Q1. Difference between Bezier curves and B-Spline curves.

B-Spline Bezier

The Bezier curves can be

The B-Spline curves are specified by
boundary conditions
Bernstein basis function that has limited
characterizing matrix or w
flexibiity.
function.

These curves are a result of the use of open The curve generally follow
uniform basis function. a defining polyg

These are found in paintin

These curves can be used to construct
packages as well as
blending curves.
applications.

The B-Spline allows the order of the basis

The degree of the polyno
function and hence the degree of the
the curve segment is one
resulting curve is independent of number of
number of defining poly
vertices.

In B-Spline, there is local control over the

It is a parametric curve us
curve surface and the shape of the curve is
fields.
affected by every vertex.
Q2.Give the properties of B-Spline Curves.
Ans: •The sum of the B-spline basis functions for any parameter value is 1.•Each basis function is positive or zero for all parameter
values.•Each basis function has precisely one maximum value, except for k=1.•The maximum order of the curve is equal to the
number of vertices of defining polygon.•The degree of B-spline polynomial polynomial is independent independent on the number of
vertices vertices of defining defining polygon.•The curve exhibits the variation diminishing property.•The curve generally follows the
shape of defining polygon.•The curve line within the convex hull of its defining polygon.
Q3.Explain the parametric curve design in CGA.
Ans:1)A curve in the plane is said to be parameterized if the set of coordinates on the curves (x,y,z) is represented as a function of a
variable t.2)The variable t is called a parameter and the relations between x,y,z, and t are called a parametric equation.3)That the
parametric function is a vector-valued function. This example is a 2D curve, so the output of the function is a 2-D vector, in 3D it would
be a 3 vector. It is simple and flexible.(X(t), Y(t)) :1D curve in 2D curve (X(t), Y(t), Z(t)) :1D curve in 3D space…. 4) In parametric curves,
each coordinate of a point on a curve is represented as a function of a single parameter.5) There are many curves that we cannot write
down as a single equation in terms of x and y.6) the parametric form is axis-dependent function of each coordinate can be defined
independently…Eg: x=acost; y=asint
Q4.Give the application of fractal geometry
Ans:Fractals applications:-•Modelling natural structures:Geographical terrain, botanical plant structures,•Image compression in
Computer graphics•Analysis of medical diagnostic images•Applications in Engineering and architecture•Study of convergence of
iterative processes•Study of chaotic phenomenon.•Fractal art
The applications in diverse fields reported in literature, it is hoped that ongoing research based on the concept of fractals will continue
to find new applications in various fields. At the same time it is expected to throw light on fundamental concepts involving Causality
and Chaos.
Q5.What is the cubic Bezier curve? Explain in detail.
Ans:1)Bezier curve is a mathematically defined curve used in two-dimensional graphic applications like adobe Illustrator, Inkscape etc.
2)The curve is defined by four points: the initial position and the terminating position i.e P0 and P3 respectively (which are called
“anchors”) and two separate middle points i.e P1 and P2(which are called “handles”) in our example. Bezier curves are frequently used
in computer graphics, animation, modelling etc.
Q6.Describe the Anti-alising concept in viewing 3D transformation.
Ans:1)conversion is done with low-frequency sampling, also known as under-sampling, this under-sampling causes distortion of the
image.2) Under-sampling is an important factor in anti-aliasing. The information in the image is lost when the sample size is too small.
3)Anti aliasing is to smooth object edges by reducing the number of lines and vertical artifacts you see on your 3D printed model.4)
There are more than those factors to improve the printing quality. The support structures alone can be demonstrated with several
chapters.5)Simply adjusting these settings in ChiTuBox, the resin 3D printing quality can be more or less improved so that the output
of photocuring (SLA/DLP/LCD) 3D printing can be as high-quality as it should be.
Q7.Explain the concept of scan line algorithm.
Ans:It is an image space algorithm. It processes one line at a time rather than one pixel at a time. It uses the concept area of
coherence. This algorithm records edge list, active edge list.Step1:Start Step2: Initialize the desired data structure 1.Create a polygon
table having color, edge pointers, coefficients 2.Establish edge table contains information regarding, the endpoint of edges, pointer to
polygon, inverse slope. 3.Create Active edge list. This will be sorted in increasing order of x. 4.Create a flag F. It will have two values
either on or off. Step3:Perform the following steps for all scan lines 1.Enter values in Active edge list (AEL) in sorted order using y as
value 2.Scan until the flag, i.e. F is on using a background color 3.When one polygon flag is on, and this is for surface S1enter color
intensity as I1into refresh buffer 4.When two or image surface flag are on, sort the surfaces according to depth and use intensity value
