DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING (POWER OPTION)

PROJECT TITTLE:12V DC INVERTER
NAME:LAZARUS OBONDO NGALA
REGISTRATION NUMBER:KP/DEE/3549/21F
SUPERVISOR:MR OMOG WALTER
DESIGNATION:ELECTRICAL TRAINER

THE PROJECT IS SUBMITTED TO THE KENYA NATIONAL

EXAMINATION COUNCIL FOR PARTIAL FULLFILMEMT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARD OF DIPLOMA
COURSE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING.

i.
DECLARATION

I declare that this is my original work and has never been presented in before any institution for the
award of diploma or any other certificate.

NAME OF THE STUDENT:.......................................................................

ADM NO:................................................................................................

Signature ...............................................Date........................................

SUPERVISOR:.........................................................................................

Signature..................................................Date.....................................

ii.
DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to GOD for protection throughout my research period and the gift of life he
granted to me. I also dedicate to my teachers, more so my supervisor for the good guidance
throughout this period and his support together with encouragement. Finally I dedicate to to my
parents for their support on purchasing the equipment. May God bless you all.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my privilege to express my sincerest regards to my project coordinator, Madam Pauline, for her
valuable inputs, able guidance, encouragement and her cooperation throughout the duration of the
project

I also express my sincere thanks to Mr Walter for his help.

I deeply express my sincere thanks to the head of department, Mr Jonah for the encouragement and
allowing me to present the project on the topic 12v DC inverter circuit

I take this opportunity to thank all my lecturers who contributed their valuable advice and help to
complete the project successfully.
ABSTRACT

The main aim of this project is to construct a 12v dc inverter to act as source of ac power and also as
a backup in case of loss of power on the main grid. The design consist of seven stages which include;
DC power source(12v battery), inverter, transformer, filter, stabilizer, regulator and the ac output
voltage. The design system is very functional, durable, economical and resizable using locally sourced
and affordable component.
Table of contents
PROJECT PROPOSAL
..............................................................................1
DECLARATION..................................................................................
......2
DEDICATION .....................................................................................
.....3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................
........4
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................
....5
CHAPTER ONE
.......................................................................................9
1.0
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................9
1.1 Background of
study .......................................................................9
1.2 Research
objectives .......................................................................10
1.3 Problem
statement ........................................................................10
1.4 Block diagram.................................................................................
11
1.4.1 A 12v dc power
supply ................................................................11
1.4.2
Inverter .......................................................................................11
1.4.3
Transformer ................................................................................11
1.4.4
Filter ............................................................................................11
1.4.5 Stabilizer......................................................................................
12
1.4.6
Regulator ....................................................................................12
1.4.7 Ac output
voltage .......................................................................12
1.5 Budget components for the construction ....................................12
1.6 Limitations of the
project...............................................................13

1.7 Definition of terms......................................................................13

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review........................................................................15
2.1 Types of inverter .......................................................................15
a)Square wave inverter............................................................................................................... 15

b) Modified sine wave inverter....................................................................................................16

Advantages of modified sine wave inverter ................................................................................16

2.2 Structure of the system.............................................................17

a)Basic design ..............................................................................................................................17

b)Advance design.........................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Design of the proposed system ...............................................19
3.1 Methodology ............................................................................19
3.1.1 Review design .......................................................................19
3.1.2 Power supply section ............................................................19
3.1.3 The inverter section ..............................................................19
3.2 Circuit diagram .........................................................................20
3.2.1 12v battery ............................................................................20
3.2.2 capacitor ...............................................................................20
3.2.3 Resistor ..................................................................................21
3.2.4 IC ............................................................................................22

3.2.5Transformer...........................................................................23
3.2.6 MOSFET.................................................................................23
3.2.7 Zener diode ..........................................................................23
3.2.8 Electronic switch ..................................................................24
3.3 Component specification........................................................24
3.4 Safety ......................................................................................24

