ATRIA INSTUTUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ANAND

NAGER BANGALORE-24
Prepared by T.G.Murali M.Sc., M.Phil.B.Ed.(PhD)
(Retd. General Manager Quality pharma Ind. Ltd
and Assistant Professor Chemistry ATRIA)
MODULE 4: Nanomaterials and Display systems VTU
question with answer
1. Write short note size dependent properties of Nano materials given with
example: (6 VTU marks)
(a) Surface area (b) Electrical properties(c) Optical properties
(d) Catalytic properties (e) Thermal properties.
Size dependent properties of nanomaterial’s
Materials in the nanometer scale exhibit physical properties distinctively different
from that of the bulk material
2. Surface area
3. Electrical properties
4. Optical properties
5. Catalytic properties
6. Thermal properties
Surface Area
1. When a bulk material is subdivided into individual nanomaterials, the total
volume remains the same, but the collective surface area is enormously increased.
2. Nanomaterial’s have a large proportion of atoms existing at the surface.
3. Properties like catalytic activity gas adsorption and chemical reactivity depend
on the surface area.
4. Therefore nanomaterial’s can show specific surface related properties that are
not observed in bulk materials.
Example:
Bulk gold is catalytically inactive, but gold nanoparticles are catalytically very
active for selective redox reaction.
Electrical properties
1. Some metals which are good conductor in bulk become semiconductor or
insulator as their size is decreased to nano level.
2. The reason is that the electronic bands in bulk material are continuous due to
overlapping of orbitals of billions of atoms.
3. Nanomaterial’s very few atoms or molecules are present and so the electronic
bonds become separate and separation between different electronic states varies
with the size of nanomaterial

Optical properties
1. The nanomaterial’s of different size can scatter radiation of different
wavelengths.
Example:
Color of few colloidal solutions are due to this scattering effect.
2. Nano particles of metals exhibit unique optical property called as surface
‘Plasmon resonance’.
3. When lights hit the surface of metals particle, electron present on the surface
(Surface plasmon) starts oscillating back and forth in a synchronized way in a
small space and the effect is known as surface plasmon resonance.
4. Depending on the frequency of oscillation resonating electrons capture
radiation of different wavelength.
Catalytic properties
1. The catalytic property of materials depends on particle size.
2. If the size of the particles reduces from bulk to Nano scale, surface to volume
increases drastically, that leads to very high catalytic activity of same material.
Example:
Catalytic properties of gold nanoparticles. Although bulk gold samples are
practically inert, nanometer sized gold particles have been proven to be highly
active for several reactions, including
 Low- temperature oxidation of CO
 Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons.
 The water-gas shift reaction.
 Reduction of nitrogen oxides when dispersed over certain oxides and
carbides.

Thermal properties (Melting point)

1. Melting point is defined as the temperature at which the atoms, ions or
molecules in a substance have enough energy to overcome the intermolecular
forces that hold the them in a fixed position in a solid.
2. As the size of the material decreases to Nano scale, their melting point
decreases. Because surface atoms are in contact with only fewer atoms in
nanomaterial’s and require lesser energy to overcome inter-molecular forces.

2. Explain the Synthesis by Sol-Gel method with neat diagram and its
advantages? VTU 7 marks

Synthesis by Sol-Gel method

Sol-gel method of synthesizing nanomaterial’s is very popular amongst chemists
and is widely employed to prepare oxide nanomaterial.
The sol-gel process can be characterized by a series of distinct steps.
1. Preparation of sol
A stable colloidal solution called sol is prepared. (The sol is a liquid suspension
of solid particles ranging in size from 1nm to 1 micron). It is prepared by
hydrolysis and partial condensation of precursors such as metal alkoxide.
M-O-R + H2O → M-OH + ROH (hydrolysis)
Metal alkoxide
M-O-R + M-OH → MOM + ROH (condensation)
Metal alkoxide

