poi id | a ia E CSchem)l 2 db sti logical_Jeve] 5 i in2s5 I i i 7 : Physical SBhema there_are +ype of schema. 1)_Niew schema logica|_ schema — a) Physical schema ___ & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner —N —braction 3 s_view level this | 5 hema Nee - skp aes Highest “level call date. ak, describe the use, Interction with database S7s4er+—_— 2) |ogical schemas A_logical sch ema collects date froma eat | displays it in __a—tabbe ee = 3) Physical schema_= A_fhysical_Sthema_ isa collection of an +7 Pes_of at 4ype of data. : ff Instant t] \stances, The data Store in detabase_ ee a_perti cular momenk of a time ts cath: Hinstants cf database. Mevemet i Patabase Schema deShe the —attaibufejh jtable that bein +0_perfi cular database the value of his adteibute ce the aes -_ moment+_of the _4ime each called the — Alinstonts of database, & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner y ~__|difffrant medulas ond each —moduloleals with _— Perticulars—tresfor sabilidy om | | there are two major postition. ___4) Storage manager 2). guery pro cesser 1). tomage manager. ee “This_Streage_maneger— dlys oxy important as very large clertabase __ sequined _-the stoxage Place in gj igabyte ox even it 13 byte oe Ts. © the data con be -+tonsfer two ane form the main -pemoxy onal the Storage cliSK, ion of the 4eonsfex date. le EP the _darta_transfer_is__more_-thon CPU — __|speed_shoud be enough caamjouet this opretlah_— Lt 1 “epesaln ~ 12) Query processem ~— t+ js beip the detcbase to__si mphyhy_cthe access of darta jp -pracess & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner =< peauesl= — = \ Wand Om the recvest: of “highlewel- Ang, {this jogical__recwes+— ‘by converting — PHYS} ca —|_)evel. Lofeuche? MA otabase —SYStem.———_$_ ] . b native | | Easy LM ophisticated | 4D Sor | | programmer] ae - pflicattio fay ication Oe ae eteetlne } 2 ) = peroyra men Le ees ape eS — compiler 4) {OMe Ll pe Guenes i t : ML: Compliler _obect| and orgnizer_| [iia _Storoge | gury evaluatiol.| ._ ¢Paqer — = engine in 1 ia —— a a oe _ buffer! manager Ble } lauthoriaution 4 Aronsecta: 4 manoget in: perqeity maneder. HY manofte— & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner elnsenate || | _Exploin user of opms.2 | there are _ four type of user in Dams, | 4) “Nadive- user: eae Ere Tigi » Applicoti Oh _Pxodeammer 3) sophisticated oser GW) Database administrator © Native User are _UnSofhistica ae aor RET area ee Rear nero L_xeleephcintibh tPrigran act ty it yt © they may input data -Hheough —afplicatian proqdam or they tmay Just Jew generated Pe Ports out Of thesee ppl cation: progbeam ss 1s ___ ° ege sthe oplizatinpcarom ask. fax tune, and. clestination. occoont +o +eonsf the money and then ser pvide thet cthout the _-hransacdiob. a i apiecig: mere en od line x Aprlica tion —p20qaamne. _sir_ame the user who write the cipplicatich— + —_| program. _so_the development of —applicatioh “program Facjate the vserre done _b applicatian, proqzammer. + © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner © these proqazammers” use eee Fou to_ develop _the programs: : an pools_-sueppozt—Pemqrcinmen 4 —* The _applicatloh fool S ora —.deve]op- el cerapen cad tne report TPP, _or seduce the code — — at 3) sophisticated vs exs— 2 _user_| nteract i ———__— —<—— ieee aaa —teith _s/stem_by_making—the 724 = th — the form of queny language ——— ii wisp ne inh a ae o_ “these _quexies_then—s ubmitted fo queey processor suc E «query processor then —convert'slrto_jowe —Jeve\_“instructiion which unders-tod_ by stor, E manager 5 stieeet Ueeey nal ¢ database. ___adminis}rator—_j}s—_a-_peason_who hasten __over_data aS twell_as__applico tion pogroms. 