SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 1

SUBJECT TEACHER: MS. JESSICA SANTOS

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Module 2 – Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Subject Matter:
I. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
a. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
b. Atomic Structure
c. Subatomic Particles (protons, electrons, neutrons)
d. Chemical Formulas
e. Naming Compounds

Objectives:
1. Investigate the law of conservation of mass
2. Explain the contributions of Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford in the development of the
atomic theory
3. Write isotopic symbols

References:
1. Teaching Guide for Senior High School – General Chemistry 1 – CHED, 2016
2. Chemistry: The Central Science 13th ed. Brown, T.L., et al. Pearson Education, Inc., 2015
3. Chemistry 10th ed. Chang, Raymond. McGraw-Hill, 2010
4. General Chemistry: K-12 Compliant Worktext for Senior High School. Tabujara, G.Jr., JFS
Publishing Services, 2016.

MODULE 2 – ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

What is an atom?

- 400 B.C. Greeks proposed that all matter was composed of four fundamental substances:
earth, wind, water, and fire.
- Democritus believe that all matter is made of very small particles.
- He called these particles atoms (Greek atomos, meaning not to cut)
- Atoms are basic units of matter.

What are the Fundamental Chemical Laws?

1. Law of Conservation of Energy (Antoine Lavoisier, 1743-1794)

- Mass is neither created nor destroyed
- He also discovered that life was supported by a process that also involved oxygen similar
to combustion.
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2. Law of Definite Proportions (Joseph Proust, 1754-1826)

- A given compound always contain the same proportion of elements by mass.
- He found that substance copper carbonate is always 5.3 parts copper to 4 parts of oxygen
to 1 part of carbon (by mass).

3. Law of Multiple Proportions (John Dalton, 1766-1844)

- When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of masses of the second
element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small
whole number.

What is the Atomic Theory of Dalton?

- Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

- The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different
in some fundamental way or ways.
- Chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine with each other. A given
compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.
- Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms – changes in the way they are
bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction.
- This theory has undergone several changes in recent years. It was now proven there are
same errors in the original theory.

These changes are due to the:

1. Discovery of isotopes. Isotopes are elements with the same atomic number but
different atomic mass.
2. Discovery of nuclear disintegration of nuclear substances like uranium and radium.
3. Discovery of subatomic particles.

How to Write Isotopic Symbols

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What are the Subatomic particles?

Parts of an Atom
Subatomic Particles Mass Units (AMU) Charge Location
Proton 1.0073 +1 Nucleus
Neutron 1.0087 0 Nucleus
Electron 0.0005 -1 Orbital

Electron
- First subatomic particles to be discovered
- The works of J. Plucker, H. Davy, M. Faraday, G.J. Starney helped in the discovery of this
subatomic particles
- Its discovery was credited by J.J. Thomson

Proton
- In 1886, Eugen Goldstein discovered canal rays (also known as anode rays) and showed
that they were positively charged particles (ions) produced from gasses.

Neutron
- The neutron was discovered in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick
- In 1942, a group of American researchers, under the leadership of the physicist Enrico
Fermi, demonstrated that enough free neutrons

How the Atomic Model was Developed

1. J.J. Thompson’s Atomic Model

a. He suggested an atomic model composed of a

sphere of positive particles with embedded
electrons
b. This model can be compared with the raisins
around the loaf of bread (Plum-pudding Model)
c. This was rejected in 1911 as the result of Gold Foil Experiment
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2. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

a. He published the result in 1911 on his experiment in

which alpha particles were used to detect the
structure of the atom.
b. A gold foil was bombarded with alpha, and it was
observed that majority of the alpha particles were
able to pass through the foil while very few are
deflected.
c. He formulated the following conclusions:
- The atom consists of largely space
- The atom has a very small region which later named nucleus
- The nucleus is positively charged

3. Bohr’s Atomic Model

- In 1912, Niel Bohr proposed another atomic model which

is like miniature solar system.
- This model shows that electrons are moving in definite
energy levels.
- He also explained that electrons in the energy level are
characterizes by a definite amount of energy.
- According to him that when electrons absorb energy, they
jump from lower to higher energy level and in doing so, they emit energy in the form of
light of distinct color.

What are the Common Isotopes and its uses?