2. Conversion of Sol to Gel

Further condensation of sol into a three-dimensional network produce a gel
material
(The gel is a diphasic material in which the solids encapsulate the solvent)
3. Aging of the Gel
Polycondensation reaction continue until the gel transforms into a solid mass
accompanied by contraction of the gel networks and expulsion of solvent from
gel pores. The aging process of gels can exceed 7 days.
4. Drying of Gel
Water and other volatile liquid are removed from the gel network.
If isolated by thermal evaporation, the resulting monolith is termed a Xerogel. If
the solvent (such as water) is extracted under-critical or near super critical
conditions, the product is an aerogel.
5. Dehydration
To stabilize the gel against any rehydration the surface-bound M-OH groups are
removed by calcining(heating) the monolith at temperature up to 800oC.
The typical steps that are involved in sol-gel processing are shown in the
schematic diagram below.
 Diagram 6: Sol-Gel process
Advantages Sol-gel method
 Low temperature route (below 2000C)
 Uniform particle size distribution
 Can easily shape materials into complex geometries in gel state
 Simple, effective method to produce high quality coatings
3. Explain Co-precipitation method of preparation nanoparticle with example
in details? 7 marks VTU
Introduction:
 Simultaneous occurrence of nucleation growth, coarsening’s and /or
agglomeration.
 Co-precipitation reaction exhibit the following characteristics.
 Insoluble species-high super-saturation
 Nucleation is a key step
 Ostwald ripening and aggregation size, morphology, and properties of
the products.
 Chemical reaction

XAy+(aq) + yBx-(aq)→AxBy(s)
 Anion solution Cation -solution

Nucleation and growth

Allomeration

ppprecipitation

Filtration

Calcination

Typical Co-precipitation method

 Metals-reduction from aqueous solution, electrochemical reduction, and

decomposition of metal organic precursors.
 Oxides-aqueous and non-aqueous solution.
 Metal chalconides-reaction precursors.
 Micro-wave/Sonicated assisted Co-Precipitation.

Advantages and disadvantages of Co-precipitation method.

 Simple and rapid preparation
 Easy control of particle size and composition
 Various possibilities to modify the particle surface state and all
homogeneity.
  Low- temperature
 Energy efficient
 Do not involve use of organic solvent.

Disadvantages
 Not applicable to unchanged species.
 Trace impurities may also get precipitated with product.
 Time consuming.
 Batch to batch reproducibility problem.
 This method does not work well if the reactants have very different
precipitation rates.

Synthesis of the magnetite nanoparticles (Co-precipitation method)

Material required
 Materials Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (AR grade,) and ferric chloride
anhydrous (AR grade,) were used as the precursors.
 Ammonium hydroxide 25 wt. % NH3 in water (AR grade,) was used as
the precipitating agent.
 Oleic acid (AR grade,) and hexanoic acid (AR grade,) were used as the
coating agents.
 Ethanol (AR grade) was used to remove the excessive coating agent. All
of the materials were used without further purification.
 Water was deionized prior to use.
Synthesis of the magnetite nanoparticles
(a) The magnetite nanoparticles were prepared via the chemical co-
precipitation method by the following 1.5 g of FeCl2·4H2O and 3.0 g of
FeCl3, with the molar ratio of ferric ion to ferrous ion in the solution of
2.45, were dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water under a nitrogen gas
flow with vigorous stirring at various temperatures (0–90 ◦C).
(b) A 10 ml of 25 wt% NH4OH (excess base concentration) and various
concentrations of the coating agents (oleic acid or hexanoic acid at
concentrations between 0.2 and 1.0%, v/v) were added to the solution,
then the solution color changed from orange to black rapidly.
(c) The coated magnetite nanoparticles were filtered and thoroughly
washed with deionized water to remove chloride ions and then washed
with ethanol several times to remove excess coating agent, and finally
dried in a vacuum at 80 ◦C for 24 h.

The bare magnetite nanoparticles were prepared by the same procedure

except without the coating agent and ethanol.
4. Define Nano- fibre? Explain four properties and four applications of Nano-
fibre? VTU 6 marks