Sn for the nth surface. This surface will have least z depth value 5.Use the concept of coherence for remaining planes.Step4:Stop
Q8.Polygon clipping Algorithm.(Sutherland Hodgeman PCA)
Ans:*A convex polygon and a convex clipping area are given. The task is to clip polygon edges using the Sutherland–Hodgman
Algorithm. Input is in the form of vertices of the polygon in clockwise order.Examples: Input : Polygon : (100,150), (200,250), (300,200)
Clipping Area:(150,150), (150,200), (200,200), Output : (150, 162) (150, 200) (200, 200) (200, 174)
Sutherland-Hodgeman Polygon Clipping Algorithm :•Read coordinates of all vertices of the polygon.•Read coordinates of the clipping
window•Consider the left edge of the window•Compare the vertices of each edge of the polygon, individually with the clipping
plane•Save the resulting intersections and vertices in the new list of vertices according to four possible relationships between the
edge and the clipping boundary discussed earlier.•Repeat the steps 4 and 5 for remaining edges of the clipping window. Each time the
resultant list of vertices is successively passed to process the next edge of the clipping window.•Stop.
Q9.Explain the term in detail:- a.Cohen-sutherland line. b.Clipping Algorithm.
Ans:*Cohen-Sutherland algorithm is a line-clipping algorithm that cuts lines to portions, which are within a rectangular window.
There are three possibilities for the line:1)If the line is completely inside the window, the line is accepted.2)If the line is completely
outside the window, the line is rejected completely.3)If the line is partially inside the window, find the intersection point and only
draw that portion of the line that is inside the region. Merits: Easy to use. Demerits: Less efficient.
Algorithm:-1. Assign a region code for each endpoint.2. If both endpoints have a region code 0000 then accept this line.3. Else perform
the logical AND operation for both region codes
1 If the result is not 0000, then reject the line. 2 Else clipping is required.
1.1 Choose an endpoint of the line that is outside the window.2 Find the intersection point at the window boundary based on the
region code.3 Replace the endpoint with the intersection point and update the region code.4 Repeat step 2 until we find a clipped line
either trivially accepted or trivially rejected.5.Repeat step 1 for other lines.
Q10. Explain the concept of thresholding.
Ans:1)thresholding is one of the segmentation techniques that generates a binary image (a binary image is one whose pixels have only
two values – 0 and 1 and thus requires only one bit to store pixel intensity) from a given grayscale image by separating it into two
regions based on a threshold value.2)Hence pixels having intensity values greater than the said threshold will be treated as white or 1
in the output image and the others will be black or 0.3)the success of intensity thresholding is directly related to the width and depth
of the valleys separating the histogram modes.4)In turn, the key factors affecting the properties of the valleys are the separation
between peaks, the noise content in the image, and the relative sizes of objects and backgrounds.5)When noise is present, it is
appropriate to use some filter to clean the image and then apply segmentation. The relative object sizes play a role in determining the
accuracy of segmentation.
Q11.Explain the concept of line clipping
Ans:*Removing the portion of the lines which are lying outside the edges of the edges is called as line clipping.
Procedure for Line Clipping.1)Test a given line segment to determine whether it lies completely inside the clipping window,2)If it does
not, we try to determine whether it lies completely outside the window.3)If the line segment is not completely inside or completely
outside,perform intersection calculations with one or more clipping boundaries, with the use of various line clipping algorithms.
Q12. Define viewing coordinates.
Ans:1)The problem of rendering for two-dimensional view of dimensional object existed long before the computer was used. One class
of projection often used in drafting is called an axonometric projection. 2)This is a parallel projection for which the direction of
projection is perpendicular to the view plane.3)We can alter the direction of an axonometric projection to get different view of an
object, provided we also change the view plane normal to match the projection direction.4)Types of axonometric projection are 1.
Isometric projection: all side of object will be same. All The parallel lines are equal in length. 2. Dimetric projection: two axis are same
the line which are drawn along axis are also same. 3.Trimetric Projection: all three axis appears to be not equally distanced.
Q13.Define normalised device coordinates.
Ans: The term normalized generally means that all the coordinate values are in either the interval [0, 1] or [1-1, 1], whereas the term
logical generally means that coordinate values are in some other prespecified range, such as [0, 1023], which is naturally defined to
resemble some extensively available device's coordinate system.
Q14.Explain Reflection transformation in 3D.
Ans: Reflection in 3D space is quite similar to the reflection in 2D space, but a single difference is there in 3D, here we have to deal
with three axes (x, y, z). Reflection is nothing but a mirror image of an object.
Three kinds of Reflections are possible in 3D space:1)Reflection along the X-Y plane.