- Smoke Detectors and Americium – 241

- Archaeological Dating by C-14
- U-238 is used for dating rocks
- Vitamin B12 can be tagged with a radioisotope of cobalt to study the absorption of the
vitamin from the gastrointestinal tract
- Compounds tagged with Fe-59 and Fe-55 are used to study the absorption of iron
- Glucose tagged with carbon-11 (half-life, 20.3 minutes, and positron decay mode)
circulates through body, and the positrons emitted in the heart, brain, or some other
organs are monitored by a PET detector
- Sodium chloride containing sodium-24 can be injected into the bloodstream to study
blood circulation
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- A thallium-201 compound injected into the bloodstream will concentrate in normal heart
muscle but will not remain in damaged tissue
- Technetium-99m is used for locating brain tumors and damaged heart cells
- Radium-226 and cobalt-60 are used in cancer therapy

What is an Atomic Number and Mass Number

Atomic Number (Z)

- The number of positive particles in the nucleus
- Since the proton is positively charged and located in the nucleus, the atomic number is
equal to the number of the proton
- Atomic number (Z) = number of protons 𝒁 = #𝒑!
- In an ordinary condition, an atom is electrically neutral, meaning neither positive nor
negative, therefore: number of electron = number of proton 𝒆" = 𝒑!

Mass Number (A)

- Is the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom
- Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons 𝑨 = #𝒑! + #𝒏𝒐
-

Try Me!

Instructions: Complete the table below.

Number of Number of
Atomic Mass Number of
Element electrons neutrons
Number (Z) Number (A) protons (𝒑! )
(𝒆" ) (𝒏𝟎 )

B 5 11 1. 2. 3.

Na 4. 23 11 5. 6.

Zn 7. 8. 30 9. 35

P 10. 11. 12. 13. 16

K 19 14. 15. 15 20
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What is the Difference Between an Atom, Molecules, and Ions?

- Atoms are the smallest individual particle (barring subatomic particles), such as Al, B, C,
etc. (various elemental atoms)
- Molecules would be combinations of the atoms, such as 𝐻% 𝑂, 𝐶𝑂%
- Ions are charged particles, such as nitrate ion 𝑁𝑂&"'

How to Write Chemical Formula?

a. Determine the charge on an ion. For the representative elements, the charge of the ion
is related to the column or group that the element is.
b. Group IA elements have only one valence electron, so when they lose that electron, they
will have a +1 charge.
c. Group IIA elements have two valence electrons. When they lose their two valence
electrons, they will have a +2 charge.
d. Group IIIA elements have three valence electrons. They lose their three valence electrons
to form +3 ions.
e. Group IVA elements are somewhat of an exception to the trend. Tin (Sn) and lead (Pb)
can lose multiple electrons to form differently charged ions. Carbon, silicon, and
germanium rarely form ions.
f. Group VA elements have five valence electrons. Instead of losing these five electrons,
Group VA elements will gain three electrons to have a -3 charge.
g. Group VIA elements have six valence electrons and gain two electrons to have a -2 charge.
h. Group VIIA elements have seven electrons in their outer shell. These elements gain one
electron to have a -1 charge.
i. Transition metals are elements that live in groups IB to XB. These metals can lose different
numbers of electrons and can take multiple ionic forms. The names of transition metal
ions contain Roman numerals to indicate the ions’ charge.
!%
For example, lead (II) nitrate contains a lead ion: 𝑃𝑏 !% . Vanadium (IV) oxide contains a !(

vanadium ion: 𝑉 !( .

The following procedures may be followed in writing the formula of a compound:

The symbol of the element or the radical with positive valence is written first followed by the
symbol of the ion or radical of negative valence.
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1. Criss-cross method

- The valence number of the positive ion becomes the subscript of the negative atom. If
the subscript is one, it is not written. If the subscript of the radical is more than 1, the
radical is enclosed in the parenthesis, and the subscript is written outside the parenthesis.

Example:

a. Potassium bromide: 𝐾 ! 𝐵𝑟 " = 𝐾𝐵𝑟

b. Barium chloride: 𝐵𝑎!% 𝐶𝑙 " = 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙%
c. Aluminum hydroxide: 𝐴𝑙 !& 𝑂𝐻" = 𝐴𝑙 (𝑂𝐻)&

2. If the valence of the positive ion or radical is numerically equal to the valence of the
negative ion or radical, the valence is canceled.

Example:

a. Magnesium oxide: 𝑀𝑔!% 𝑂"% = 𝑀𝑔!% 𝑂"% = 𝑀𝑔𝑂

b. Calcium carbonate: 𝐶𝑎!% 𝐶𝑂&"% = 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂&

3. All the subscripts must be reduced to the lowest ratio.

Example:

a. Copper silicate: 𝐶𝑢!% 𝑆𝑖𝑂("( = 𝐶𝑢% 𝑆𝑖𝑂(

Think and Try 1!

A. Complete the table below by writing the formula based on the ions/radicals given:

𝑪𝒍"𝟏 𝑪𝑶"𝟐
𝟑 𝑷𝑶"𝟑
𝟒

𝑴𝒈!𝟐 1. 2. 3.

