CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE AND ANTENNAS LAB (21EC62)
VI SEM

CMR Institute of Technology

#132, AECS Layout, IT Park Road, Bengaluru – 37
www.cmrit.ac.in
Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 1

MICROWAVE AND ANTENNAS LAB (21EC62)

VI SEM

S.No. Experiment Page

No.
1 Study of Microwave Test Bench 2
2 Power Division and Isolation Characteristics of Microstrip Power Divider 5
3 Resonance characteristics of microstrip ring resonator and computation of dielectric constant
7
of a substrate
4 Coupling and Isolation Characteristics of Directional Coupler 10
5 Study of E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee, Magic Tee 13
6 Measurement of Impedance using Test Bench Setup 17
7 Obtain the radiation pattern of a Yagi-Uda Antenna array/Dipole Antenna and calculate its
18
directivity

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 2

Expt. 1 : Study of Microwave Test Bench

Aim of the Experiment : (Write on the ruled page of the record)
a) To study the mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron Oscillator
b) To determine the guide wavelength, operating frequency, VSWR and reflection coefficient

Block Diagram of Microwave Test Bench Setup: (Draw the diagram on the unruled page of the record)

VSWR Meter
Klystron
OR
Power Supply
DSO

Reflex Variable Frequency Slotted Tunable

Klystron Isolator Attenuator Meter Line Detector
Oscillator Assembly

Introduction : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

Reflex Klystron Oscillator

Reflex klystron oscillator is used as a low power microwave source. It consists of a cathode which is heated by
an electron gun to emit electrons. The emitted electrons are accelerated by an accelerating grid. These electrons
undergo velocity modulation inside the cavity. Further, they are repelled by the negatively charged repeller into
the cavity. As per the law of conservation of energy, the loss of their kinetic energy results in the creation of
electromagnetic field which will generate microwave oscillations.

Isolator
An isolator is a two port non reciprocal device which produces a minimum attenuation to wave propagating in
one direction and very high attenuation in the opposite direction. When an isolator is inserted between a signal
source and a load, almost all the signal power can be transmitted to the load and any reflected power from the
load is not fed back to the generator output port. This eliminates the variation of the source power output due to
changing loads.

Variable Attenuator
Attenuators are passive devices used to control power levels in a microwave system by partially absorbing the
transmitted signal. Attenuators consist of a dielectric strip coated with aquadag resistive film. By changing the
depth of insertion of the resistive film into the waveguide, the attenuation of the microwave can be controlled.

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 3

Frequency Meter
A frequency meter consists of a cylindrical cavity with a movable short circuit termination which changes the
resonant frequency of the cavity by changing the length of the cavity. At resonance, highest power is absorbed
by the cavity which is indicated by a dip in the display unit connected at the output of the waveguide.

Slotted Line Assembly

Slotted line assembly has a coaxial probe which penetrates inside a rectangular waveguide and samples the
electric field. It is mainly used to determine the position of voltage standing wave maxima and minima.

Diode Detector
Due to high cost of microwave measuring instruments, microwave measurements in laboratory are often carried
out using 1 KHz square wave modulating signal which modulates the microwave test signal. The modulated
microwave signal is demodulated using a non reciprocal detector diode and demodulated signal is input to the
measuring instruments such as VSWR meter, DSO.

Procedure : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 Connect the components as shown in the block diagram
 Connect the detector to DSO
 Adjust repeller voltage (𝑉𝑅 ) and beam voltage to get a clear square wave with maximum amplitude in
DSO
 Note down the corresponding beam voltage, repeller voltage and beam current
 Rotate the frequency meter till you observe a dip in the waveform in DSO. This is the resonating
position of frequency meter
 Note down the corresponding frequency reading from the frequency meter as operating frequency
 Rotate the frequency meter and keep it in non resonating position for the rest of the experiment
 Connect the slotted line assembly (SLA) to DSO
 Rotate the knob of SLA and obtain a maximum voltage in DSO.
 Note the reading of Vernier caliper at this position. Let it be 𝑑1 .
 Rotate the knob of SLA and obtain the adjacent maximum voltage in DSO.
 Note the reading of Vernier caliper at this position. Let it be 𝑑2 .
 Calculate the guide wavelength.
 Note the maximum voltage from DSO. Let it be 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
 Rotate the knob of SLA and obtain the minimum voltage in DSO.
 Let it be 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Measure the VSWR by finding the ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage
 Connect detector to VSWR meter
 Vary the repeller voltage and note down the corresponding power readings from VSWR meter
 Keep the repeller voltage such that you will get maximum power at the output.
 Vary the position of Variable Attenuator and note the corresponding output power.