4) Database __odm jnishrator = 6 Database administrator isa very resportia person bos_d0_many important function such! 1) Schema defini Hon A 2 eng el 2 stooge Steucture 4 access method —clefinat! ® schema and. fhysical_crghteqtHon. modificat® WY @uaranty authorization for data acrest 5) Reqular maintenance. eee © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner S$). What is _Date_model_?. exflam its +7Pes. =e a ieee _ 2 Sata_mode|s_in_DBmMs_js_-the concept of -tools _that—celevelop to sumaire the description of the’ __datobase. ———— ¢ Sate models provide Us- with oc tranfarent— in_Cheating the_actual _— Te Sata model use the clata abstraction Concept. Fos sake | eT /Pe: af data model s+ T oatta model = Iconceptval Repeesentaional |__| physical __} — | data mode dato mace} |_ deter model | So PLS Of —__ object’ hosed} “| Record “data. Palatiencll deca mocle| ___ A Nework | hott _model | & scanned with OKEN Scanner _I data mode} |.| + mode) 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner 1. cencephual data model -~ * conceptual data model cles ?Ibe the database at very high eveh- — 9 is sell requirement of —databos¢-— +o —— aE : 9.3 5 p— This —madel_se_to requirement $ + Jather, — penne = oe \ 5 A) ER Model_= a 8 Ep pmodde|_is—hig h_level__ a eet eey that _is_vse 4+o_—define fre—datta_ang _______selationsmp between _4hen.___—___ -&_4. > Componets_of FR made). i= pubes : 1)_Entity af Suu 2) _Adtribute p , — __, BD pelotionsnip ~B) object based _mode|_.> exfpensl et SE cist DS Ue Fo sBp wodej tat ebay te qhis,is_model_ support teach ype syst! _# Sh fis zeal world problem. represent Los okech with ahribule., a e All the object have -mutHipe elation between them. ‘ ik ~ ee aE esaTERe & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner clnccmat, 2), Representational dato. model |e if is used +o represent the _jos Jogical ares database does bot zefresent the _ paisical fructure of the databuse. |_@ }t allows -to focus Primaxy aiiieeaioien of the database e the fofular representational _model_is_ relate: - nal model. : A jer, ’ = : e the bierarchical data_mode| for the first Database managem- sen} dort mode]- f ‘ e this concept Uses hierarchical Pee suche rr mee Sty ; to organize the dota: #A_Featwe of hjerachi 3 parent child relactionsni Iu) one +o many as I). Delete Paroblem B) Neétioork clatamedel r= | o The Hie ra®chice|. | ae me Guar nthe pepwork | model. __ = i - ; leo _H has entities that ae grou P- -\h_qeaphica).. © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner ty formed. an some the entles Can be beached by mony fee rs Feature Nettoork model_= fb po 1% multiple fatths _ Y the abilities qo men relationship — - BD crculak_\jst iy |e the ‘porto the OM iS on _appace -.4o—log ) Gully _be Pare resent an _mahage the_ ss ELE es oqeeoerare ay Pa _+this_mode] the_data_ is_oranize in -fre__Colle ction _o§ wo climensional Injer —_2elasted. tables’ jn —alS0 Know as relation. * vb Qhanalay Dipak OMKar Tutles (vows, ‘ : uA ft g Colums CaHaihute) © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner LL tS 6) Wher is Mie _orgomization. system 2 Fxpiain Hotascc gape, 8 le file. osganizadion system is the wo LA) ow _clata__orgonaed jinto_hard_clisi. 2) flow data _1ne_axe_Serching record i herd d\SK : BD_How its delete and reset data tn hard ASK. “fs with and efficient manner is known as _file_organi2ation. search send ‘spectserd io Se ee we mM nd Send Fite oxganition_&/ctem 7 _TYpes__of Se organition system = | Dp Heap file + == A ® janieatioh_jnsexti | the_zecord clone by _s4ackking_methocl__~ __@Seletion—opersttor_is_done_by selecting — 12eq -o field ina record _and_ heap file orga | Collec+ qaibage _Callection ___ a I © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN: 2). Sequotional. file method © e Th “Sequo-ticn, 4 ool Ines [file method record ore —S J equ = jonal_ oder 5 plu Sion yep. se uation al order se Lane equ yqlue 1S — accensiing--o er. a Seatch) tes Tite_method- ing Je__with sactenaling ORder- pe VO et = eT ash. ae Ve record are Organized _ — Losing -some—techn que , aaeuaaty ng . + Hashing “is. fypicany implemented op — La Hash Y +abie— ae “How.