UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA

Geothermal

Khafidh Nur Aziz

Leading in Character Education fmipa.uny.ac.id

Introduction

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History of geothermal exploration in Indonesia

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History of geothermal exploration in Indonesia

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History of geothermal exploration in Indonesia

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History of geothermal exploration in Indonesia

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KEY GEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS TO CHARACTERIZE
THE PLAY TYPES

• A geothermal play consists of three main elements:

(I) the heat source,
(II) the heat transport mechanism, and
(III) the storage unit including possibly a trap or cap to limit the escape of heat.

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KEY GEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS TO CHARACTERIZE
THE PLAY TYPES

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES

• Geothermal play types in convection-dominated systems can be grouped into ‘Magmatic’,

‘Plutonic’ and ‘Fault-controlled in Extensional Domains’ referring to the nature of the dominant
heat source and tectonic setting (Moeck, in press).
• Geothermal play types in conduction-dominated systems can be grouped into ‘Intra cratonic
Basin plays’, ‘Orogenic Belts with Adjacent Foreland Basins’ and ‘Crystalline rock/Basement
plays’.
• These have different characteristics of natural transmissivity (permeability thickness), which
may be formation (facies)-controlled, fracture controlled, or a combination of both.
• The new catalog of geothermal play types provides a range of generic conceptual models,
each of which can serve as a basis for guiding the geothermal assessment process.
Appropriate exploration methods can be chosen to delineate and quantify the important
features of these generic conceptual models.

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Convection dominated play system - Magmatic plays

• The magma’s parental melts, recharge of magma and crystallized melts control fluid
chemistry, fluid flow and the overall geothermal system.
• Extrusive magmatic plays can be found in regions with active basaltic volcanism at divergent
plate margins (e.g. Iceland), basaltic to andesitic volcanism along island arcs (e.g. Java,
Indonesia and some New Zealand systems), or recent andesitic to dacitic volcanism (e.g.
South American Andes or Taiwan).
• Intrusive magmatic plays may have no recent associated extrusive volcanism, but be evident
as intrusive bodies within volcanic piles or beneath flat terrain along pathways of active
faulting.
• Both extrusive and intrusive magmatic plays can be associated with very high thermal
gradients, while associated geothermal reservoirs may be vapor dominated or liquid
dominated.

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Convection dominated play system - Magmatic plays

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Convection dominated play system - Magmatic plays

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Convection dominated play system - Plutonic plays

• A Plutonic Geothermal Play (category CV2 in Fig. 1) incorporates a heat source in the form of a
young, crystallized but still cooling, intrusive igneous body.
• This play type can co-exist with magmatic play types, is associated with elevated thermal gradients
and is typically located along continent-continent convergent margins with recent plutonism.
• Plutonic plays without recent volcanism are related to the emplacement of felsic plutons, and are
characteristic of mature subduction zones and decaying volcanism in continental crust.
• This play type can be found in regions with declining volcanism and fore- or back-arc regions of fold-
thrust belts along subduction zones (e.g. The Geysers, California).
• Plutonic plays with recent volcanism are illustrated by the example of the Larderello geothermal
system (Italy), which is controlled by the interaction between igneous rocks and faults.
• Larderello is known for its recent volcanism (500-50,000 years old) and occasional phreatic
eruptions. Geothermal reservoirs above the pluton may be vapor dominated or liquid dominated

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Convection dominated play system - Magmatic plays

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Convection dominated play system - Extensional Domain (fault-controlled) plays

• In an Extensional Domain Geothermal Play (category CV3 in Fig. 1) the mantle is elevated due
to crustal extension and thinning.
• The elevated mantle provides the principal source of heat for geothermal systems associated
with this play type.
• The resulting high thermal gradients facilitate the heating of meteoric water circulating
through deep faults or permeable formations.
• Examples of geological settings hosting Extensional Domain Geothermal Plays include the
Great Basin (Western USA) and Western Turkey

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Convection dominated play system - Magmatic plays

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Convection dominated play system

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Conduction dominated play systems - Intracratonic basin plays

• An Intracratonic Basin Geothermal Play (category CD1 in Fig. 1) incorporates a reservoir

within a sedimentary sequence laid down in an extensional or thermal sag basin.
• Intracratonic basins that originate from lithospheric thinning and subsidence are commonly
divided into several troughs or sub-basins (Salley, 2000).
• Geothermal reservoirs are located in different basin portions depending on the internal
present-day structure of the basin and diagenetic or lithofacies effects on porosity and
permeability.
• Faults can play a role in defining the reservoir size and compartmentalization but are not the
prime reservoir targets.
• Examples include developments within the North German Basin (Germany) and the Paris
Basin (France).

