SMA 1218: CALCULUS II

BY
Dr. Emmah Marigi
Mathematics & Physical Science Department
 How to find the asymptotes
g  x
Given a rational function f  x  
h  x
• There will be a horizontal asymptote if the degree of x in the
numerator is less than or equal to the degree in the denominator
otherwise no asymptote.
• A vertical asymptote will be given by h  x   0
• A slant asymptote will occurs if the degree of x in the numerator is
one unit greater than that of the denominator otherwise no asymptote
To find the equation of the asymptotes use long division dividing
to get a quotient ax  b and a reminder r  x 
g  x r  x
• i.e f  x    ax  b 
h  x h  x
• The slant asymptote is given by y  ax  b
Example 1
x2  4
Find all the asymptotes of the curve y 
• For Horizontal asymptote 1  x 2


y 1 x 2
x 2
4
1  y  x 2
 y40
 1 y  0  y  1

• Vertical Asymptote
1 x  0
2
1  x 1  x   0
 x  1 and x  1
• The degree of numerator is not greater than that of the denominator
therefore no slant asymptote
Example 2
x  x 1
3
• Find the asymptotes of the function y 
x2  3
• Power of x in numerator is greater than in the denominator
 no horizontal asymptote
Vertical asymptote
x 3  0
2

 x 3 i.e x   3 and x  3

x  x 1
3
4x 1
y 2  x 2
x 3 x 3
slant asymptote yx
How to find the asymptotes when function given is not rational

Horizontal asymptote (parallel to x-axis)

• Rearrange the equation in the form f  x, y   0 , equate the coefficient
of the highest power of x to zero then solve for y

Vertical asymptote (parallel to y-axis)

• Rearrange the equation in the form f  x, y   0 , equate the coefficient
of the highest power of y to zero then solve for x

• Slant /Oblique asymptote (of the form y=mx+c)

• We substitute y  mx  c in the equation and equate the coefficient
of the highest and the second highest powers of x to zero and solve
for m and c
 Example 1
• all the asymptotes of the curve x  x  2   y 2

x  y  2x  0
2 2

• Horizontal asymptote
2
Coeff of x  1 0  no asymptote

• vertical asymptote
2
Coeff of y  1 0  no asymptote

Slant asymptote x   mx  c   2 x  0
2 2
•.
x   mx  c   2 x  0
2 2

x  m x  2mcx  c  2 x  0
2 2 2 2

1  m  x   2mc  2  x  c
2 2 2
0
1  m2  0
m  1
2mc  2  0
for m  1 c  1 and , for m  1 c 1

 y  x 1 and y  x 1
 Example 2

 
• all the asymptotes of the curve x 2 x 2  1  y 3  x  1

x 4  x 2   x  1 y 3  0
• Horizontal asymptote
4
Coeff of x :  1 0  no asymptote

• vertical asymptote
Coeff of y :
3
x 1  0  x 1

Slant asymptote x  x   x  1 mx  c   0

4 2 3
•. x  x   x  1 mx  c   0
4 2 3


x  x   x  1 m x  3m c x  3mc x  c  0
4 2 3 3 2 2 2 3


x  x  m x  3m c x  3mc x  c x
4 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 3

 m x
3 3
 3m 2 c x 2  3mc 2 x  c 3  0 
  
1  m3 x 4  3m 2 c x 3  1  3mc 2  3m 2c  3mc 2 x  c 3  1 
1 m  0 3
 m 1
3m c  02
c0

 yx
Exercise
Find all the asymptotes of the curve
x 1  y   y x
2 2
 x 1  y   y x  0
2 2

• Horizontal asymptote
Coeff of x :  1 y  0  y  1
2

• vertical asymptote
Coeff of y 2
: x0  x0

Slant asymptote x 1  mx  c    mx  c  x  0
2 2
•.
x 1  mx  c    mx  c  x  0
2 2

 
x 2  m x 3  c x 2  m 2 x 2  2mc x  c 2 x  0
x 2  m x3  c x 2  m x
2 3

 2mc x 2  c 2 x  0

 
m  m 2 x 3  1  c  2mc  x 2  c 2 x  0
m 1  m   0  m0 m 1
1  1  2m  c  0
for m  0 c  1 for m  1 c 1

  y  1 y  x 1
Example 3
1
Sketch the graph of f  x   2
x

For the intercepts

• y-intercept x  0 an impossibility  does not cut y-axis

1
• For x -intercept y  0 0 impossibility  does not cut x-axis
x2

• Turning points 1
y  2  x 2
x
dy 3 2
 2 x  3
dx x
dy 2
at at. pt. 0  3  0 impossibility no st. pt
dx x
Asymptotes
1
y 2  yx 2  1  0
x
• Horizontal
y0

• vertical
x2  0 x  0

• Power of x in numerator is one unit less than that of denominator

So no slant asymptote 1
Also note y should always be positive y  x 2
PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
• Equations may be given using another parameter t in the form
x  f  t  and y  f t 
To find derivative, we differentiate each w.r.t. to t then use a chain

dy dy dt
  d y d  dy 
2
dx dt dx   
2 dx 2
dx  dx 
d y
To find second derivative
dx 2 d  dy  dt
  