—_identify the mec ordi _Hash_pile > | De “fin! iahich “ge ean onal Noth “yal ~-_____| functisn ion +a ble—_by mPplemend) 4 ee ee poricuiae seco. ac 2) For that we Perform some Hash wer ~ function: pide Met mes geal - )cu+ key Hashing Beil _ Is Hh) _froleled=\ Key? «Mev vite J AD Division reminder_Hash) | " gu 1 — | I \ - a & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner elacemate TQ B+ tece Ee (i +A Belanced binary —seomeh ree is “the B+ -pree “ a | Tt —_ U8 Et_pses_mmultiievel indexing System. __ TL e Leaf nodes muttitere) inelexing inthe 24+ L ge eee eee ref exonce._ TT le Ra dee Keeps all of the leat nodes 1a" i ia | | _ tz -_| Boda & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 eomencanten © Sconned with OKEN Scanner = Extloin charachenstics of dams ¢ @ there \¢ 0 diffrent +7? of charg, swistics in OBMS. $$ | 1) Real world fonidys roa 2 = 2) seif explaining basuee Appmic Op era Oh Eos7 of actress —— an Store tony ¥ind of _sfrucdun fine Aa security — . Ee ae —_Acid- paoper ty —— _SplL_and_non_spi_ database = By Real wortd_entity & = signe les the _most. \\mportont_and e057 = =to=_onderstand charad lsjsties_of Ops is that it is mealistic. = ° Real__wortc)__e1 ta tthe Ot _ con_Store_an7_ ae real“ world entitt _| date.— ss |e that means anes eal word _ entity Si “Jie student information books informatio jn Nbreay_, rable information jn bote) et any entHy date Con be easily stared [gatobose becavse in Dpms_ there js ho syoraqe Lmi-tations- © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner elacesente ay seh exploing hature 6 L aad 2 lh Sih ORME ithe clatahe zase epntaibs! another database _and_another __ database contains metadata. The “metadata _means_clerta_obout deta eo ¢ sec Schigall bend ates lnrattah onl udlatabate Sapa ——humber—of_mows and _tables_name_art the 0. BD Atomic operation rae That on 227 Percent (oy-) oF hundred percent Cleop:) 2.4) Eazy of access $= Sl Th ORM S we _can Senreh ba any Kind of - Stored__dertu by appl7ing —a—— — simple oe query _Oferation— neji —— WW sp__much__ Fas than manual searching. cab © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner em DMs there is cacdte-, read 1 Pdate nH we coh iraple meng and délefe operatic a epee a ty7per of query i 2 Sfoxe any kind at spucture data 3 e A dotabase can store, any Find of — Structured data. qthe- _dotabase hes ability to Store i dato th _spucture- format: + We know almost _date_stored_—in Onlimis —1emount of data. —_—— __@ Datobase hos emkll lity do_stored any typeof data _that_ex)s+—teal_world and sent tai s__darta__ax8.—_onsetictured 0.077. 6) Antegaity © ae © Wntegerdy mean thes dato 2 should. be cotmect and __cansisten+ tn / Nature. © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 emrencanene © scanned with OKEN Scanner lacce slable cfo__+the users jn a limited way. aA Secusity __e “the _ —clectabose—should_ he «the _acce to make changes te _a_ | _—_}e_pnauthori2ed users should bot be allowed iqo_access the clatabase. as PooPexty i i ° Acid _Panpesty Stand for ____Atpmicy Consistency | splation and durability. tn atonicy and consijency—AAomicity mean ——|the transaction should either be 0% ox [007 — ESe rr ee Tene | TS potedion means the mattis teansacdlan —— -Con_accir iolependendly without the _jntesfernce. —-succe ssful_ctom)¢ trans con, lof some other transecton. 2 Surcbility means that the chances_of q__ © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner VY spt and No Seu dettabase.& i ° there a 2 dypes of database Chot DBMS) | Sq and No-spt i 4 The _Sgu_databgse. store the data. jn any form. ere? sobre le rows ——_ahd__columns.22 fs othe __ho_sql_dertabase can—sfored data n—an7_forrm other than table fox <4 ———_Limstance and €chem@— ——_____\ ra —= Explain Seta base—longuages 2 sees hole TAD, Ms__has~cippaopai ate_languog end —_ipteeface to express: database .querxjes:and | update 1 tf E | - fs t vi oppo —.¢ Satabase_longuage can be used to sead_ _ Store oP date the data_\n__+he database me Types of: datobase. “lenguages ? Hi 9 IDL_language Cdata_definivion language) 2? DML longuaye C deta: manipulation Language) BD Del_Jonguage (data Gono) Jangy age) 4) Tel language ( transacijoh Contre) teinguaye © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner clascmate ». ODL ees -— t - ot OG, Stands fox definition — i language a Se ad ae Ve je 14 15 _bsed_ creche ables, Fchemes inden _Lconstan+ etc [in _-the MBms. elt is Usedl to define clatobase structure — __orPottern es apu_is used 40 stare information about _metadato+ ___e some 99l_command areas * | Raa - ; : cthe database. 