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Implementation and testing .................................................25
4.1 Schedule ................................................................................25
4.2 Conclusion .............................................................................26
4.3 Future scope ..........................................................................26
4.4 Reference ...............................................................................27
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
 Electricity can be said to be one of the greatest invention of man. This is because many other
inventions and processes depend on it for proper functioning. The most common source of
this important energy is the utility lines that comes from hydraulic power stations. However
the ac supply from utility lines is subject to power surges, voltage shortage, complete power
failure and wide variations in the electric current frequency.
 An absolute solution to energy demand can be achieved by adoption of renewable energy
development especially the abduction of charge inverter. The Inverter makes good use of an
energy source such as photovoltaic to be domestically and industrially relevant for use, as in
short goes a long way to reduce the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and
alleviate this global warming on process. The photovoltaic power generation is reliable. It
involves no moving parts and the operations and maintenance costs are very low. Electricity
generation is the first process in the delivery of electrical power to consumers. The other
processes are electricity transmission and distribution. The importance of electricity was
revealed when it became apparent that electricity generation was useful for producing heat,
light and power for human needs. An inverter converts dc voltage to ac voltage. In most
cases, the input dc voltage is usually lower while the output ac is equal to the grid supply
voltage of either 120v or 240v depending on the country. The inverter may be built as
standalone equipment for applications such as solar power or to work as a backup power
supply from batteries which are charged separately. The other configuration is when it is a
part of a bigger circuit such as power supply unit or a UPS.In this case the inverter input dc is
from the rectifier mains ac in the UPS while from either the rectifier ac in the UPS when
there is power and from the batteries whenever this is a power failure. There are different
forms of inverters based on the shape of the switching waveform. They have varying circuit
configuration, efficiency, advantages and disadvantages. An inverter provides ac power from
a DC power source and is useful in powering electronics and electrical equipment rates at
the ac mains voltages. In addition they are widely used in the switched mode power supply
inverting stages. The circuits are classified according to the switching technology and switch
type., the wave form, the frequency and output waveform.
1.2 Research objectives
 The project seeks to improve on the existing power inverters and bring forth features
and upgrades such as;

Main

 To provide noiseless and weightless source of electricity supply .

Other objectives

 Low cost sine wave inverter to upgrade on the square wave inverter without increasing the
cost of production.
 Microsecond automatic load transfer and switching to avoid computer from restarting.
 Provision of availability of low constant power source.

1.3 Problem statement

 Due to the unexpected power losses in homes and offices, The Inverter will provide
continuous power supply. It can also act as a backup power for the homes and even offices
in case of grid power loss.
 Concerning the high cost of electricity, inverter will reduce power charges since it uses the
battery which is charged by the solar energy that is freely available.
 1.4 Block diagram
A 12v dc power Inverter Filter
source

Stabilizer
Transformer Regulator

Ac output voltage

Components description

1.4.1 A 12v dc power source

 It is a 12v battery which produces the dc power
1.4.2 Inverter
 Convert dc to ac with the help of MOSFET. The entire conversion is primarily
controlled by a component know as H-bridge. It is an electronic circuit that changes
the polarity of a voltage put on or applied to a load. Here the best type to use is the
modified sine wave inverter.
1.4.3 Transformer
 Changes the voltage of incoming power to the necessary voltage level for the
component device.

1.4.4 Filter
 It is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from
a signal. It can be categorised to two I.e passive filter which includes only passive
components such as resistor, capacitors and indicators, and active filters which uses
active components like op-amps.
1.4.5 Stabilizer

 It is an electronic device that is used to provide a stable voltage output to a load at

its output terminals irrespective of any variations in the input.

1.4.6 Regulator

 It creates and maintains a fixed output voltage irrespective of the changes to the
input voltage or load conditions. They are of three types; step -up ,step -down and
inverter regulator. One of the components for voltage regulation is the zener diode.

1.4.7 Ac output voltage

 It the final output voltage that can be used in the micro-grid.

1.5 Budget component for the

construction
 Due to the above block diagram, I have decided to use components which are locally
available in stock and cheap as shown below;

Component Quantity Price

A 12v sealed lead acid battery 1 1700
A12-0-12v/1A secondary 1 2000
transformer
Array switch 1 50
IRFZ44 power MOSFET 2 200
IC CD4047 1 150
22kohm variable resistor 1 20
100ohm/10W resistor 2 40
0.22micro farad capacitors 1 80
Total 11 4240
1.6 Limitations of the project
i. The battery can only be charged through power supply which can at times reduce the
lifespan of an inverter if not properly charged.
ii. In spite of its construction and its noiseless and pollution free nature, unlike other
alternative sources of the generator electricity, there is need of recharging the battery from
time to time.
iii. Inverter has many varieties but this project has been limited to the development
construction of 110 -240v inverter.