We different w.r.t. x dt  dx  dx
Example 1

d2y 3t
• Find given that x  e 2t
, y  e
dx 2
 
2
xe 2t
ye 3t d y d dy
  
dx 2
dx  dx 
dx dy
 2e 2t
 3e 3t d  dy  dt
dt dt   
dt  dx  dx
d  3 5t  1
dy dy dt    e   2t
  dt  2  2e
dx dt dx
15 7 t
3t 1 3 5t  e
 3e  2t   e 4
2e 2
 Example 2
d2y
• Find 2
given that x  cos 2t , y  sin 2t
dx
x  cos 2t y  sin 2t d 2 y d  dy 
  
dx dy dx 2
dx  dx 
 2sin 2t  2 cos 2t d  dy  dt
dt dt   
dt  dx  dx
d 1
dy dy dt    cot 2t  
  dt 2 sin 2t
dx dt dx 1
 2 cos ec 2t
2
1 2 cos 2t 2 sin 2t
 2 cos 2t  
2sin 2t 2sin 2t  co sec3 2t
  cot 2t
Example 3
d2y t t2
• Find given that x  , y
dx 2
1 t 1 t
2
t t
x , y
1 t 1 t
dx        dy       1
2
1 t 1 t 1 1 t 2t t
 
1  t  1  t 
2 2
dt dt
1 t  t 2t  2t 2  t 2
 
1  t  1  t 
2 2

1 2t  t 2
 
1  t  1  t 
2 2
•.
dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx
1 t 
2
2t  t 2
   2t  t 2
1  t 
2
1

d 2 y d  dy  dt
  
dx 2
dt  dx  dx
1 t 
2

  2t  t  
d 2

dt 1
  2  2t 1  t   2 1  t 
2 3
Exercise
d2y
• Find 2
given that
dx

1. x  e 2t , y  et

2. x  t  t 2 , y  t  t 2
Exercise
d2y 2 t
• Find 2
given that xe , ye t
dx

x  e 2t , y  et d 2 y d  dy  dt
  
dx dy dx 2
dt  dx  dx
 2e 2t  et
dt dt d  1 3t  1
  e 
dt  2  2e 2t
dy dy dt
  3 3t 1
dx dt dx  e 
2 2e 2t
et 1 3t
 2 t
 e 3 5t
 e
2e 2 4
Exercise
d2y
• Find 2
given that x  t  t 2
, y  t  t 2

dx
d 2 y d  1  2t  dt
x  t  t2 , y  t  t2   
dx 2
dt  1  2t  dx
dx dy
 1  2t  1  2t d  1  2t  1
dt dt   
dt  1  2t  1  2t

dy dy dt 
1  2t  2  1  2t  2  1

  1  2t 
2
1  2t
dx dt dx
1  2t 4
 
1  2t 1  2t 
3
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
An implicit function in two variables x and y is one curve which
neither variable can be expressed in terms of the other.

To differentiate such an implicit function

dy
• Differentiate it term by term to for an equation in , x and y
dx
dy
• Make subject of the equation
dx

• NB: to differentiate a function in y w.r.t. x

• Use a chain d d dy
f  y  f  y
dx dy dx
• Examples

1)
d 2
dx
 
y 
d 2 dy
dy
y  
dx
 2y
dy
dx

2)
d
dx
 
3y 
4 d
dy
3y 
4 dy

dx
 12 y 3 dy

dx

d d du dv
3) for  xy  we use product rule  uv   v  u
dy dx dx dx
d d d
 xy   y  x   x  y 
dx dx dx
dy
 yx
dx
 Example 1
• Find dy given 2 x  y 2  5
dx
dy
2  2y 0
d
dx
 
d 2
 2 x   y   5
dx
d
dx
dx
dy
2 y  2
dx
 
d 2
y 
d 2 dy
dy
y  
dx dx
dy 1
 2y
dy 
dx dx y
 Example 2
• Find dy given x 2  y 3  y
dx
dy dy
 2x  3y 2

dx
 
d 2
x 
d 3
dx
 
d
y   y
dx
dx dx
d 3
y   
d 3 dy
y   
1 3y 
2 dy

dx
 2x
dx dy dx
dy 2x
 3y 2 dy

dx dx 1  3 y 2
Example 3 dy d2y
Use implicit differentiation to find and 2 given y 2  x 3  2
dx dx
. du dv
v u
   
d 2 d 3 d d u
x   2
dx dx
y   
dx  v 

v2
dx dx dx dy
2 y  6 x  3 x 2
2
dy d  3x 2
2y  3x 2    dx
2 y
2
dx dx  2 y 
dy 3 x 2 2
 12 xy  6 x 
2 3x
dx 2 y 2y

d y d 3x 

2 2 2
4y
  
dx 2
dx  2 y  12 xy 2  9 x 4

4 y3
Exercise
• Use implicit differentiation to find dy given
dx

1) 5 x  y  x
2 3

2) x y  y  x  7
2 3
•. 1) 5 x  y  x
2 3

d
dx
d 2
dx
 
d 3
5x   y  x
dx
 

dy
5 2y  3x 2

dx
dy 5  3 x 2
 
dx 2y
.2) x 2 y  y 3  7

d 2
dx

x y 
dx

d 3 d
 
y  7
dx

dy 4 dy
2x  x 2
 3y 0
dx dx


 x  3y
2 4 dy

dx
 2 x

dy 2x
 2
dx x  3 y 4