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 4

Observations and Calculations : (Write on the unruled page of the record)

 Operating conditions
Beam voltage =
Beam current =
Repeller voltage =
Operating frequency =
 Vernier Caliper’s reading corresponding to first maximum, 𝑑1 =
 Vernier Caliper’s reading corresponding to next adjacent maximum, 𝑑2 =
 Guide wavelength, 𝜆𝑔 = 2(|𝑑2 − 𝑑1 |)
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅−1
 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅+1
 To obtain the mode characteristics of klystron

Repeller Voltage Output Power

 To study the variable attenuator characteristics

Repeller Voltage Output Power

Result : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 The operating frequency was found to be …
 The guide wavelength was found to be …
 The VSWR was found to be …
 The reflection coefficient was found to be ---

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 5

Expt. 2 : Power Division and Isolation Characteristics of Microstrip Power

Divider
Aim of the experiment : (Write on the ruled page of the record)
a) To study the power division characteristics of the given power divider
b) To determine the S-parameters of the given power divider
Introduction: (Write on the ruled page of the record)
A power divider is a three-port passive device that is used for power division. In an ideal power divider, the
power going into port 1 is equally split between the two output ports. The different types of power dividers are
T-junction, resistive, Wilkinson, and hybrid coupler. Power dividers have applications in splitting of local
oscillator power, antenna feedback network of phased array radars, external leveling and radio measurements,
power combining of multiple input signals, power combining of high-power amplifiers etc.

Block Diagram of the Setup : (Draw the diagram on the unruled page of the record)

S-Band
Source

Power Matched
Divider Load

Detector

VSWR
Meter

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 6

Procedure: (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 Connect the S-band signal source, detector and VSWR meter in series.
 Vary the frequency of S-band signal source and observe the power output.
 Set the frequency to get maximum power output.
 Not down the corresponding power 𝑃1 .
 Connect the components as shown in the block diagram.
 Input the power to port 1.
 Measure the power output at port 2 with port 3 terminated with matched load.
 Measure the power output at port 3 with port 2 terminated with matched load.

Observations and Calculations: (Write on the unruled page of the record)

Input Input Power Output Output Power

Port Port
dB Watt dB Watt

𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑃3

𝑃
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = √𝑃 𝑖 where 𝑃𝑖 is the output power in Watt and 𝑃𝑗 is the input power in Watt.
𝑗

Result: (Write on the ruled page of the record)

Power division characteristics of the given power divider were demonstrated. S-parameters of the given power
divider were obtained.

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 7

Expt. 3 : Resonance characteristics of microstrip ring resonator and

computation of dielectric constant of a substrate

Aim of the experiment : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

a) To determine the dielectric strength of the given material

Introduction: (Write on the ruled page of the record)

If a strong enough electric field is applied to an insulator, the number of free electrons increases enormously
and the insulator becomes a conductor. This process is called electrical breakdown. Dielectric strength of an
insulating material is the maximum electric field that the material can withstand without undergoing electrical
breakdown and becoming electrically conductive. A dielectric constant of 𝟐 indicates that the material can
withstand twice the electric field as free space without undergoing electrical breakdown.

Block Diagram of the Setup : (Draw on the unruled page of the record)

S-Band
Source

Ring
Resonator

Detector

VSWR
Meter

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 8

Procedure: (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 Connect the components as shown in the block diagram.
 Vary the frequency of the S-band source and note down the power output at each frequency.
 Find the resonating frequency 𝑓𝑟1 i.e., the frequency at which power output is maximum.
 Insert the given substrate into ring resonator.
 Find the resonating frequency 𝑓𝑟2 .

Observations and Calculations : (Write on the unruled page of the record)

Frequency (GHz) Power (dB) without Power (dB) with

dielectric dielectric

Resonant frequency without dielectric, 𝑓𝑟1 =

Resonant frequency with dielectric, 𝑓𝑟2 =

𝑐
Condition for resonance : 2𝜋𝑅 =
𝑓𝑟1 √𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓1

𝑐 = 3 ∗ 108 m/s

R is the mean radius of the ring.