2)Reflection along Y-Z plane.

3)Reflection along X-Z plane.

Q15.Explain 3D rotation transformation.

Ans: Changing the position of an object with rotation angle along with xyz plane is called 3D rotation:-1)To achieve rotation an object
should move in x and y direction with the specified angle.2)We can rotate a two dimensional figure by multiplying rotation factor rx ,
ry and rz to the original points x, y and z.3)The following matrix shows rotation, P’=P+R

Q16. What one objects in Homogeneous coordinates.

Ans:1)The rotation of a point, straight line or an entire image on the screen, about a point other than origin, is achieved by first
moving the image until the point of rotation occupies the origin, then performing rotation, then finally moving the image to its original
position.2)The moving of an image from one place to another in a straight line is called a translation. A translation may be done by
adding or subtracting to each point, the amount, by which picture is required to be shifted.3)Translation of point by the change of
coordinate cannot be combined with other transformation by using simple matrix application. 4)Such a combination is essential if we
wish to rotate an image about a point other than origin by translation, rotation again translation.5)To combine these three
transformations into a single transformation, homogeneous coordinates are used. In homogeneous coordinate system, two-
dimensional coordinate positions (x, y) are represented by triple-coordinates.
Q17.Explain Orthographic projection with it's application.
Ans:1)An orthographic projection is a type of parallel projection in which the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to
the plane of projection.2)It represents 3 dimensional objects in 2 dimensions.3)A square or rectangular viewing volume is formed for
this projection by near, far, right, left, top and bottom clipping planes.4) Single orthographic projection does not provide sufficient
information to reconstruct the shape of an image, therefore, multiple orthographic projection displays a single face of 3D object i.e.
viewer can only see the one side of an object at a time.

Q18.Explain the concept of 2D Transformation in detail.

Ans:1)Creation of graphs and images in computer are not sufficient in computer graphics.2)In real world object are moved from one
position to another or its changing its shape or orientation and it can be seen from different angles and different perspective.3)The
process of changing size, shape, position and orientation of object is called transformation.4)This change can be done by 1. Geometric
transformation: n the object change its appearance with the help Geometric properties of the specified points. X 2. Coordinate
transformation: y In this type of transformation the object is y’ appeared with the modified points on the screen after performing
some non-singular x’ operation like translation, rotation, scaling etc.

Q19. Explain Combine transformation with an example.