2) Alterse jt is used -toglter the structure { of detahase. ——| 3) Qmp {jis used 40 stésed sleleje—oblecd — from _the dertabase- &) truncate $ {+ 1s Used -fo remove all the records faom the table 5) Rename git is__vsed +n mename of on 7 object : °. —2_oml languaye & a © Decl stands fox data contro) Nan. gt ge 9. 1t_iz_vsed_4to _reirieve_the_stort_ox saved data @ some of the cl _Commonds_axe—as_t 1 i & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner \) Grand §-_j+is_vsed te. give “the. vse, access_t0 database. 2 pevoke & it is used _-to_teke a boc 8 pease yom the User BD Dm la age. = — nguag s “OML_ L_ stands — dote ~maniqutation—Jangu Qs a je lensed fox occesting—and_menitul —— ~-the_data—in_dotebase fete a ie is_vsedto_hondle the user request es Le some of the. OML Qmmands_ares Ba lay select 2 14 is used pp. rejrreve Cheque | ee 4 ctacn fam tne _clatabase et Be ner ats dates _inh Seo bbe ns aS ofdate = eis osed tr “to update. “exists data. woFthin cx tabre. i: ia fa) Delete s=— jt—is used -fo delete, eine cis t —|— from Abe .- stable _ : y) itcL language pe cars : 2 Tcl Shonds_ fa rons" =on contre) longuage, i: Seo © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner i} | |_6 stcl | Dr is used statement run. slau some of Tcl. Command_ epee ees comm) }_:$- Jt+_is_osed - 4 to save the elasennte the :chang es_made by _ | _ -HransactiOn ob the. database. _ 2) —poulbock l4_Is_osed to restaoe the dcttabase 2 original_Since_-the x last commit. “¢-5]|__ ams Filesystem ) Dams stored structured =File System Store onsprun — | datas n_its_sinrage ctured deta jm its stro~ stem brage $-/stem 2) agus. structui [> file SYstem Stoucture ——_database_clata_o}_data on eee | the tiles DRms_main— funcion-is |e file _s4stem main’ function — l4o_conNext row dato the eis resposible. basic — into_poocess_jnformation|-rask such as file managemeni _B Ip _DBMs_feorvide bockup_orbfile system dees nat f ; ~ jeecovering Poe . 5) | agms_ js. Amore \e_s7stem_ 4s less a i slisecume. te ie ty © scanned with OKEN Scanner Om © scanned with OKEN Scanner 2B) | ahere« 6). DBMS 15 Comper ‘then Me s4sdem wD LDams_ storage capicity- 45 Untims feel: is no_clata Fe peatation then file a —Sashem =k file Sdstem- is quite simple then DRMS. a Sule sistem. Storage capicity 1S Vai Fed] th _file. ‘515206 phere is more — data Censict, pre-Sems_repeatifjon oY rn _OBMs there js _a— More _clata consistancy « _beertrs-<_of—-he—pance ss lat : |- there ico lesp data _Consistoancy, 1 Jo) Leg emmy om oracle Teg “record of cailege | micrasof} acces judent_in cthe form = of yer Piles. What istndex 2. Explain it's A7Pe. Gg | valu —paccess the data Tndex___can— — ie - s v Single leve} ih Ta cdot S_psthing but ote _ S-+eructu 1 which js One +O_quickly_location ph Sees take. dex. 2) multiple Jevel Index © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner 4 clheeente 1) single Jevel inclex > 2 Ina single jevey index blocks ane olirecHl7 Communica each and Othex. e singie_1exel_indlex are further clevide: _inte_-three type 1h Rimory Index = _t. Index | created call cthe_basic of primary Key. T+ ic cutled poimary jnole 2) clustered & Con Le define as or Created a al__the basic hon key atiribud: joven khow ay Clustered inde 2) Secondoxd index |e Muttileye) tndex gh are further devdded — [index con clso be | Created by ee:loon order adtribute jn Lpohe, s secondary jndex. tl | (2) Multilevel index = vere __jndex__and__blocK axe_not directly nop Commun) Cate _to}th each other. _ anit =eG info wo +7pe ; a & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner 2- Unit ER Date models, _Whad is -Atibute 2 Exploin ite type. __¢ Attribute is nothing but poperties that — Lclescxlf intity. | * > - o Aitribute means to _clescai Pilon about entity 6 Avm*but+ sepresent the G ) _S/ebal eq r” ferson p ‘th - race: | CName) (Age ) ae ii nies | * Types of attribute 5 there are seven _-+y¥/Pe_of cf4ribute tn sthe database : i — |) Composi4}-e crt) bute | 2) - simple _q44aibute 7 - are 2) singre_value atti bute LY) muttivorwe —erHarbute 5) devived ohmbute ov A ee - ) stored aqitibute_ Soe aes — DY coraplen