1.7Definition of terms
1.7.1)Power inverter:-

An electronic device that converts direct current into alternating current.

1.7.2)Battery:-

A container consisting of one or more cells in which chemicals energy is converted into electricity
and used as a source of power.

1.7.3)Electrical panel:-

Is an electrical distribution board that houses electrical circuit breakers. It is the main point at which
electricity is distributed throughout a building. Also known as breaker box.

1.7.4)Alternating current:-

An electric current which periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously
with time in contrast to direct current which flows in one direction.

1.7.5)Electrical power:-

The rate per unit time at which electrical energy is transferred by electrical circuit.

1.7.6)UPS:-

Uninterruptible power supply. Is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load
when the input power source or main power fails.

1.7.7)Voltage:-

Amount of force required to drive a steady current in an electrical system.

1.7.8 )Watts:-
Is a standard unit of measuring power either by capacity or demand.

1.7.9) Cut – off frequency:-

The point at which the gain falls off from mid-band response or if the response is uneven, the
response at a defined frequency.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
The origin of the engineering term inverter was said by David Prince. It conveys the idea of a rectifier
except functioning in an inverted mode of operation hence inverter. A current converter is thus a
device for converting alternating current to direct current or vice versa or for converting one
frequency current of one frequency into alternating current of another frequency. The term rectifier
was understood to mean any stationary apparatus or rotating commutator for transforming
alternating current to direct current. Based on use of static or non-rotating versus rotating parts, the
article explains how the rectifier circuit and inverted it, turning in direct current at one end and
drawing out alternating current at the other.

2.1 Types of inverter

 There are three main types of DC-AC inverters;
a) Square wave inverter
b) Modified sine wave inverter
c) Pure sine wave inverter

a)Square wave inverter

It is the simplest and cheapest type of inverter but nowadays it is not used because of low power
quality. The waveform shape is not well suited for running most modern appliances.

Limitations of the square wave inverter

 Causes high audio noise which turn to be very visible when it is being used to
operate an audio system.
 Incompatible with certain gadgets such as machines which run on motors such as
fun.
 Low surge power.
b)Modified sine wave inverter

It's topologies provide square with some dead spots between positive and negative half cycles. They
are suitable for many electronic loads although there total harmonic distortion is about 25%. They
are low cost inverters on consumers market today. It allows the use 230v electrical alliances from a
battery.

Advantages of modified sine wave inverter

 Soft temporal rise of voltage and the absence of harmonic oscillations which causes
unwanted counter forces on engines, interference on radios.
 2.2 Structure of the system
The Inverter is of two design;

a. Basic design
b. Advance design

a. Basic design
 Is one of the simplest inverter circuit, dc power is connected to a transformer the
centre tap of primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow
current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end
of the primary winding and the other. The alternation of the direction of current in
the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current in the
secondary circuit. The electrical version of the switching device includes two
stationary contacts and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the
movable contacts against one of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls
the movable contacts to the opposite stationary contacts.
 The current in electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the
switch continuously switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electrochemical
inverter switch, called a vibrator or buzzer was once used in vaccum tube
automobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door bells and tattoo guns.
As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other
types of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into the inverter circuit
design.

b. Advance system
 There are many different power topologies and control strategies used in inverter
design. Different design approaches address different issues that may be more or
less important depending on the way that the inverter is intended to be used. The
issue of waveform quality can be addressed in many ways . Capacitors and inductors
can be used to filter the waveform. If the design includes a transformer or both
sides, low pass filters are applied to allow the fundamental components of the
waveform to pass to the output while limiting the passage of the harmonic
component. If the inverter is designed to provide power at fixed frequency a
resonant filter can be used. For an adjustable frequency inverter, the filter must be
tuned to a frequency that is above the maximum fundamental frequency.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Design of the proposed system
3.1Methodology
This chapter reveals the research design and the different stages of the project are simply revealed. I
illustrate the concepts as well as technique adopted in the research about the project. It also
explains various stages of inverter design.