𝑅 = 12 𝑚𝑚 (from data sheet)

𝑐2
∴ 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 2 =
𝑓𝑟1 (2𝜋𝑅)2

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 9

1
12ℎ −2
(2𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓1 − 1) + (1 + )
𝜀𝑟1 = 𝑤 =
1
−2
12ℎ
1 + (1 + )
𝑤

Here, ℎ is the height of dielectric substrate.

ℎ = 0.76 𝑚𝑚 (From data sheet)

𝑤 is the width of the conductor in the ring.

𝑤 = 1.84 𝑚𝑚 (From data sheet)

2
𝑓𝑟1
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓1 2 =
𝑓𝑟2

1
12ℎ −2
(2𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓2 − 1) + (1 + )
𝜀𝑟2 = 𝑤 =
1
−2
12ℎ
1 + (1 + )
𝑤

Result: (Write on the ruled page of the record)

The dielectric constant of the given material was found to be …

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 10

Expt. 4 : Coupling and Isolation Characteristics of Directional Coupler

Aim of the Experiment : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

a) To study directional coupler and determine its S-parameters
b) To determine insertion loss, coupling loss, isolation and directivity of the given directional coupler
Introduction : (Write on the ruled page of the record)
Directional coupler is a four port passive device commonly used for coupling a known fraction of the
microwave power from an input port to an output port. Power incident at port 1 will couple to port 2 (the
through port) and to port 3 (the coupled port), but not to port 4 (the isolated port). The directional property of
directional couplers is produced through the use of two separate wave components, which add in phase at the
coupled port and add out of phase at the isolated port. The following parameters are commonly used to
characterize a directional coupler.
Insertion Loss : 𝐋 = 𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐 in dB
Coupling : 𝐂 = 𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟑 in dB
Isolation : 𝑰 = 𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟒 in dB
Directivity : 𝐃 = 𝐏𝟑 − 𝐏𝟒 in dB
(𝑰𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 + 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈)
Note that to calculate these parameters, power is input at port 1. The coupling factor indicates the fraction of the
input power that is coupled to the output port. The directivity is a measure of the coupler’s ability to isolate
forward and backward waves. The isolation is a measure of the power delivered to the uncoupled port. The
insertion loss accounts for the input power delivered to the through port, diminished by power delivered to the
coupled and isolated ports.

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 11

Block Diagram of the Setup : (Draw on the unruled page of the record)

S-Band
Source

Matched Directional Matched

Load Coupler Load

Detector

VSWR
Meter

Procedure : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 Connect the S-band signal source, detector and VSWR meter in series.
 Vary the frequency of S-band signal source and observe the power output.
 Set the frequency to get maximum power output.
 Not down the corresponding power 𝑃1 .
 Connect the components as shown in the block diagram.
 Connect the tunable detector to port 2 and measure the output power 𝐏𝟐
 Similarly, measure 𝐏𝟑 and 𝐏𝟒 with other two terminals connected to matched load
 Calculate insertion loss, coupling, isolation and directivity.
 Calculate the S-parameters using the formula

𝑷𝒊
𝑺𝒊𝒋 = √
𝑷𝒋

where 𝐏𝐢 is the power output at port i in Watt and 𝐏𝐣 is the power input at port j in Watt.

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 12

Observations and Calculations: (Write on the unruled page of the record)


Input Input Power Output Output Power
Port Port
dB Watt dB Watt

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐

𝑷𝟑

𝑷𝟒

𝑃
 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = √𝑃 𝑖 where 𝑃𝑖 is the output power in Watt and 𝑃𝑗 is the input power in Watt.
𝑗

 Insertion Loss : 𝐿 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 in dB
 Coupling : 𝐶 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃3 in dB
 Isolation : 𝐼 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃4 in dB
 Directivity : 𝐷 = 𝑃3 − 𝑃4 in dB

Result : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 Insertion loss was found to be
 Coupling was found to be
 Isolation was found to be
 Directivity was found to be

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 13

Expt. 5 : Study of E-plane Tee, H-plane Tee & Magic Tee

Aim of the Experiment : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

a) To determine the S-parameters of E-plane Tee, H-plane Tee & Magic Tee

Block Diagram of the Setup : (Draw the diagram on the unruled page of the record)