ctvipute. & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner | ' o ) Composite alivibute 4 ; / . Composite. Cri hue is dhe atimhute dherh can be derided j im | futher pert - €6g = Name ~ first Name= middle — Jasd non, Simple avvibute © i simple AI bude jg the atiajhute that can or be devicled into usdher fort. 2 | @g- mobile number, fassword | @ Single value atibupe + | i : id is sipgie lvanue crHibule 1s the atoibuie single ivalue for Perticular InHi” fa eg- Age. wo maltivalue ccttibute & 1 multivajue cir is the cimibute muttipre vaywe for periil : | intity: eg . Address, Deqree language 3) clerived attribute & ! t derived yttaibute the atwbuie that can be derived form other ach ribyde- eg- Aye > © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner o. 6) Stored ctlibute & | stored celribute_is | the cette form which “the value. of} ther. Lert ibute are derived form. €9.-_bidth dee of person |D_comPlex_civibute ee se Complex oftzibute 1s_ cltaibuye js the combination of multivalue and Campsite ctHtzibute, eg - College nome, + 2 e ied] 2 FR model is _a_high Jevel_maocle)_tha-t_js__ ——juse_40_clefine_the data _relodionshif Le}weer — | them. eo TH is a conceptua} clesign of any database —__luhich is eazy to_design view of data —___ ia te is se fn _ designing database ___ ie A _dertahase Schema_in thee mace! 2 Rain = —___be =e presented —pictomially_as_FR diagram am maps Wei_into a _releitianal 1 An ep =—dies senema. __. = ae & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner »% Componants of &P- model LA) Eoity 2) Adsibute | S_RelationshiP \) Enid? e n { - Entity means real word objec, An ie is_objects_thot—are _vepae;, Lied in_+he database. —— = _end47 isa Person_or ang nes Which data _\s_collected_ and__maintein: |e tn ER mode) an_entity js — TEPC enjoy al ee ea eae at eee : ee “e-g- student, employes hospital e+e. a See ° /eimibuye means reer vies er Loblect _sro__dlescxiption— —abou+—* entity. ==: | Abie 5 going — bu} pooperties— : + = thot descr\p entity ae & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner a there are 7 tyre of attribute \) Compose Do simpe 3) single vate 4) multiyalue 3) __aexwed 8) stored — an ein. f 73) Reletionship = r Pi, aos; _Peletionship. the association _betoeen_ ee svianeate te mth 7+ feletionsnip it _js_osed +to_Show reletion- 7 _amongoeHzent entry. ; -_ = = ©. pi ege — on _emflozee_work. at cle for}ment.—. eit is _wepresen} the diomend=shaped box & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 eomencanten © Sconned with OKEN Scanner nF What is constrains. jst © Every veletion as some Condition, 4. must hold j+ 15 to be valid weletiar, Caled as reledional jnpgaidy Cobshai ne eo Cons-rains fey can be identi {-/ Fellows, dheee reason: ] 1) key constrain 4% don 3) meferentia) confrain ‘ 0 \) Key constrain & In seledion within key odaribuse no ‘to rows Con have ueliea value jn key artixjbute is Knowh cs fey Constrorh., z \) fey attribute & Con not have hun value ir phere amore thon one such o& minim 4) Subse> this ane called Condides Key. | 2) domain Consrain g& . — every Orfyxjbufe If bonded 40 have syecific rang of value is Knows 05 dornain Consdrain. to eg-- Age con not be rggejive valve —_ & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner 4) sefexential Constrain 2 : * Work on the Concep, of foreign er atimhufe. e A Aoreign fey is o key cttvibuie of reiclion thot con be relered jn other weledion. 4), What 15 Components \n ER-dicgzam@ there are three main Components of Ep aioqrom. — a ee ache PG lela 1) Entity Set Sets eet 4 Adan bude, ioc ict a eto 2X peletionship Tcomfonent | Component +7Pe_| | eotity | steng entity sent Seat | | . week entity al cecilia ARTS sent =| | single aie APT Gee a —V¥—eoo—————————eo Deo Abute univome anibuiey Sy Dervwed At ibute Composite. or bute, Peletionshi Syrong xelevionsnis weak relepionshif S & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner ~ 2) “Arby =o Enitty set oe : sibs = ; a a =a Endy set js a—objecy of thy dere andi Se4— of- —alt. jn iy is__cal)— \ntity- set. _ rae oe fa aaa is © An > entity se1_ ja conection of Similax _4/fe_—of ent = © An__enivty set _ma7—Cantaih—enditier : with att?) bile x s E49 eres i on _enHty. ra entity a 4}pe_sttuclen and —Se+-—o} Student iy egit_ entity Se# [oer] Gnpeitp——f.course (| ny enany Fre e:3_ fe) oo ey Fintidd se+ _| protesters _descei?