3.1.1 Review design

A comprehensive comparison of the strength and weakness exist in standard power inverters was
made and better system option in terms of the waveform , its output and compatibility with various
electronic and electrical alliances. For smooth construction of this project, the system was divided
into sections namely; ac to dc converter for charging of battery, dc to ac inverter for converting
battery power to electricity (ac) and switching system for the coordination and synchronisation of
the system.

3.1.2 Power supply section

This unit is mainly used to power the whole electronics component in the circuit and it must be
regulated power by use of zener diode.

3.1.3 The Inverter section

It comprises of three stages; the oscillator stage, amplifier stage and the transformer stage.

 The oscillator stage is the heart of the device. The Inverter needs to generate ac
voltage to a frequency of 50Hz, hence there has to be some kind of oscillator circuit
for this to be achieved the oscillator here is a pulse width modulator IC. The pulse
width modulator has an internal RC oscillator, which could be made to oscillate the
frequency in excess of 1MHz, depending on the external component used. The
advantage of using pulse width modulator is that the inverter gives low harmonic
content of the frequency which is suitable for inductive loads.
 The amplifier stage consist of an electronic amplifier that prepares a small electrical
signal for further amplification or processing. Pre- amplifier further amplifies the
signal generated from the oscillator before sending it to the driving stage. The input
of the MOSFET has a very high impedance which makes the drive stage dispensable
but when MOSFET are connected in parallel, it's often required that their gates are
isolated. The drive stage not only matches the oscillator to the amplifier but it also
ensure that the gates of the parallel MOSFET are properly isolated from each other
even if they are driven from the same source.
  The transformer stage has two secondary windings, the switching action sends
alternating current through the inverter transformer primary windings . This is
referred to as push- pull action. The transformer turns ratio can permit higher or
lower load voltage. The Inverter transformer output is an ac square wave but the
output filter network is used to obtain sine wave output.

3.2 Circuit diagram

The operation of the circuit diagram

 The two MOSFETs are used for driving the output power and the 4047 IC as a stable
multivibrator operating at frequency of around 50 Hz. 10 and 11 pin output of IC
directly drive power MOSFET that are used in push-pull configuration. The output
transformer has 12v-0-12v , 1amp on the secondary and 220V on the primary. The IC
CD4047 is configured in a stable multivibrator mode with the help of variable
resistor Rv1 and capacitor C1.By varying the value of Rv1 we get ran of output pulse
at Q and Q' pins of the CD4047. Consequently there's a variation in the output
voltage of the transformer. The N-channel power MOSFET IRFZ44 drain pins are
connected with the transformer secondary pins and common pin in the secondary
winding is connected with battery positive. Both MOSFET source pins are connected
to the negative terminal of the battery. When the alternate square pulse from Q and
Q' drives the MOSFET, it switches ON. Then the secondary winding is forced to
induce an alternating magnetic field. This magnetic field induced high alternating
voltage around 220v.
  The DC/AC conversion mechanism switches power transistors such as Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) and changes the ON/OFF intervals to create pulse waves
with different widths. It then combines them into a pseudo sine wave. This is called
pulse width modulation.

3.2.1) 12v battery

It generates DC power that is to be converted to ac power.

3.2.2)Capacitor

Its main use is energy storage, power conditioning, electronic noises filtering,
remote sensing and signal decoupling/coupling.
0.22 capacitor:- used for power decoupling, having a smooth power in the circuit.
3.2.3)Resistor

Commonly used to reduce current flow, adjust signal level s, to divide voltages , bias active
elements and terminate transmission lines.

390kilo resistor:- used in power management.

3.2.4)Ic

It functions as an amplifier, oscillator, time counter, logic gate, computer memory, microcontroller
or microprocessor

In the inverter it is used in the management of the circuit's power which controls the voltage supply
to all other electronic components.
3.2.5)Transformer (12-0-12 volts/1amps )

Used to step up the output voltage of the inverter to such levels.

3.2.6)MOSFET

Provide a huge power saving at light loads where the voltage drop across the IGBTs still remains
relatively high, even at very low of current.

3.2.7)zener diode

Used as voltage reference and as shunt regulator to regulate the voltage across small circuits.
3.2.8)Electronic Switch

It alternates the direction of dc in order to produce ac power.