VSWR
Meter

Klystron Detector
Power Supply

Reflex Variable Frequency Slotted Magic Matched

Klystron Isolator Attenuator Meter Line Tee Load
Oscillator Assembly

Matched
Load

Introduction : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

Waveguide tees provide a means of splitting and combining power in a waveguide system. There are
two basic types of waveguide tees namely, E-plane tee and H-plane tee.
In an E-plane tee, axis of the side arm is parallel to E-field in the collinear arm. A wave incident at port
3 will result in waves at port 1 and 2 which are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase. If two in phase waves
are fed into port 1 and 2 of the collinear arm, the output wave at port 3 will be opposite in phase and subtractive.
Therefore, the third arm is called difference arm.
In an H-plane tee, axis of the side arm is parallel to H-field in the collinear arm. A wave incident at port
3 will result in waves at port 1 and 2 which are equal in magnitude and phase. If two in phase waves are fed
into port 1 and 2 of the collinear arm, the output wave at port 3 will be in phase and additive. Therefore, the
third arm is called sum arm.
A magic tee is a combination of E-plane tee and H-plane tee. If two waves of equal magnitude and phase
are fed into port 1 and 2, the output at E-arm will be subtractive, hence becomes zero and total output will

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 14

appear additively at port 4. A wave incident at E-arm divides equally between collinear arms, but opposite in
phase with no coupling to H-arm. A wave incident at H-arm divides equally between collinear arms and in
phase, with no coupling to E-arm.

Procedure : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 Connect a tunable detector to slotted line assembly and measure the input power 𝐏𝟏
 Connect port 1 of E-plane tee to slotted line assembly and terminate the remaining ports with matched
load
 Measure VSWR using direct method
𝐕𝐒𝐖𝐑−𝟏
 Calculate 𝐒𝟏𝟏 = 𝐕𝐒𝐖𝐑+𝟏
 Connect the tunable detector to port 2 and measure the output power 𝐏𝟐
 Similarly, measure 𝐏𝟑 with port 2 connected to a matched load
 Repeat the procedure with port 2 and port 3 as input ports
 Calculate the S-parameters using the formula
𝑷𝒊
𝑺𝒊𝒋 = √
𝑷𝒋
where 𝐏𝐢 is the power output at port i in Watt and 𝐏𝐣 is the power input at port j in Watt.
 Similarly measure S-parameters of H-plane tee and magic tee

Observations and Calculations: (Write on the unruled page of the record)

For E-plane Tee :

 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅−1
 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅+1

Input Input Power Output Output Power
Port Port
dB Watt dB Watt

𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑃3

𝑃2 𝑃1

𝑃3

𝑃3 𝑃1

𝑃2

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 15

𝑃
 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = √𝑃 𝑖 where 𝑃𝑖 is the output power in Watt and 𝑃𝑗 is the input power in Watt.
𝑗

For H-plane Tee :

 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅−1
 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅+1


Input Input Power Output Output Power
Port Port
dB Watt dB Watt

𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑃3

𝑃2 𝑃1

𝑃3

𝑃3 𝑃1

𝑃2

𝑃
 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = √𝑃 𝑖 where 𝑃𝑖 is the output power in Watt and 𝑃𝑗 is the input power in Watt.
𝑗

For Magic Tee :

 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅−1
 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 𝑆44 = 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅+1

Input Input Power Output Output Power
Port Port
dB Watt dB Watt

𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑃3

𝑃4

𝑃2 𝑃1

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 16

𝑃3

𝑃4

𝑃3 𝑃1

𝑃2

𝑃4

𝑃4 𝑃1

𝑃2

𝑃3

𝑃
 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = √𝑃 𝑖 where 𝑃𝑖 is the output power in Watt and 𝑃𝑗 is the input power in Watt.
𝑗

Result : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 The S-matrix of the given E-plane tee is found to be
 The S-matrix of the given H-plane tee is found to be
 The S-matrix of the given magic tee is found to be

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 17

Expt. 6 : Measurement of Impedance using Test Bench Setup

Aim of the experiment : (Write on the ruled page of the record)
a) To determine the impedance of the given load

Block Diagram of the Setup : (Draw the diagram on the unruled page of the record)

VSWR Meter
Klystron
OR
Power Supply
DSO

Reflex Variable Frequency Slotted Tunable

Klystron Isolator Attenuator Meter Line Detector
Oscillator Assembly

Procedure: (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 Connect the components as shown in the block diagram and note down the operating conditions
 Connect slotted line assembly to DSO and measure guide wavelength 𝜆𝑔
 Measure VSWR using direct method
 Replace the tunable detector with a movable short
 Rotate slotted line assembly to extreme right position
 Rotate the movable short to get minimum amplitude in DSO
 This gives short circuit condition
 Replace the movable short with tunable detector
 Move the slotted line assembly and reach a minimum position
 Let this position be 𝑑1
 Replace the tunable detector with short circuit load
 There will be a shift in minima position
 Move the slotted line assembly to an adjacent minimum position
 Let this position be 𝑑2
 Calculate 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = |𝑑1 − 𝑑2 |
 Calculate the unknown impedance using Smith chart