𝑨𝒍!𝟑 4. 5. 6.

𝑵𝑯!𝟏
𝟒 7. 8. 9.
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B. Write the formula of the following compounds:

Compound Name Compound Formula

1. Silver Iodide
2. Calcium Nitrate
3. Ammonium Sulfate
4. Aluminum Arsenate
5. Barium Silicate

What are the Rules of Naming Compounds

I. Ionic Compounds

Binary Compounds of Metals and Nonmetals

- In naming binary compounds containing metal and nonmetal, the name of the metal is
written first followed by the name of the nonmetal ending in ide

Example:

a. KCl – potassium chloride

b. CaO – calcium oxide

- The binary compound contains metal of variable valence, two methods of naming
compound may be employed: Traditional and Stock Method

1. In the Traditional Method, the traditional name of the metal is ous if the lower oxidation
number is referred, the ic if referring to higher oxidation number followed by name of the
nonmetal ending ide

Example:

a. 𝐹𝑒𝑂 = Ferrous Oxide (the oxidation number of Fe is +2)

b. 𝐹𝑒% 𝑂& = Ferric Oxide (the oxidation number of Fe is +3)

2. In the Stock Method, the English name of the metal is used followed by the oxidation
state written in Roman Numeral (enclosed in parenthesis) then the name of the non-
metal ending in ide
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Example:

a. 𝐹𝑒𝑂 = Iron (II) oxide

b. 𝐹𝑒% 𝑂& = Iron (III) oxide

3. If the compound is composed of more than two decimals (or ternary compounds), the
name of the positive ion is written first then followed by the name of the negative ion
which is ends in ite or ate. The -ite is used when the middle ion is in its lower oxidation
number and -ate is used when the middle ion is in its higher oxidation number.

Example:

a. 𝑁𝑎% 𝑆𝑂( – Sodium Sulfate (S = +6)

b. 𝑁𝑎% 𝑆𝑂& – Sodium Sulfite (S = +4)
c. 𝐾𝑁𝑂& – Potassium Nitrate (N = +5)
d. 𝐾𝑁𝑂% – Potassium Nitrite (N = +3)

Think and Try 2!

Name the following compounds (Traditional and Stock Method)

Traditional Method Stock Method

1. 𝑭𝒆 (𝑶𝑯)𝟑 1. 2.
2. 𝑯𝒈𝑰𝟐 3. 4.
3. 𝑪𝒖𝑪𝒍𝟐 5. 6.
4. 𝑷𝒃𝑶𝟐 7. 8.
5. 𝑺𝒏(𝑵𝑶𝟑 )𝟐 9. 10.

II. Covalent Compound

- For covalent compound containing two nonmetals, the name of the positive ion written
first followed by the name of the negative ion ending in ide
- If no subscript in each ion this means it is 1
- For the first ion no prefix is required but the second ion a prefix is always necessary
- In cases that the positive ion contained more than 1, prefix is used to denote the number
of positive ions
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Commonly used prefixes:

Mono 1 Hexa 6
Di 2 Hepta 7
Tri 3 Octa 8
Tetra 4 Nona 9
Penta 5 Deca 10

Examples:

a. 𝐶𝑂 – Carbon Monoxide
b. 𝐶𝑂% – Carbon Dioxide
c. 𝑃% 𝑂- – Diphosphorus Pentoxide
d. 𝑁. 𝑂( – Hexanitrogen Tetroxide

Think and Try 3!

Name the following covalent compounds

Name of Covalent Compounds

1. 𝑵𝟐 𝑶𝟓
2. 𝑺𝑶𝟑
3. 𝑪𝑪𝒍𝟒
4. 𝑺𝑪𝒍𝟔
5. 𝑷𝟐 𝑶𝟏𝟎

III. Acids

Binary Acids

- The word hydro is written first followed by the name of the negative ion which ends with
ic and then adds the word acid

Example:

1. HCl – Hydrochloric acid

2. HF – hydrofluoric acid
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IV. Oxy or Ternary Acids

- The name of the radicals which end in ate is changed to ic and the word acid is added
- The name of the radicals which end in ite is changed to ous and the word acid is added

Example:

a. 𝐻𝑁𝑂% – Nitrous Acid

b. 𝐻% 𝑆𝑂( – Sulfuric Acid

CONGRATULATIONS!! J
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Activity #1 – Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

I. Complete the table below:

𝑪𝑶𝟑 "𝟐 𝑪𝒍"𝟏 𝑺𝑶𝟒 "𝟐 𝑷𝑶𝟒 "𝟑

𝑨𝒍!𝟑 1. 2. 3. 4.
𝑵𝑯𝟒 !𝟏 5. 6. 7. 8.
𝑪𝒂!𝟐 9. 10. 11. 12.
𝑯! 13. 14. 15. 16.