_-jhe__endidy p _Avribute_is the Potting — bu & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner eg "Nome (AI. Addeese and mobi re number is an atavibuie of a person as _showh in following igure. (_mobire™ Number ~_laccociation Leqween entity 4 3)! Relationship & * feletionship me __mefresent the | |e Relotionship axe meprepresent by cliomond= | = shaped box. 2:4 in a sls | | studens| _ZEnsolled + course, i $73... & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 eomencanten © Sconned with OKEN Scanner { Explain _ Extencled Ep features —§ a eee ci ‘There are _extencled five type of extended — features in EPR model oe ——|_1) specialization = 2) generalization - aoe — 3) bigher- and _lower-leve| entity ses 4) Attribute [nherjpance = S) 299 reg o410b specialization = = ° she procec f de Ped i o +f ond emttty set js given ©_Sfeciolizatian jc the Top- gown _cypprde: os sspecializasion ic opposite of General! i le ‘cislizatioh com be rey 7 a Niger cee Mee ar ae Fecitediy —A5— | | - — je2—Then thet sub clace or yb entith (ser Con be from he given shat | a i eo T+ Convers super _ ote sub _clee as & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner Jeg sjealizerlion of a fersen allows | “us do compare of a ferson cicrording Ao Whelher shey emflg/ee or. student: | Gere Cea > || _sav'in ra €-9- the sPealizedion of account create 4jwo entity Set 1) saving oCecount = = 2 current aceroont i — : 4 2) Generalization = . ; : H Ss + _* Generalization 15 the | weverse frocess of Sfealization. fe 4 is the butiom of Apporech le TA convert sub closs to super Clase Y & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 mmencantoe © scanned with OKEN Scanner | clnseante | . . Ss ae cthis process combine Ihe ae of —Lentity set that. Share athe Same fecture | inte higher Jewel en ttt sets te Subclasse_are—combined. to MakK@ sy pe, a Clas s_ ——— — ~~. Grenemalizcdtionis_sihe _procesr_of Sd — Cammon__psoperdies fram —_cr_set— M4 tie a and__create a generalized —endity from jj 1 eeg Game fexson_ ATsA emplovee |— & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 eomencanten © Sconned with OKEN Scanner ®, Higher ond lou le Ower Iryn| i - this fro fer } : ‘i Nes is creg ; ‘Created iaNon and Feneralizadion, i 4 “thes__ad4asbute C42 4 Lb 6 hjahe jeoyel Set Inheasted Ly ‘as a2) Aher ler level_ery Je €-q {- In igure Custorer Enheried | otdtghyte of Cusiomer id A © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 eomencanten © Sconned with OKEN Scanner yo | ve | classmate I (a) Re CO | d J | I J . i . . 4 Ah Aggregation ced o f ° Wis an abstractia¢n In “ whieh phe relationship Set ore eded_of higher Jevel entity Seton Can Portisipey © —~—— | }n_ relatlonshif ot lca wt ate a. —_—_—__—| a a hentia | ee . 4 ——_|_¢ Aggregation_allous_os— —endica-e_tha a the _aeledionshif_ seq fortis ifeit_in on ofher + || relationship se+- pap f ae N relationsh\p L |e Aggreg ation) <_ose_fo_S) mpllfy The 4} details _o £ gwen datebese whet ternary _ | ee lad ionsnip —ait) be change nto binary _ i 2 the ternary releit! | jonshi p_is_only one time xelationship which is working bepoeeh- ohree entilys. oe Aigrm of as helows > agyzeqation js shaw | classmate pribute Inberitonce & « when gen enaity - Seb envoled Jower ently Set} in only one TSA. néeation srit—entlty—4_} peter as _smale_etribyfe Le ee lower entity seh} 4s 5_Involed_| , _jn_more “than_One 1s m€lertioms hip _ is_refew cage _outticaetlte.jahenitance / c a | | { | a 0 tomer © scanned with OKEN Scanner i Example. of EP clerta. clase —clesign Bh ER -diag ram__for- Bank slo on Fl ml orcert oF ~~ _ i Gay Gfineode ees cassmate | 3)I Hospital Management os Comp Hospital = 4) + brary mono ygement _s © scanned with OKEN Scanner 5) [=r} | —— — —_ — clascmate | 1). Relationship & Pelationship sep © Retationship — xcfecsend the association between eniy Ayre © Reladionshif. axe refeesentd the -dimon of ishoped box. 8 