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Introduction To Anesthesia Anesthesia: Definition of Anesthesia: State of Being and /or To Painful Stimuli

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9 views

Introduction To Anesthesia Anesthesia: Definition of Anesthesia: State of Being and /or To Painful Stimuli

Uploaded by

eslam7.mr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Anesthesia

Anesthesia
Definition of Anesthesia: state of being unaware and \or
unresponsive to painful stimuli

jh By: Zheen Fathladeen Hefdhallah


What is Anesthesia?
• Anesthesia is a medical procedure which is deliberately produced to
make a patient insensible to pain either in a part or in the whole of
the body by which diagnostic and surgical procedure are done while
the patient safety and comforts are maintained.

• Anesthesia, risky procedure and may take the patient life in


danger…permanent organ damage and death

• Although risky anesthesia is now much safer and more pleasant than
the previous period.
What is Anesthesia?
• Anesthesiologist : A physician specialist in anesthesia practice.

• An anesthetist : A qualified HCP who administers anesthetics to


produce total or partial loss of sensation in patients during surgical
or diagnostic procedures.

.
What is Anesthesia?
• General anesthesia : is used for surgical procedure to make the
patient unaware/unresponsive to the painful stimuli

• General Anaesthetics: are drugs which producing General


Anaesthesia.

• Local anesthesia : reversible inhibition of impulse generation and


propagation in nerves. In sensory nerves, such an effect is desired
when painful procedures must be performed, e.g., surgical or dental
operations.

• Local Anaesthetics : are drugs which producing Local Anaesthesia


e.g. Procaine, Lidocaine and Bupivacaine etc
History of Anesthesia
• Early Analgesia: Dioscorides, a Greek physician from the first century
AD, drug prepared from the bark and leaves of plants and wine

• Original discoverer of general anesthetics


Crawford Long and William Morton in 1842 introduce
( ether anesthesia)

• (Chloroform ) was introduced by James Simpson William Morton in


1847
• Nitrous oxide by Horace Wells

• Local/regional anesthesia Carl Koller, an ophthalmologist, who


demonstrated the use of topical cocaine for surgical anesthesia of the
eye in 1884. Procaine was synthesized in( 1904), lidocaine (1947),
bupivacaine (1963)
History of Anesthesia
• Intravenous anesthesia: Followed invention of the hypodermic
syringe & needle (Alexander Wood in 1855. ) Early attempts at IV
anesthesia included the use of chloral hydrate (1872),

• Barbiturates were synthesized in 1903

• Ketamine, released in 1970

• Muscle relaxants: The use of curare (1942)


Types of Anesthesia

General Anesthesia Regional Anesthesia Local Anesthesia


Basic component of anesthesia
• a) lack of conscious awareness = unconsciousness

• b) lack of perception of pain = analgesia

• c) lack of movement = muscle relaxation

• d) modification of autonomic responses (HR,BP) to painful stimuli.


5 phases of general anesthesia
• (Preparation)

• Induction

• Maintenance

• Emergence

• Recovery
1.Preparation for GA
• Patient assessment
• NPO status
• Airway
• Functional reserve of major organ systems
• CVS, respiratory, renal, hepatic
• Medications used regularly
• Allergies and previous experience with GA
● Type of planned procedure
●Urgency
●Position of patient during surgery
●Area of body involved
2. Induction phase: transition from awake state to full affect of
anesthesia on CNS, CVS, respiratory and muscle system

• Changes in CNS function are always accompanied by those of other


systems

• changes in various systems reflect physiological state of patient


• age, stress level, physiological reserve, fluid balance,drug
therapy
3.Maintenance of anesthesia : Further adjustment of
anesthesia levels based on
• Patient response
• Stage of surgery
• Changes of monitored variables eg BP , HR …

• Anesthesia gases form the major component with some IV


narcotics or relaxants as background
4. Emergence from anesthesia: Slower version of induction
phase in a reverse order

● CNS wakes up in stages or by regions


● Brainstem or lower functions first (breathing, cough, shivering)
● Cerebral cortex later (purposeful movements, response to
commands)

● Removal of supports at appropriate time intervals

● Excitement aspects are common: limb movement,


restlessness, coughing.

● Potential for vomiting, laryngospasm, upper airway


obstruction
Risks and Complications

1 Allergic Reactions 2 Nausea and Vomiting


Although rare, some patients may exhibit Postoperative nausea and vomiting are
allergic reactions to anesthesia common side effects of anesthesia but can
medications. be effectively managed.

3 Cardiovascular Effects 4 Respiratory Issues


Anesthesia may impact blood pressure and In certain cases, anesthesia can temporarily
heart rate, requiring close monitoring affect respiratory function, necessitating
during the procedure. careful observation.
Conclusion
Anesthesia is a vital component of modern medicine, allowing for painless
surgeries and improved patient comfort. Its continued development
ensures safer and more efficient procedures.

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