Definition Nano fibres

Nanofibers are defined as fibers with diameters less than 100 nm. In the fabric
industry, this classification is often extended to include fibers as large as 1,000
nm diameter, which referred to microfibers.
Nanofibers properties
 Nanofibers have excellent mechanical properties.
 They have satisfactory biodegradability along with nontoxic
biodegradability.
 Nanofibers provide higher surface area, when used as Nano fillers reduce
the chain mobility.
 These can carry load, increase toughness, and abrasion resistance.
 Carbon nanofibers, polymer nanofibers, graphite nanofibers, collagen
nanofibers, cellulose nanofibers, etc.,
 Nanofibers are used in making different textile materials with desired
characteristics.
 Nanofibers have attracted a great deal of attention due to their
remarkable properties.
  Compared to conventional fibrous structures, Nano fibers are lightweight
with small diameters, controllable pore structures and high surface-to-
volume ratio, making them ideal for use in applications as varied as
filtration, sensors, protective clothing, tissue engineering, functional
materials and energy storage.
 However, the development of new composite nanofibers holds even
greater potential and investigation of new polymer composite nanofibers
aimed at further developing their multifunctional possibilities and
enhancing both their physical and chemical properties has gained
extensive interest.
Applications of nanofibers
 CNFs are very suitable for electrical and thermal conductivity applications
due to their high degree of crystalline orientation.
 The various CNF-based composites as gas sensors to detect H2S, NH3,
NO2, and explosive gases (CO, CH4, H2, and ethanol) at low ppm
concentrations.
 They proved that this fiber mat has better drug delivery properties with
excellent clearance of undelivered fibers with hemocompatibility and low
toxicity post intravenous administration.
 CNFs have unique characteristics such as high electronic conductivity,
high surface area, easy functionalization, and insignificant toxicity among
all CNM, including CNTs, and are extensively used in various end
applications including agriculture
 The important application examples reviewed include carbon and
polymer nanofibers in structural carbon fiber reinforced
polymer (CFRP) matrix composites, polymer nanofiber-reinforced
nanocomposites for medical use and modification of thermosetting
polymer by polymer/CNF composite nanofibers.

5. Define Nanophotonics? Explain four properties and four applications of

Nanophotonics? VTU 6 marks

Definition Nanophotonics or nano-optics

Definition:
Nanophotonics or nano-optics is a part of nanotechnology that investigates the
behaviour of light on nanometre scales as well as interactions of nanometre-
sized objects with light.
 Nanophotonics or nano-optics is a part of nanotechnology that
investigates the behavior of light on nanometer scales as well as
interactions of nanometer-sized objects with light. Nanophotonics is also
 considered a branch of electrical engineering, optics, and optical
engineering—as well as being a branch of nanotechnology

Nanophotonics properties

 In nanophotonics, material is structured at the nanoscale in order

to create new optical properties for a large variety of applications.
Prominent examples of commercial nanophotonic devices are diffractive
optical elements (DOEs) (including Fresnel lenses and blazed gratings)
or distributed feedback lasers (DFB).
 photonic crystals,
 photonic metamaterials, and
 plasmonic elements.
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 In photonic crystals, periodic optical nanostructures result in photonic
bandgaps equivalent to electronic bandgaps in crystalline material.
The resulting optical properties, where certain optical waves are not
propagating, are used in applications including optoelectronic devices.

 Some vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), for

example, use metasurfaces in the form of sub-wavelength gratings on the
laser emission window.

 The top surfacegratings develop birefringence effects, which, as a

consequence, lead to laser mode selection in VCSELs for certain modes
with specific light polarizations.

 The active zone design, the distributed Bragg reflector, and the top
grating structure in modern VCSELs together form a complex nanoscale
laser system, which needs to be built with the highest precision.

 A further exciting,andquicklexpanding, arein nanophotonics where signifi

cant research activity is taking place is the field
of plasmonics. Plasmonics deals with surface plasmon resonance (SPR),
where light interacts with dielectric/metal interfaces.
 It has a wide range of applications in areas such as biosensorics, optical
data transfer, or even innovative photovoltaic cells.
 Plasmonic structures could be as simple as metallic nanoparticles, or as
complex as structured nm shapes with well–controlled critical
dimensions.
  Non-classical plasmonic light propagation in combination with advanced
nm–scale device structuring capabilities provided, for example, by
electron beam lithography (EBL) offers great opportunities to design
innovative devices for various applications.

Application of Nanophotonics
 Researchers have investigated a variety of nanophotonic techniques to
intensify light in the optimal locations within a solar cell.