3.3The 4047 IC

The 4047 IC or the CD 4047 is a CMOS multivibrator. The options that come with this
multivibrator can either be Low Power monostable or astable. Additionally, a 4047 IC converts
DC to AC mainly. It also generates sine and pulse waves.

The 4047 IC is one of the three multivibrators available on the market today. In addition, this chip
falls under the astable and monostable categories. Nonetheless, this sees this multivibrator
lacking in only one category. However, the category that the 4047 IC falls short of is the bistable
multivibrator category.A bistable multivibrator is where the circuit is stable in either state.
Notwithstanding, an external trigger pulse can flip the state of the circuit. However, the circuit is
unstable in an astable multivibrator and continually switches from one state. Generally, it
functions more or less like a relaxation oscillator.

On the other hand, a monostable multivibrator has where only one state of the circuit is stable
while the other is transient. In summary, a circuit with a monostable multivibrator is a one-shot
circuit.

With all this in mind, it is good to point out that the voltage range of a 4047 IC is 3V to 18V. It,
however, works best at 5V.

3.4Pin Configuration

Pin
Numbe Pin Name Pin Description
r

1. C It is used to connect external capacitors.

2. R It is used to connect external resistors.

3. RCC Connects to resistors and capacitors.

4. AST’ (Astable Bar) Low when used in Astable mode.

5. AST High when used in Astable mode.

6. -Trigger In Monostable mode, it gets High to low transitions.

7. VSS Ground pin of IC.

8. +Trigger The monostable mode uses it. It receives Low to High transitions.

It’s an external reset pin. Giving a high pulse to this pin resets the
9. EXT RESET
output Q to low and Q’ to high.

10. Q Give standard high output.

11. Q’ The inverse output of pin 10 means it gives low output.

In Monostable mode, it simultaneously uses retrigger +trigger and

12. Retrigger
–trigger pin.

13. OSC Out It gives oscillated output.

14. VDD Positive input pin of IC.

3.5Features Of The 4047 IC

 The buffered outputs are accurate and complemented.

 It has consistent and symmetrical o/p characteristics.
 Its inputs are consequently buffered.
 It is tested 100% for quiescent current on 20V.
 Can operate in monostable and astable modes.
 A single capacitor and resistor are required externally.
 The 4047 IC has less power utilization.
 In general, it has high noise immunity.
 The parametric ratings are 5 Volts, 10 Volts, and 15 Volts.

3.6Specifications Of The 4047 IC

 For any single input, the DC input current is ±10mA.

 Has an operating range of temperature ranges from -55°C to +125°C.
 A 4047 IC chip has an input supply range of 3V to 18V.
 The storage temperature range of the 4047 IC is -65°C to +150°C.
 Its soldering lead temperature is 260°C.
3.7The Inverter Circuit presented here has 4 Sections.

1. Input
2. Oscillator
3. Driver
4. Input Section

1.Input section
The input section of the circuit consists of a 12 volt battery and a switch. The 12Volt power supply is fed
to the circuit.

2.Oscillatory Section

The oscillatory section of the inverter circuit here consists of a 1MΩ Preset, 0.1uf Capacitor and the
heart of this section is a CMOS Monostable/Astable Multivibrator IC 4047. Oscillatory frequency
generated from the IC is determined by adjusting 1MΩ Preset (connected between pin 2 and pin 3) and
with the value of capacitor. 0.1uf capacitor (connected between pin 1 and pin 3) can help IC oscillate to
a frequency of up to 10khz, however, we need 50hz/60hz for the inverter circuit to operate satisfactorily.
This can be done by adjusting the preset. I recommend if you have an access to an oscilloscope then use
it to calibrate. The output from the IC is achieved on pin 11 and pin 10.

When the output on pin 11 is high then the output on the pin 10 is low and vice versa – generating two
square waves (one on each pin). These output pins oscillates based on the values of capacitor and preset
adjustment. The outputs from these two pins are fed to the driver section of the circuit.

3.Driver Section

The driver section uses 2 MOSFETS transistors IRFZ44N. The outputs from pin 10 and pin 11 (of
4047) are fed to the gates of these two transistors (via 220ohm resistors) and the Drain (D) out from the
transistors are fed to the Transformer’s 12V secondary windings (in this case). These transistors will
oscillate alternatively based on the inputs from the IC hence driving Transformer – which will further
induce electricity to the secondary coil ( which actually is primary 220V side of the transformer 😀 –
don’t be confused we are using transformer is a reverse order).