Retadienship_ ise Connection between +wo or more entities: _@ For exam ple ___|2)_o student enrolls jn _a_course. - — | [Studeny ——o- Course a — Relationship set ————* fictationsnip set of the. Some Hime |s_ how As _welodionship ll s-ed. = _A__set__of fe lot lonship of similar type - Called - relationship Sey © scanned with OKEN Scanner © A xclationship Sed 154 Collechion of (Simiar relationships: e e.g 1 i “student ——Erseted Cause EONTT Ser - _Rerettonsniy ser ~enthy Sep * == “ot aa : FL 1 —The Bumbe = meletionship sep is called _degne of —__Relationsh' © There are. three typeof degree /—__Relosionship. z 1) Onary i Binary ll 2) Ternasy AL 4) pe ary i a) unasy = = = \when there Iso onely one iL entity set Paci t& Paying jn reyation the 1S called__onary neladionship, /-—-— 0 teenie © scanned with OKEN Scanner : Is) N- Bary f= rll star if 7 - _ExPlain entity and. entity se} = [entity jos one person provried to. Ontk) one perso | 2D Binary © | when there are too entity Seq Parhicifatin \n relajjonshif The relotionsh) p cis catied” binaxy relationship. e.g i= “the _studeng indoll in Course \ 3 _ |Nhen. here are oN- Bott, of |past Citeting (yn relation the relationship L-coued nYary relationship. = 6 EntHy means veal “word obyect e An entity 1s obsect that are sepresentes! iin the database: endidy is ca person or - ring for which ate mieaed Get mandi ale NO: in Fe- die gram OF modle on enity js — 7 aan D | rectangle. [J ; aa thing in real _word “with _2n “independent existance’ ly Know as entity Om © scanned with oxen ae v \| | tlhssseate @ ) Bats clertabase + Studleny i. Th a School 1 o¢ .Ond 177. can be consiciered squdent : te | | —_2) | entiy set oes tS e Filly s se] isa _obyect_ef entity “by fe_an.d— “sel_of all entity { fy Caneel endity—set Le An _entiiy Sed iS a Collection of | simiex type of entity. 1 |e An ‘entify Se- may contain entidier vith a1 bute shazing similar valve. Fat ne is_an_entity having endity i Leall entity seq L | _ ML tudent_| Entrolled\ T course Hl 4 | i PO iL a L Ut | lo e-a | I. J eo : j BaHty Course I, er Centr) © scanned with omen se 9) Key © Tt is an. attihufe and seq of CHA bude which hei You jo identify gba C+uyle) in a welton. e i+ also allow You. +o Sind -the__reladion between two table. |e there are affrend type of Key \) Super Key 7 - » condidoe Key | w primary Key _ 0) _fore\gn Key imei ~aeiees 1) Sufer Key i L | y! i —e sufer key \s al Get lon 7 —ataribuie Jhat Con identity __ Coch 20W _onjguly “esufer. Key. “consist “Bf. any —humber af adi i bute. az - = © scannea with OnE sea 12) candidate Key = — “i ¢ A minimal SuPer “is_called candidate key wana & | ° A canditlote key dS On onibute_or 6 of ati bute that can_omaquely—tdend) fy | tt aw ty ple. —— $$ >> —— —f Tr ~ - - a 2 eg |” Tepiyee fe [ | Employee. Name | Emaproyee=Addees| | Possport — umber f——> La - + | trcemse=prumb Candidate Key” L i | : sow : ‘ rsd Pramar/ Ke < = e {t+ Can never be nuit Lolwo{s _oniga__, ufdlesion js pot Ppossiabie Lis ‘how of Primary Key: |e _A_frimary_key isthe column or _Columne. that _contom Nalves _+that uniquely. tdentity. _€och Yow _in a table. L—___ le “the_main_purpose__of “peimory Key ix — cto__identify -the_vniqueness_of 20w. a temeencttos © scanned with OKEN Scanner e the chore of primary ex ino Lrelationcl databas¢ otitn clepends on the aectevence of the administer: o* Benefits * . Oo heres iclentify unique data, SUth ar Oo customer DD “adprevents duplication of records jr oa tobpe a heirs ensure hal (Velde anes hull. ensures YOW Jevel accessibility leg . 