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Conduction dominated play systems - Intracratonic basin plays

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Conduction dominated play systems - Orogenic belt/foreland basin plays

• An Orogenic Belt Geothermal Play (category CD2 in Fig. 1) incorporates a sedimentary

reservoir within a foreland basin adjacent to an orogenic mountain belt.
• The wedge shape of the foreland basin results in a progressive deepening of potential aquifer
rocks towards the orogen, with an associated increase in temperature.
• The downward bended formations are likely to host abundant natural geothermal fluids. Prime
targets for production are faults that originate from local extension during the flexural bending
process (Moeck et al., this volume).
• Examples include the Molasse basin extending through France, Switzerland, Germany and
Austria, and the Alberta Deep basin in Canada.
• Within the orogenic mountain belts themselves, the great relief between mountains and steep-
sided valleys can produce recharge-discharge systems resulting from the fault controlled flow
of meteoric fluids, giving rise to hot springs suitable for direct heat use on the valley floors
(Toth, 2009).

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Conduction dominated play systems - Orogenic belt/foreland basin plays

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Conduction dominated play systems - Basement (crystalline rock) plays

• A Basement Geothermal Play (category CD3 in Fig. 1) is a faulted or fractured crystalline

(usually granitic) rock with very low natural porosity and permeability but storing vast
amounts of thermal energy.
• Such low porosity-low permeability rocks underlie large areas of continents but require
reservoir development by EGS techniques to allow circulation between injector and producer
wells using the hot rock mass as a heat exchanger (Cuenot et al., 2008).
• Brittle fault and fracture zones are prime exploration targets because they already contain
some natural permeability, while mylonitic shear zones (i.e. ductile faults) have extremely low
natural permeability and are less amenable to hydraulic stimulation.
• An example for granitic rock play type developed with EGS is the Habanero field in the Cooper
Basin in Australia.

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Conduction dominated play systems - Basement (crystalline rock) plays

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
Conduction dominated play systems

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
In Indonesia

■ Vapor-dominated system ■ Magmatic system with magmatic

plume
 Kamojang
 Dieng
 Darajat

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
In Indonesia

■ Vapor layer (liquid saturated) on ■ ‘vapor layer’ system in the setting of

volcanic system
top of liquid-saturated zone  Patuha
 Wayang Windu  Karaha-Talaga Bodas

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GEOTHERMAL PLAY TYPES
In Indonesia

■ Liquid dominated system associated ■ Liquid-dominated associated with

with major fault zone concealed outflow
 Silangkitang  Citaman
 Cisolok

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Porosity and Permeability

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Diagram Gigenbach

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Diagram Gigenbach
Chloride Water (Cl)

• Area with this water type is characterized by areas with hot springs that flow in large scale
with Cl concentration coming from the reservoir.
• The hot springs with a high chloride element, a few elements of bicarbonate and sulphate
indicate the outflow area in geothermal reservoirs (Powell, 2010). Chloride is an dominant
anion element in this type of water, with a general concentration around 1,000 mg/kg up to
10,000 mg/kg.
• Chloride types of water has a pH that varies, starting from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline,
which is almost neutral.

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Diagram Gigenbach
Bicarbonate Water (HCO3)

• Hot water bicarbonate is the result of condensation of CO2 into the subsurface water or
oxygen-poor groundwater.
• This indicates the water type boundary zone (peripheral waters) in the geothermal field.
• The main ion in this type of water is HCO3 and has a pH close to neutral as a result of the
reaction of water with the local rock.

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Diagram Gigenbach
Bicarbonate Water (HCO3)

• This water type is the results from the shallow oxidation of water condensed by geothermal
energy gas near the surface.
• This water type is found close to the upflow zone on a topographic height above the ground
water level.
• This type of hot water has a high ion SO42-, Cl- and very low HCO3 (sometimes 0), and a pH of
2-4 (acid).
• In this type of water, sulfate is the major anion and condensation formed by the oxidation of
hydrogen sulfide.

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Tugas
Individu

• Carilah minimal 5 panasbumi di Indonesia, kemudian carilah karakteristik dari panasbumi

tersebut.
• Kerjakan di PPT dan di PDFkan.

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 UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA

Thank You
Any Question?

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