Result: (Write on the ruled page of the record)

The impedance of the given load was found to be …

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

 Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 18

Expt. 7. Measurement of Directivity and Gain of the Given Antenna

Aim of the experiment : (Write on the ruled page of the record)
a) To obtain the radiation pattern of the given antenna.
b) To measure the directivity and the gain of the given antenna.

Introduction : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

An antenna is a transducer between a guided wave and a free-space wave. Antennas work on the
principle that accelerated charge radiates. The fields around an antenna may be divided into two principal
regions - near field and far field. The boundary between the two regions may be taken to be at a radius
2d2
R= meter …. (1)
λ
where d is the maximum dimension of the antenna in meter and λ is the operating wavelength in meter. In the
far field region, angular field distribution is essentially independent of the distance from the antenna. So we
obtain the radiation pattern keeping the receiving antenna in the far field. Following are some of the parameters
which describe the performance of antennas.

1. Radiation Pattern
Radiation pattern is a three dimensional quantity representing the variation of field or power radiated from
an antenna, as a function of the spherical coordinates θ and ϕ. The lobe of the radiation pattern containing
the direction of the maximum radiation is called major lobe of the radiation pattern. A minor lobe is any
lobe except the major lobe.

2. Half Power Beamwidth

Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW ) is the angular separation between the two points in a radiation pattern at
which the radiation intensity is one-half the maximum value.

3. Radiation Intensity
Radiation intensity is the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle. It is measured in watts per
steradian.

4. Directivity (D)
Antennas radiate or receive more effectively in one direction than the other directions. The directivity of an
antenna is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation
intensity averaged over all directions. Directivity is a dimensionless ratio ≥ 1. The isotropic antenna has the
lowest possible directivity of 1. All practical antennas have directivities greater than 1.

5. Gain (G)
A number of losses are associated with an antenna due to the mismatch between the transmission line and
the antenna and due to the radiation resistance of the antenna. Gain of an antenna is a parameter closely
related to directivity, but slightly less than the directivity due to losses in the antenna. It takes into account
both efficiency and the directional properties of the antenna. Thus,
G = kD….. (3)
where k is the efficiency of the antenna.

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 19

Block diagram of the setup : (Draw the diagram on the unruled page of the record)

Microwa Transmit Receive Diode VSWR

ve Source Antenna Free Space Antenna Detector Meter

Procedure : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 Connect the components as shown in the block diagram.
 Note the frequency of microwave.
 Connect the components as shown in the block diagram
 Keep the receiving antenna in the far field of transmitting antenna
 Vary the distance between transmitting and receiving antennas and note down the received power at
each distance
 Keep the distance between transmitter and receiver constant
 Vary the angular position of receiving antenna in clockwise and anticlockwise direction and note down
the received power at each angular position
 Change the orientation of the antennas and repeat the previous step

Observations and Calculations : (Write on the unruled page of the record)

 Operating frequency, 𝑓 =
𝑐
 Operating wavelength, 𝜆 = 𝑓
 Broader dimension of the antenna, 𝑑 =
2𝑑2
 Far field distance, 𝑅 = 𝝀
 Transmitted power, 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑑𝐵
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
 To find the gain of the antenna

Distance between Received power in Received power in Gain of the antenna

transmitting and dB Watt (𝐺)
receiving antennas (𝑃𝑟 )
(𝑅)

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 20

𝟒𝝅𝑹 𝑷
Gain of the antenna, 𝑮 = 𝝀
√𝑷𝒓
𝒕

Average gain =

 To find the directivity of the antenna

Angular Separation in Received Power

degree in dB
(𝜽)
0
10
20
..
..
..
350

𝝀𝟐
 Effective aperture 𝑨𝒆 = 𝑮
𝟒𝝅

Result : (Write on the ruled page of the record)

 Radiation pattern of the given antenna was obtained
 The gain of the antenna was found to be …
 The directivity of the antenna was found to be …

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 21

Appendix 1 : Radio Frequency Bands

Frequency
Band name Abbreviation and Example Uses
Wavelength

3–30 Hz
Extremely low frequency ELF 100,000– Communication with submarines
10,000 km