 Nanophotonics has also been implicated in aiding the controlled and on-
demand release of anti-cancer therapeutics like adriamycin from
nanoporous optical antennas to target triple-negative breast cancer and
mitigate exocytosis anti-cancer drug resistance mechanisms and
therefore circumvent toxicity to normal systemic tissues and cells.
 It also allows sensitive spectroscopy measurements of even single
molecules located in the hot-spot, unlike traditional spectroscopy
methods which take an average over millions or billions of molecules.
 Nanophotonics in the form of subwavelength near-field optical
structures, either separate from the recording media, or integrated into
the recording media, were used to achieve optical recording densities
much higher than the diffraction limit allows
 The band-gap engineered titanium dioxide is used as a photoanode in
efficient photolytic and photo-electro-chemical production of hydrogen
fuel from sunlight and water.
 Silicon photonics is a silicon-based subfield of nanophotonics in which
nano-scale structures of the optoelectronic devices realized on silicon
substrates and that are capable to control both light and electrons
6. Define Nano sensor and working principle? Explain four properties and four
applications of Nano sensors? VTU 7 marks
Nanosensors
Definition
“Nano sensors are chemical or mechanical sensors that can be used to detect the
presence of chemical species and nanoparticles, or monitor physical parameters
such as temperature, on the Nano scale”
Nano sensors being nanometre in scale have the ability to detect the minute
particles.
Working principle of Nano sensors

 Nano sensors possess the capability to measure to the point of single-

molecule level.

 The components of Nano sensors include an analyte, sensor, transducer

(a device which converts one form of energy to another) and detector.

 Normally Nano sensors work by tracking the electrical changes in the

sensor materials.

 The analyte diffuses from the solution to the surface of the sensor and
reacts specifically and efficiently, this changes the physicochemical
properties of the transducer surface, which leads to a change in the
optical or electronic properties of the surface of transducer, this change
is converted into electrical signal which is detected. This is shown below

Properties of Nano-sensor
 Optical Nano sensors measures change in light intensity;
 Electrochemical Nano sensors measures change in electric distribution;
 Piezoelectric Nano sensors measures change in mass;
 Calorimetric Nano sensors measures change in heat.

Application nanosensors
 In medical diagnostics and understanding neurophysiology;
 In pollution monitoring to detect various chemicals;
 To monitor temperature, humidity, displacement, etc.;
 To monitor plant signaling and metabolism to understand plant
biology.
 To detect various chemicals in gases for pollution monitoring
 For medical diagnostic purposes either as blood borne sensors or
in lab-on-a-chip type devices
 To monitor physical parameters such as temperature,
displacement and flow
 To monitor plant signaling and metabolism to understand plant
biology
 To study neurotransmitters in brain for understanding
neurophysiology.
7. Explain types of Nano sensors and its application with example? 6marks

Types of nanosensors

1.Plasmonic nanosensors

 Gold, silver, and platinum nanoparticles are extremely strong absorbers

and scatters of light and are termed as plasmonic nanoparticles.

 These are used in colour changing sensors, surface-enhanced

spectroscopy, and labelling. The optical responses of these plasmonic
nanoparticles can be tuned from ultraviolet to near-infrared regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum, by changing their size, shape, and
composition.

 Plasmonic nanoparticle-based optical biosensors, called

plasmonic nanosensors, are mainly used to monitor molecular binding
events.

2.Electrochemical nanosensors

 In these types of nanosensors the signals are detected at the electrode or

a dynamic or static solution interface.

 This interface involves redox process and this is followed by electron

transfer in the voltammetric nanosensors.

3.Carbon-based electrochemical nanosensors

 The manifold properties of carbon nanoparticles make them a suitable

material for making electrochemical sensors.

 Carbon-based electrochemical nanosensors are based on different types

of carbon nanomaterials like carbon dots, carbon nanofibers,
carbon nanotubes, graphene, Nano diamonds, etc.
4.Piezoelectric nanosensors
 Piezoelectric nanosensors measure change in mass.
 When the substance is exposed to light or crystal (quartz) which vibrates
under the influence of an electric field, these piezoelectric nanosensors
detect the specific angle at which the electron waves are emitted.
  It translates a mass change from a chemical adsorption event to electrical
signal. The change in frequency is proportional to the mass of absorbed
material.
5. Aptasensors
 Single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that bind target molecules with
high affinity and specificity are aptamers.

7. Explain classification, properties and application in Liquid Crystal Displays

(LCD’s) technique? VTU 7 marks

Introduction Liquid crystals

 Liquid Crystals (LCs) are composed of moderate size organic molecules
having properties between solids and liquids.
 These strange-form of matter generated much curiosity in previous
century which resulted into a flourishing industry.
 The LCs in which phase transitions occur due to change in temperature
are called thermotropic liquid crystals. It is these LCs which are mostly
used in photonic applications.
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid
crystals in its primary form of operation.
 LEDs have a large and varying set of use cases for consumers and
businesses, as they can be commonly found in smartphones, televisions,
computer monitors and instrument panels.