Ans: 1)we need to transform an object at several times with different transformation like rotation, scaling, translation, shearing,
reflection such a group of transformation is called combined transformation.2)The sequence of transformation is applied on an object
to get the required shape of object. It is also called composite transformation.Method:-When we need to apply more than one
transformation on an object first we need to do single transformation in matrix form the we need to apply second transformation on
an object in matrix form then the final matrix multiplication is considered for the desired object transformation.
Q20.What do you mean by rotation about an Arbitrary point.
Ans:The homogeneous coordinate system accomplishes the rotation about the points of an origin whereas, 2D transformation does
not allow rotation of points at origin.
Q21.Eplain the concept of Scaling in 2D Transformation.
Scaling: 1)Changing the size of an object is called 2D scaling.2) To achieve scaling an object should change the size of object in x and y
direction. 3) We can scale a two dimensional figure by multiplying scaling factor sx and sy to the original points x and y.
Q22.Raster scan display devices Vs Random scan display device.

Random Scan Raster Scan

1. It has high Resolution 1. Its resolution is low.

2. It is more expensive 2. It is less expensive

3. Any modification if needed is easy 3.Modification is tough

4. Solid pattern is tough to fill 4.Solid pattern is easy to fill

5. Refresh rate depends or resolution 5. Refresh rate does not depen

6. Only screen with view on an area is displayed. 6. Whole screen is scanned.

7. Beam Penetration technology come under it. 7. Shadow mark technology c

8. It does not use interlacing method. 8. It uses interlacing

9. It is restricted to line drawing applications 9. It is suitable for realistic dis

Q23. Storage tube graphics displays (Diagram and functions).
Ans: DVST terminals also use the random scan approach to generate the image on the CRT screen. The term "storage tube" refers to
the ability of the screen to retain the image which has been projected against it, thus avoiding the need to rewrite the image
constantly.*Function of guns: Two guns are used in DVST…1.Primary guns: It is used to store the picture pattern.2.Flood gun or
Secondary gun: It is used to maintain picture display.

Q24. Steps and working of DDA line drawing algorithm.

Ans:1)Input the two endpoints of the line segment, (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).2)Calculate the difference between the x-coordinates and y-
coordinates of the endpoints as dx and dy respectively.3)Calculate the slope of the line as m = dy/dx.4)Set the initial point of the line
as (x1,y1).5)Loop through the x-coordinates of the line, incrementing by one each time, and calculate the corresponding y-coordinate
using the equation y = y1 + m(x – x1).6)Plot the pixel at the calculated (x,y) coordinate.7)Repeat steps 5 and 6 until the endpoint
(x2,y2) is reached.
Q25. CRT (Operations and diagram).
Ans: A CRT is an evacuated glass tube.  An electronic gun at the rear of the tube produces a beam of electron, which is directed
towards the front of the screen by a high voltage.  The inner side of the screen is coated with phosphor substance, which gives off
light when it is stroked by electron.  The control grid voltage determines the velocity achieved by the electrons before they hit the
phosphor.  The control grid voltage determines how many electrons are actually in the electron beam.  Thus, control grid controls
the intensity of the spot where the electron beam strikes the screen.  The focusing system concentrates the electron beam so that
the beam converges to a small point when it hits the phosphor.
Q26. Color CRT Monitors.
Ans: A CRT monitor displays color pictures by using a combination of phosphors that emit different-colored light.  It generates a
range of colors by combining the emitted light from different phosphors.  There are two basic techniques used for producing color
displays: o Beam-penetration technique o Shadow mask technique.
Q27. Scan conversion?
Ans: In computer graphics, scan conversion is a fundamental operation used to render images and animations.Scan conversion is
also known as rasterization. Scan conversion is a crucial process in graphics that enables vector graphics to be displayed and printed
in a raster format.The process of scan conversion is important because most display devices, such as monitors and printers, can only
display raster graphics.*scan converted as needed:-PointLineSectorArcEllipseRectanglePolygonCharactersFilled Regions