4.Output Section
The output section consist of 12-0-12V transformer. Which will take the square waves generated by the
IC and amplified by the transistors to a 220V output on the secondary coil (the 220V winding side). The
output from the output will be able to derive a load of upto 60Watt for 3-5 hours without any hiccup.

3.8 Component Specifications

 The Inverter output voltage is 110- 240v with a 30/50 amperes of power and 7200
wattage.
 The 12v battery produces dc voltage at a current of 7amps. Only one battery is needed.
 One capacitor are used that is the 0.22ohm used for decoupling hence creating a smooth
power in the circuit.
 The common used three resistors are 22kohm used for proper power management,
100ohm which regulate current output properly.
 The IC is used in the management circuit power which controls the voltage supply to
electronic components. Only one is needed.
 A transformer rating of 12v and 5-8amps is used. It step up the output voltage of
inverter to such level.
 Two transistors (MOSFET) are used to provide huge power saving at light loads where
the voltage drop across the IGBT, remains relatively high even at very low current.
 Zener diode is used as voltage regulator from the battery across the small circuits.
 An electronic switch alternates the direction of dc in order to produce ac power.

3.9Safety
In order to ensure that this project was safely done, I ensured that the voltage supplied was the
correct voltage for the device to operate as recommended. I ensured that the switch is off before
connecting the wire to the battery. The battery was always charged to its capacity for the good
operation and long life consideration. Inverter is available in three different technologies I.e square
wave inverter , sine wave inverter and modified sine wave inverter.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Implementation and testing

Hardware development of the project is explained in steps. I found out research and information of
every aspect of fabrication of the project. To design the circuit diagram of an inverter, I had to collect
information from various sources e.g internet, books and other relevant materials. The table below
shows the components required and their specifications.

NO Components Specifications Quantity Price

1 12v battery lead acid Champion UPS 1 1700

2 Capacitor Ceramic 0.22ohm 1 20

3 Resistor 100ohm 2 40
220kohm variable 1 20
resistor
4 Switch Electronic switch 1 50

5 IC CD4047 1 150

6 MOSFET IRFZ44 2 200

7 PCB board 1 100

8 Zener diode 1 30

9 Transformer 12-0-12v 1 2000

4.1 Schedule

N Steps Timeline
O
1 Proposal August
2 Literature review 27th September
3 Components collection November
4 Fabrication November
5 Testing November
6 Final write-up November
7 Presentation/submission November

4.2Findings
 The project can only function for not more than three minutes, this is due to the lack of heat
sink which are attached to the MOSFETs. When the MOSFET heats above recommended
temperature, they might blow off.
 The IC can handle 5-18 volts.
 The transformer output varies from 110-240v

4.3 Conclusion
The system was designed and tested to ensure safety of the components. The circuit is easy to
design and can be implemented anywhere required. The device is not too costy and can be used in
today's economy. This has produced a low cost simple inverter by using locally sources and available
components. The device worked properly and can be used as a backup in electric homes when there
is power loss. It can also be used in solar homes to convert the DC to ac power for easy operation of
electrical gadgets.

4.4 Future scope

I will reduce the limitations of our grid lines power by providing more inverters as backups. I have a
plan to design an inverter with more greater power and hardly produce noise during its operation.
4.5Reference
Korenčiak P., Fiedler P. “DC 12v inverter design, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Communication, Department Of Control and Instrumentation, 2011, Brno University Of Technology
pg 11.

Cook G. F. “DC 12v inverter for maximum Power Applications” February / March 1998, pg 42.

Ashiquzzaman M. , Afroze N., Hossain J. M. , Zobayer U., and Hossain M.M. “Cost Effective 240v
output inverter Using Microcontroller” Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Vol. 2, No.12, Dec. 2011. Pg 2.

Ishtiak A. K., Abid A. S., Navid A. M. , Irin P. S. Saha S. “Design of A 12v dc inverter for a 100WP Solar
PV System” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 11,
November – 2013, pg 1.

Everett M. and Provey J. R.

“Convert Your Home to power energy ”, (Taunton Press, 2010), pg 15-27.