How LCDs work

 A display is made up of millions of pixels. The quality of a display
commonly refers to the number of pixels; for example, a 4K display is
made up of 3840 x2160 or 4096x2160 pixels.

 A pixel is made up of three subpixels; a red, blue and green—commonly

called RGB. When the subpixels in a pixel change colour combinations, a
different colour can be produced.

 With all the pixels on a display working together, the display can make
millions of different colours. When the pixels are rapidly switched on and
off, a picture is created.
  The way a pixel is controlled is different in each type of display; CRT, LED,
LCD and newer types of displays all control pixels differently. In short,
LCDs are lit by a backlight, and pixels are switched on and off
electronically while using liquid crystals to rotate polarized light.

 A polarizing glass filter is placed in front and behind all the pixels, the
front filter is placed at 90 degrees. In between both filters are the liquid
crystals, which can be electronically switched on and off.

 LCDs are made with either a passive matrix or an active matrix display
grid. The active matrix LCD is also known as a thin film transistor (TFT)
display.

 The passive matrix LCD has a grid of conductors with pixels located at
each intersection in the grid.

 A current is sent across two conductors on the grid to control the light for
any pixel.

 An active matrix has a transistor located at each pixel intersection,

requiring less current to control the luminance of a pixel. For this reason,
the current in an active matrix display can be switched on and off more
frequently, improving the screen refresh time.

Classification of LCDs
 Twisted Nematic (TN)- which are inexpensive while having high response
times. However, TN displays have low contrast ratios, viewing angles and
colour contrasts.
 In Panel Switching displays (IPS Panels)- which boast much better contrast
ratios, viewing angles and color contrast when compared to TN LCDs.
 Vertical Alignment Panels (VA Panels)- which are seen as a medium quality
between TN and IPS displays.
 Advanced Fringe Field Switching (AFFS)- which is a top performer compared
IPS displays in color reproduction range.
Liquid Crystalline materials used in LCD display
 A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically
modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of
liquid crystalline compounds.
 Liquid crystalline compounds do not emit any kind of light directly, but by
using a backlight or reflector to produce images in colour or
monochrome1.
 LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose
computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can
be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-segment
displays, as in a digital clock.
 They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made
up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger
elements.

The display setup of LCD screen made by liquid crystalline materials.

 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) consist of liquid crystals that are activated by
electric current.
 They are used most frequently to display one or more lines of alpha-
numeric information in a variety of devices: fax machines, laptop computer
 screens, answering machine call counters, scientific instruments, portable
compact disc players, clocks, and so forth.
 The most expensive and advanced type active matrix displays are even
being used as screens for handheld colour TVs.
 Eventually; they may be widely used for large screen, high-definition
Thermotropic LCs are mainly divided into three categories SmA, SmC,
Nematic and Cholesteric phase in which nematic mesophase are mostly
used in LCD display.

Various types of thermotropic liquid crystals.

 Most LCDs today also use a source of light coming from the rear of the
display (backlight), such as a fluorescent light, to make the liquid crystal
appear darker against the screen when in its cloudy phase.
 LCD makers also use sheets of polarizer material to enhance this effect.
 The texture pattern of smectic phase is generally appeared in broken fan
type and nematic phase appeared schlieren and threaded type texture
pattern having good mobility.
 Currently, the room temperature liquid crystalline material is mostly used
in liquid crystalline display as compare to other liquid crystalline derivatives
respectively.
 Properties of LCD
 It is thin and compact
 Low power consumption
 Less heat is emitted during operation
 Low cost
Disadvantages:

 Speed of operation is low

 Lifespan is less
 Restricted viewing angles
Applications:

 Used in digital wrist watch

 Display images in digital cameras
 Used in numerical counters
 Display screen in calculators
 Mainly used in television
 Used in mobile screens
 Used in video players
 Used in image sensing circuits
 8. Explain Properties and application in Organic light emitting diodes (OLED’s)
in details? VTU 7 marks

How does an OLED work?