9 Student details — $$ Al penx) Nome | Marks_| i a _frimaty - mid) lov x12 | 34 7 dt jo3 Yor | 46 104 Ape | 40 _ 9! foreign key: _ - © foreign —— =. foreign Key __< — melationship with another table. eee the a key “are the _ Coun colitis of the —table_osed -to point +o the. pany - _of another table: * nthe employee tabte Deportment-jd | isthe foreign key, ond both—cthe tables 0 Some © scanned with OKEN Se lore retated: Key Sstudend Marty —o- } UE I ain_felationdatak ose_mode)_in_detoils | | . . ' ron # + ’ 2) that_is_intigxity_Contza wit © Sconned with OKEN Scanner » Relational Dato Model VS Relattonat Vatobuse model . the Retodional mode) demesen} Mow dato srlared in Pei s- sonal dedohase Shoal rocange jh Fe\Gd On datamode) consist of conection of tabte land each of which essing the onqure || names : : | for example & 2 Employee Ad I} Tmflofce home | ) Empoyee salary \ “J pddeess structure of Relational. database ind | \mportant Ferns - Antibute, E- Nome Tufle ~Trup! _ Neri te i Domein Degree = — ib Retotion -_. , al i Relotion con he, vse “to “show home of the. Fable. | 2) rupee Turple “shows. “the single ‘row of | any relation. (0 emweencantr © scanned with OKEN Scanner BD Amie = the chorecties od. aby > Ixclagion = represented by colom_- That Kooy Las atribute of the selaHon a a w Domain | The Set _of —fexment Valye ~ Tako —ane ovHribude 15 — Know —@<_clomain ok the relation « — le. “§ —Erplofee name Coitar.,~vitthel, Rar—Shaem J | S)aeguee > the hum bes of Colum pig {elation -khow as_deqvee ‘of metatian— 16) caxdinotity & | “ie The _pumbex of ero w" Hany t | elation is Khow @s cardinality. ; - : rp of ups of |4he row js Know as tuple oxalic. Pl! TE Awhile Design the relation_model we i - pieties Some __condizions Which must _hald- | data —Presend._in database axe posible ies Contrain: Contrain are checked betore Perfor any oprelion Cinsertion , deletion , he dertabase- ® Ahes = ming Updaterion J un e some of the Cohtrcin vsed by relation datanodel are as VY) domain : sei sacs DY key inrighs dy comtran = 2) referencicil Intige) py Contzarth + Jef “thewe is mah ‘of any. of | the _Contsoin_ the operation whi th_ foil 1 — — te domain intigeity controin = i so — — : There mre _—-otsibute level contrain —ah_gHaibute can —— 0hly—-take value ther Not inside the domo, _| ange. 2 epsudes ye it ' é - t —_fes= Ea contrain a ge ACS thon ois a pphedl fo student relation. insexti Lat Qa negetive value of G9 @ wi\_ result Ny Reine 2) key WHigrify tt a every zelaton in the 7 -datckbase should have atlist one Set of ——..ad4ribute Should- have aefine a. double onique. — thous set of attribute double unique thous. _ _set_of _otimibite ['<_catted key intigerty Con train. a CF FON Humber Ih Student 1S co _key \nhiganl y contre: je no to inumber So key has i ‘poll. No lol jou | gipae sf Lg | etuden} can have cthe (Some oy, +90 Pooferpes. > / ket ind Fgh Contra 3) | leans aca ae fur | |_s When_one attribute of “relation can z Lonly__ftake Value foxm another lt ai hute jl-- _of_the__some__elation Or any other - | relation t+ is_catted_neferentie) | Snsigrity _contraint: u | | T = | } 1. [ |» €q [—* } | o let's suppose we have 00 a L. ret avon Aable_sduden+ table: ang obese | table I, ‘le bronch Cade of al Huden eau onl y. take the valye which are present jp be ranch code of 0} Lronch which 4 ___— ‘. . © scanned with OKEN Scanner V | chnccmate “cated deferen pail: imaig ay condyaibt foreign Key __|Computer Le € Tel ecometio.engy = - C ui = evil tngy 7 a _—t = a _— = ~ s —T = = — i — — 4 I : i 4 pa 0 some © scannea wih onEN Scanner t thot, The Relational Algebvo.* ® Reladiona) algebra pS tes _poore duray query language pwhich takes instances of _ lrctajions as as ingut cand fields Nhs tae of relation A x Oud Put —_ Sn ; a Th _vser operators 40 _ferform querer «Ab. operator. |.—____— inert i con be either _onery Oy ] a le they. acce f+ metation as their Ingud and = fied _eenasion— as_thete _gudfud. : | = Pundomental_oferadianr of selation L algebra ore os follows. 1) selec} 2) poject | |) _ onion \ 4) ser difterent i 3) intersection | ;— geen jroclut | D _Natu*xa\ yojn | U J | ) setect t= : | mn selection oferator \S a —_—__| - Nanay erate in melad Oba} _dlge baa ————__ pes ferformr a selectiap oferation. ssa timc clascmate prik—_Stlectr tufles Cov rows) | Ane, BNO condition thet frorn a elation. Sayishy (2 MW As denoted Ly sigma 2) prsection t- - == - prdect OPRemator Ts a | [nox éfemakne ie _relg tonal. algebra “that _ “ger forms A — FOC) on —OferatHon. —_— ao e+ _prodect_ the _forticulax. = from "| aL — from on _ ] _iapelaton . cesd_ 7 : II os — ~4 eo Wt delete colums 4th Ot Gre pot in the _ poyecton fish IB onion

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