II. Name the following compounds using Traditional and Stock Method

Traditional Method Stock Method

1. 𝑭𝒆 (𝑶𝑯)𝟑 1. 2.
2. 𝑯𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐 3. 4.
3. 𝑪𝒖𝑶 5. 6.
4. 𝑷𝒃(𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝟐 )𝟐 7. 8.
5. 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝑶𝟑 9. 10.
6. 𝑯𝒈𝑺 11. 12.
7. 𝑪𝒖(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 13. 14.
8. 𝑺𝒏𝟑 (𝑷𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 15. 16.
9. 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑 17. 18.
10. 𝑷𝒃𝑪𝒍𝟒 19. 20.

III. Name the following acids

Name
1. 𝑯𝑰
2. 𝑯𝟑 𝑷𝑶𝟒
3. 𝑯𝟑 𝑨𝒔𝑶𝟒
4. 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟑
5. 𝑯𝑩𝒓
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IV. Name the following covalent compounds

Name
1. 𝑷𝟐 𝑶𝟖
2. 𝑵𝟒 𝑩𝒓𝟏𝟎
3. 𝑪𝑶𝟑
4. 𝑵𝟐 𝑶𝟓
5. 𝑺𝟕 𝑵𝟔
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Chapter Test #2 – Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

I. Multiple Choice: Reach each question carefully. Write the letter of your answer in
space provided.

________1. Who first proposed an atomic theory based on scientific knowledge?

a. Dmitri Mendeleev
b. John Berzelius
c. John Dalton
d. Robert Brown

________2. Experiments with cathode rays led to the discovery of the _______.

a. Atom
b. Electron
c. Neutron
d. Proton

________3. Which of the following scientist explained the behavior of positively charged particles
being deflected from a metal foil as the nucleus?

a. Bohr
b. Chadwick
c. Dalton
d. Rutherford

________4. Which of the following were observed when a particle fired a gold foil?

a. Combined with the foil

b. Bounced back
c. Passed through the foil
d. Were absorbed by the foil

________5. What was discovered in the gold foil experiment?

a. Cathode ray
b. Electron
c. Neutron
d. Nucleus
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________6. This conclusion was formulated by Rutherford about the structure of an atom.

a. An atom is indivisible
b. Electron made up the center of an atom
c. An atom carries a positive charge
d. An atom contains a small, dense, positively charged region

________7. This particle with no charge which has almost the same mass as a proton.

a. Atom
b. Electron
c. Neutron
d. Proton

________8. Which of the following is TRUE about the nucleus of an atom?

a. Composed of tightly packed protons

b. Composed of tightly packed neutrons
c. Composed of tightly packed neutron and proton
d. Composed of loosely connected protons and neutrons

________9. An aluminum isotope consists of 13 protons, 13 electrons, and 14 neutrons. What is

its mass number?

a. 13
b. 14
c. 27
d. 40

________10. Isotopes are substance with the same atomic number and different atomic mass,
which is NOT same in isotopes?

a. Chemical properties
b. Number of neutrons
c. Masses
d. Number of protons
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________11. If an atom either gains or loses an electron, the atom is called a/an _______.

a. Molecule
b. Ion
c. Compound
d. Mixture

________12. Which of these mixtures are easily separated with a filter and is a cloudy mixture?

a. Mixture
b. Solution
c. Element
d. Compound

________13. How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

a. The atomic mass plus the number of protons

b. The atomic mass subtracted the number of protons
c. The atomic mass plus the number of electrons
d. The atomic mass subtracted the number of electrons

________14. Balance the charges in the ionic compound Magnesium Chloride; the new formula
would be: _____________

a. 𝐶𝑙' 𝑀𝑔%
b. 𝐶𝑙% 𝑀𝑔
c. 𝑀𝑔 𝐶𝑙%
d. 𝑀𝑔% 𝐶𝑙

________15. Two students are given a ball of clay with the same mass. Both students are asked
to create an object out of clay. Student 1 rolled it to make a ball whole student 2 made a long
skinny rope. Which of the following is CORRECR?

a. Student 1 clay is heavier because it is round

b. Student 2 clay is heavier because it is long
c. Insufficient data to answer
d. The figures are equal in mass
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II. Complete the table.

Symbols Z A 𝒑! 𝒆" 𝒏"

𝟐𝟗𝟖
𝟗𝟐𝑳 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 98 8. 9. 56
10. 35 60 11. 12. 13.
14. 15. 16. 17. 28 18