 OLEDs work in a similar way to conventional diodes and LEDs, but instead
of using layers of n-type and p-type semiconductors, they use organic
molecules to produce their electrons and holes.
 A simple OLED is made up of six different layers. On the top and bottom
there are layers of protective glass or plastic.
 The top layer is called the seal and the bottom layer the substrate. In
between those layers, there's a negative terminal (sometimes called the
cathode) and a positive terminal (called the anode).
 Finally, in between the anode and cathode are two layers made from
organic molecules called the emissive layer (where the light is produced,
which is next to the cathode) and the conductive layer (next to the
anode).
Artwork: The arrangement of layers in a simple OLED.

Working principle OLED

1. To make an OLED light up, we simply attach a voltage (potential

difference) across the anode and cathode.
2. As the electricity starts to flow, the cathode receives electrons from the
power source and the anode loses them (or it "receives holes," if you
prefer to look at it that way).
3. Now we have a situation where the added electrons are making the
emissive layer negatively charged (similar to the n-type layer in a junction
diode), while the conductive layer is becoming positively charged (similar
to p-type material).
 4. Positive holes are much more mobile than negative electrons so they
jump across the boundary from the conductive layer to the emissive
layer. When a hole (a lack of electron) meets an electron, the two things
cancel out and release a brief burst of energy in the form of a particle of
light—a photon, in other words. This process is called recombination, and
because it's happening many times a second the OLED produces
continuous light for as long as the current keeps flowing.

Application of OLED
 Broadly speaking, you can use OLED displays wherever you can use LCDs,
in such things as TV and computer screens and MP3 and cell phone
displays.
 Their thinness, greater brightness, and better colour reproduction
suggests they'll find many other exciting applications in future.
 Apple, originally dominant in the smartphone market, has lagged badly
behind in OLED technology until quite recently.
 In 2015, after months of rumors, the hotly anticipated Apple Watch was
released with an OLED display.
 Since it was bonded to high-strength glass, Apple was presumably less
interested in the fact that OLEDs are flexible than that they're thinner
(allowing room for other components) and consume less power than
LCDs, offering significantly longer battery life.
 In 2017, the iPhone X became the first Apple smartphone with an OLED
display.

OLED displays have many outstanding properties:

 Lambertian emitters
 Power consumption
 Response time
 Thinner and lighter displays
 Wide viewing angle
 Very saturated, vivid colours.
 Deepest black, highest contrast ratio.
 a wide viewing angle (180°)
 Low power consumption.
 Extremely thin form factor, flexible.
 Response time in microseconds for very crisp motion picture quality and 3D
applications.
Application of OLED
OLEDs Application
 To create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer
monitors, and portable systems such as smartphones and handheld game
consoles.
 A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use
in solid-state lighting applications.
9. Explain Quantum Light emitting diodes (QLED’s) four properties and
applications in details? VTU 7 marks

Introduction:
 Over the past decade, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been
successfully launched in the display industry, dominating the flat panel
display (FPD) market owing to the advantages of self-emissive devices
including both performance and form factor metrics, such as high
contrast ratio (CR) and substrate flexibility.
 However, despite the successful industrialisation of OLEDs, the demand
for higher colour saturation and higher electrical stability has emerged
for next-generation displays.
 Quantum dots (QDs) are promising materials for the emissive
component of self-emissive light-emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their high
colour saturation in a narrow wavelength range, easy colour tunability by
control of their size and prominent stability.
 Particularly, electroluminescence (EL)-based quantum dot light-emitting
diodes (QD-LEDs) driven by an electric field also have a flexible form
factor and superior CR because they are self-emissive devices such as
OLEDs.
 Moreover, since EL-based QD-LEDs utilize the ultimate material
properties of inorganic QDs, a high colour gamut with high colour
tunability and electrical stability are expected.
 Therefore, QD-LED technology is getting increasingly attractive as new
device technology for next-generation smart displays.

Synthesis of QD materials

 A colloidal QD is composed of three parts, as shown in below Fig.

: It consists (i) a core Nano crystal, (ii) a shell layer and (iii) a surface-binding
ligand.