30–300 Hz
Super low frequency SLF 10,000– Communication with submarines
1,000 km

300–
3,000 Hz Submarine communication, communication within
Ultra low frequency ULF
1,000– mines
100 km

3–30 kHz Navigation, time signals, submarine communication,

Very low frequency VLF
100–10 km wireless heart rate monitors, geophysics

Navigation, time signals,

30–300 kHz
Low frequency LF AM longwave broadcasting (Europe and parts of
10–1 km
Asia), RFID, amateur radio

300–
AM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur
Medium frequency MF 3,000 kHz
radio, avalanche beacons
1,000–100 m

Shortwave broadcasts, citizens band radio, amateur

radio and over-the-horizon aviation
communications, RFID, over-the-horizon
3–30 MHz
High frequency HF radar, automatic link establishment (ALE) / near-
100–10 m
vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) radio
communications, marine and mobile radio
telephony

Very high frequency VHF FM, television broadcasts, line-of-sight ground-to-

30–300 MHz
aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications, land

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 22

10–1 m mobile and maritime mobile communications,

amateur radio, weather radio

Television broadcasts, microwave

oven, microwave devices/communications, radio
300– astronomy, mobile phones, wireless
Ultra high frequency UHF 3,000 MHz LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS and two-way radios
1–0.1 m such as land mobile, FRS and GMRS radios,
amateur radio, satellite radio, Remote control
Systems, ADSB

Radio astronomy, microwave

devices/communications, wireless LAN, DSRC,
3–30 GHz
Super high frequency SHF most modern radars, communications satellites,
100–10 mm
cable and satellite television broadcasting, DBS,
amateur radio, satellite radio

Radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave radio

Extremely high 30–300 GHz relay, microwave remote sensing, amateur
EHF
frequency 10–1 mm radio, directed-energy weapon, millimeter wave
scanner, wireless LAN (802.11ad)

Experimental medical imaging to replace X-rays,

300– ultrafast molecular dynamics, condensed-matter
Terahertz or Tremendou
THz or THF 3,000 GHz physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy,
sly high frequency
1–0.1 mm terahertz computing/communications, remote
sensing

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 23

Appendix 2 : Microwave Frequency Bands

Frequency Wavelength
Designation Typical uses
range range

15 cm to
L band 1 to 2 GHz military telemetry, GPS, mobile phones (GSM), amateur radio
30 cm

weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications

7.5 cm to satellites (microwave ovens, microwave devices/communications,
S band 2 to 4 GHz
15 cm radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee,
GPS, amateur radio)

3.75 cm to
C band 4 to 8 GHz long-distance radio telecommunications
7.5 cm

25 mm to satellite communications, radar, terrestrial broadband, space

X band 8 to 12 GHz
37.5 mm communications, amateur radio, molecular rotational spectroscopy

12 to 16.7 mm to
Ku band satellite communications, molecular rotational spectroscopy
18 GHz 25 mm

18 to 11.3 mm to radar, satellite communications, astronomical observations,

K band
26.5 GHz 16.7 mm automotive radar, molecular rotational spectroscopy

26.5 to 5.0 mm to
Ka band satellite communications, molecular rotational spectroscopy
40 GHz 11.3 mm

33 to 6.0 mm to satellite communications, terrestrial microwave communications,

Q band
50 GHz 9.0 mm radio astronomy, automotive radar, molecular rotational spectroscopy

40 to 5.0 mm to
U band
60 GHz 7.5 mm

50 to 4.0 mm to millimeter wave radar research, molecular rotational spectroscopy

V band
75 GHz 6.0 mm and other kinds of scientific research

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 24

satellite communications, millimeter-wave radar research, military

75 to 2.7 mm to
W band radar targeting and tracking applications, and some non-military
110 GHz 4.0 mm
applications, automotive radar

SHF transmissions: Radio astronomy, microwave

90 to 2.1 mm to devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern radars,
F band
140 GHz 3.3 mm communications satellites, satellite television broadcasting, DBS,
amateur radio

EHF transmissions: Radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave

110 to 1.8 mm to
D band radio relay, microwave remote sensing, amateur radio, directed-
170 GHz 2.7 mm
energy weapon, millimeter wave scanner

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE

Microwave and Antennas Lab (21EC62) Page 25

Appendix 3 : Frequency Range for Guided Media

CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560037 Dept. of ECE