 The core nanocrystal generates light through the radiative recombination

of an exciton, which is an electron–hole pair (EHP), confined in the core
region.
 The wavelength of the emissive light is determined by the optical band
gap, which is directly modified by the composition and the size of the
core nanocrystals.
 To obtain the desired colour and high colour purity, control of the size
and uniformity of the core nanocrystal is the key factor during the
synthesis of QDs.
 As core nanocrystal materials, cadmium selenide (CdSe), indium
phosphide (InP) and zinc telluride selenide (ZnTeSe) are commonly used.
 In contrast to the core nanocrystal, the shell layer gives a quantum
confinement effect by surrounding the core.
 The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the shell is higher,
and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the shell is lower
than that of the core, forming a quantum well to confine the exciton.
within the core nanocrystal.

QLED properties given below

QLED TVs use Quantum dots which are
 Inorganic, durable, and stable and allow for excellent colour and
brightness.
 Meanwhile OLED TVs use a controversial organic material that leaves them
susceptible to image retention.
 Wide viewing angle
 Very saturated, vivid colours.
 Deepest black, highest contrast ratio.
Application QLED
 QDs are the reliable solutions for
 flat-panel TV screens,
 digital cameras,
 mobile phones, and
 personal gaming equipment’s because QDs could assist large, flexible
displays and would not deteriorate as easily as OLEDs
 According to the synthetic method, the QDs can be categorized into
epitaxial and colloidal QDs.

10. Explain Perovskite materials, properties and applications in optoelectronic

devices? VTU 6 marks
 Perovskite materials have emerged as the most promising and efficient
low-cost energy materials for various optoelectronic and photonic device
applications.
 The discovery of calcium titanate (CaTiO3) in 1839 by a Russian
mineralogist Perovski was considered to be the origin of perovskite, and
materials with the same type of crystal structure as that of CaTiO3 were
known as the perovskite materials (structure).
 The general chemical formula used to describe the perovskite materials
is ABX3, where A and B are cations with A larger than that of B and X is
the anion usually oxides or halogens.

Properties of Perovskite materials

 The unique physical properties of perovskite materials such as

 high-absorption coefficient,
 long-range ambipolar charge transport,
 low exciton-binding energy,
  high dielectric constant,
 Ferroelectric properties, etc. have gained a huge interest in these
materials for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications.

Types of perovskite material

 The different classes of perovskite materials, such as chalcogenide
perovskite (AMO3) and halide perovskite (ABX3) that is again
classified as alkali halide and organometal halide, were widely
studied.
 The superior ferroelectric and superconducting properties of
oxide-based perovskites were extensively studied for various
applications.
 In the case of metal halide perovskites, mainly cesium lead halide
(CsPbX3) and methylammonium lead halide (CH3NH3PbX3)
perovskites are the most popular ones.
 Halide perovskite structure was first observed in CsPbX3 in 1958.
Studies on methylammonium-based perovskites were started in
the 1970s, and these materials attracted huge attention due to
their improved optical and electrical properties.
 Owing to the strong excitonic properties of layered perovskite
materials (organic–inorganic lead halides), these materials were
studied for thin-film light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and field effect
transistor (FET) applications.
 The first breakthrough in methylammonium halide (MAX3)
perovskites occurred with their use as light-absorbing materials in
the photovoltaic device.
 The high-absorption coefficient, long diffusion length, superior
charge-transport properties, low nonradiative emission, and
solution processability make them suitable materials for
photovoltaic applications.

Application of perovskite materials

 Perovskite materials are also widely used in LEDs ,photodetectors,

nanolasers, and waveguides.
 In perovskite thin film based optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices, the
quality of the perovskite film (morphology, grain size, uniformity,
 coverage, etc.) plays a significant role in determining the device
performance.
 Recently increased interest has been grown in the development of the
low-dimensional (LD) perovskite materials and in exploring their
properties for the photonic and optoelectronic device applications.
 Unique features of the LD perovskite materials mainly their tunable
optical and electrical properties due to the quantum-sized effects and
their mechanical flexibility are attaining increased attention in the
semiconductor materials and optoelectronic devices.
 Different morphologies of LD perovskites developed are perovskite
quantum dots (QDs; zero-dimensional).
perovskite nanorods or nanowires (NWs; one dimensional), and
perovskite nanoplatelets and nanosheets (two dimensional).
 The advantages of reducing the dimensionality of the bulk perovskite
materials are prominent on the optoelectronic properties of LD
perovskites.
 These properties of LD perovskites have already been used widely in
LEDs, photovoltaics, photodetectors, and lasing applications.